• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.46-53
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• 2017

Background: The MLA is supported by both the abductor hallucis (ABH) and the extrinsic muscles. Insufficient muscular support may lower the MLA when the body's weight is applied to the foot. The short foot exercise (SFE) is effective in increasing the height of the MLA for people with flat feet. Most of the research related to the SFE has simply evaluated the efficiency of the exercise using enhanced ABH electromyography (EMG) activation. Since the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PER), and ABH are all involved in supporting the MLA, a new experiment design examining the EMG of the selected muscles during SFE should be applied to clarify its effect. Objects: Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the effect of the SFE in different ankle position on the MLA angle and the activation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles and to determine the optimal position. Methods: 20 healthy subjects and 12 subjects with flat feet were recruited from Yonsei University. The surface EMG and camera were used to collect muscle activation amplitude of TA, PER, and ABH and to capture the image of MLA angle during SFE. The subjects performed the SFE while sitting in three different ankle positions-neutral (N), dorsiflexion (DF) at 30 degrees, and plantar flexion (PF) at 30 degrees. Results: ABH EMG amplitudes were significantly greater in N and DF than in PF (p<.05). Muscle activation ratio of TA to ABH was the lowest in PF (p<.05). MLA angle in both groups significantly decreased in PF (p<.01). The TA and ABH was activated at the highest level in DF. However, in PF, subjects significantly activated the ABH and PER with relatively low activation of TA. Conclusion: Therefore, researchers need to discuss which SFE condition most effectively use the arch support muscle for flat foot.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.73-88
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• 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to further the empirical evidence regarding exercise as an effective alternative to surgery for treating patients with low to moderate hallux valgus. Method: A total of 20 students with low to moderate hallux valgus participated in this study for six weeks. Participants were selected according to foot-print. All participants exercised using a combination of Elastic-band and Short Foot Exercises twice a week for thirty minutes each time. Measurements were taken at week 0 and week 6 for plantar foot pressure, toe angle and balance. The data was processed using a paird t-test. Results: There were significant differences in pretest and posttest measurements for balance. However there were no significants differences in plantar foot pressure and toe angle. Conclusion: Although our study did not support the effect of exercises on plantar foot pressure and toe angle, we did show evidence that exercise was effective for balance. In order to increase the effectiveness of this exercise program, patients need to be more aware of the footwear they use in their daily lives so as to contribute to the contribute to the overall effectiveness of treating low to moderate hallux valgus and offer an alternative to surgery.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2024

Background: Individuals with pes planus tend to overuse the extrinsic foot muscles, such as the tibialis anterior (TA) and peroneus longus (PL), to compensate for the weakened intrinsic foot muscles, such as the abductor hallucis (AbdH). Furthermore, differences in weight-bearing can affect the activity of muscles in both the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles. To date, no study has compared the effects of the short foot exercise (SFE) and toe spread-out exercise (TSO) on intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle activity and the corresponding ratios in different weight-bearing positions. Objects: To compare the effects of the SFE and TSO on AbdH, TA, and PL activity and the AbdH/TA and AbdH/PL activity ratios in the sitting and standing positions in individuals with pes planus. Methods: Twenty participants with pes planus were recruited. Surface electromyography was used to assess the amplitudes of AbdH, TA, and PL activity. Participants performed both exercises while adopting both the sitting and standing positions. Results: No significant interaction between exercise and position was found regarding the activity of any muscle or ratio of the activity, except for PL activity. We observed a significant increase in AbdH activity during the TSO compared to the SFE, and no significant difference in TA and PL activity between the two exercises. AbdH, TA, and PL activity were significantly higher in the standing position than in the sitting position. Furthermore, the AbdH/PL activity ratio significantly increased in the sitting position, although there was a significant increase in AbdH activity in the standing position. Conclusion: In individuals with pes planus, we recommend performing the TSO in the sitting position, which may increase the activity of the AbdH while concurrently decreasing the activity of the TA and PL, thus strengthening the AbdH.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2017

Background: Short foot exercise (SFex) is often prescribed and performed in the sport and rehabilitation fields to strengthen intrinsic foot muscles. However, SFex is difficult to perform because of lack of feedback methods. Objects: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of SFex with and without electromyography (EMG) biofeedback on the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of healthy individuals who maintained a static standing position. Methods: All participants (14 males and 12 females) were randomly divided into two groups (biofeedback and non-biofeedback groups). The EMG activity of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) and tibialis anterior (TA) and the MLA angle on the dominant leg side were measured with the participant in the standing position in the pre- and post-intervention conditions. The intervention session consisted of 15 minutes of SFex with (biofeedback group) or without (non-biofeedback group) EMG biofeedback. The groups were compared using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The post-intervention activities of the AbdH muscle (p<.05) and the AbdH/TA ratio (p<.05) were significantly greater in the biofeedback group than in the non-biofeedback group. The activity of the TA (p<.05) and the MLA angle (p<.05) in the biofeedback group were significantly lower in the post-intervention condition than in the pre-intervention condition. Conclusion: The present findings demonstrate that the combination of SFex and EMG biofeedback can effectively facilitate the muscle activity of the AbdH and strengthen the medial longitudinal arch.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.269-279
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• 2023

Purpose : The most effective intervention for flat foot is strengthening exercises for the intrinsic and extrinsic of the foot. Additionally, visual feedback is necessary for movement accuracy. However, the effectiveness of the intervention when combined with visual feedback was not revealed. To confirm this, the research was to investigate the effect of visual feedback and a complex exercise program on navicular bone height, plantar pressure, and lower extremity alignment. Methods : The twenty eight adult men and women with flat foot were randomly assigned to group 1 (n=14) and group2 (n=14), group1 performed complex exercises with visual feedback, and group 2 performed only complex exercises. Both groups performed a 40 minute compound exercise program three times a week. Navicular drop test, plantar pressure test, and lower extremity alignment test were performed equally in both group. Results : As a result of comparing the change in navicular height within the group according to the intervention, both groups showed a significant difference before and after the exercise (p>.05). There was not significant difference comparing the difference between the groups in the navicular height (p>.05). Comparing the change in plantar pressure within groups, there was not significant difference in the change in plantar pressure in both groups (p>.05). Coparing the difference before and after exercise between groups, there was not significant plantar pressure (p>.05). Comparing the change in leg alignment within the group, there was a significant difference in the change in ankle before and after exercise in group 1 (p<.05), but there was not significant difference in group 2. There was not significant difference in pelvic tilt and knee tilt before and after exercise in both groups (p>.05). Comparing the before and after exercise difference between groups, there were not significant in all variables of leg alignment (p>.05). Conclusion : The results of this study showed that complex exercise applied to patients with flat foot were effective in increasing the height of the navicular bone and ankle angle, but there was no effect due to visual feedback.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2023

PURPOSE: This study evaluated an intrinsic foot strengthening exercise method for flat feet by comparing the effects of intrinsic exercises on a stable surface and intrinsic exercises on an unstable surface. METHODS: Twenty-four people with flat feet were divided into two groups. The control group performed short foot exercises and toe towel curl exercises on the stable support surface. The experimental group performed short foot exercises and toe towel curl exercises on an unstable support surface using Aerostep. The navicular drop test, and the static and dynamic balance were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: In the experimental and control groups, there was a significant difference in the navicular drop test and static balance before and after the intervention (p < .05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p > .05). In the dynamic balance, the experimental group showed significant differences in all directions after the intervention (p < .05). The control group showed significant differences in the postero-lateral direction and posteromedial direction (p < .05). In particular, in the forward direction, the experimental group had a more significant change than the control group (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Intrinsic foot muscle strengthening exercises performed on unstable surfaces can be an effective clinical exercise method to improve the dynamic balance ability of people with flat feet.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of visual feedback exercise (VFE), sandal exercise (SE), and thera-band exercise (TE) on people with functional ankle instability. Methods: The 45 study participants were divided into three groups of 15. In the VFE group, participants performed short-foot exercises using visual feedback; the SE group performed sandal exercises, and the TE group performed thera-band exercises. Over a period of 8 consecutive weeks, the experimental groups exercised for 15 minutes per session, four times per week. Balance was measured using the Biodex Balance System for dynamic balance ability (overall balance index [OBI], mediolateral balance index [MBI], and anterioposterior balance index [ABI]). Vibration threshold sense (VTS) was assessed using a vibratory sensory analyzer. Ankle muscular strength was measured using the Biodex 4 Pro. The main outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks of training. Results: Significant improvements in dynamic balance were noted in all three groups (p < 0.05). Significant improvements in VTS and muscular strength were also noted in the VFE and TE groups but not in the SE group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Appropriate environmental and situational mediation may be of great clinical significance for patients suffering from chronic ankle instability. It is hoped that the findings will inform a program for prevention of ankle instability.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.250-257
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• 2019

Objectives: Flatfoot, or low medial longitudinal arch, contributes to back and lower extremity injuries and is caused by weak abductor hallucis (AbdH) muscles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short foot exercise (SFE) alone or with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on navicular height, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the AbdH muscle, and AbdH muscle activity in flexible flatfoot. Methods: Thirty-six otherwise healthy people with flexible flatfoot were randomly assigned to a group that received SFE with placebo NMES treatment (the control group) or a group that received both SFE and NMES treatment (the experimental group). Each group received 4 weeks of treatment (SFE alone or SFE with NMES). Navicular height, the CSA of the AbdH muscle, and AbdH muscle activity were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: No significant differences were found in navicular height or the CSA of the AbdH muscle between the control and experimental groups, while AbdH muscle activity showed a statistically significant difference between the groups ($SFE=73.9{\pm}11.0%$ of maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]; SFE with $NMES=81.4{\pm}8.3%$ of MVIC; p<0.05). Moreover, the CSA of the AbdH muscle showed a statistically significant increase after treatment in the SFE with NMES group ($pre-treatment=218.6{\pm}53.2mm^2$ ; $post-treatment=256.9{\pm}70.5mm^2$ ; p<0.05). Conclusions: SFE with NMES was more effective than SFE alone in increasing AbdH muscle activity. Therefore, SFE with NMES should be recommended to correct or prevent abnormalities in people with flexible flatfoot by a physiotherapist or medical care team.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2003

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the education using short messaging service(SMS) on fasting blood sugar(FBS) and diabetes adherence. Method : Forty-five diabetic patients being assessed pre and post intervention was used to assess the effectiveness of the education. Participants were requested to input the FBS and 2 hours post-prandial blood sugar everyday in http://www.biodang.com by cellular phone or wire Internet. The goal of the education was to lower FBS and keep diabetes adherence. The education was applied to the for 12 weeks. The education consisted of continuous education and reinforcement of diet, exercise, medication adjustment, as well as frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose levels. The education performed weekly. All medication adjustments were communicated to the participants' doctor. FBS and diabetes adherence were measured before and after the education. Results : The education using SMS of cellular phone had decrease FBS and increase oral medication taking, exercise, foot care, and hypoglycemia preparation adherence.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.376-381
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of web-based diabetic education on glycosylated hemoglobin(HbAlc) and self-care in people with type 2 diabetes. Method: Twenty-five patients were requested to input the blood glucose level weekly at http://www.biodang.com by cellular phone or wired Internet for one year. The researcher sent optimal recommendations weekly to each patient using the short message service for cellular phones and wired Internet. Results: Patients had a significant mean decrease in HbAlc, from 8.0% at pre-test to 6.9%, after three months and rested at 6.8% until 12 months. Patients had a significant mean increase in physical exercise adherence, from 3.3 days at pre-test to 4.1 days per week, after three months. Patients had a significant mean increase in foot care adherence, from 4.8 days at pre-test to 6.9 days per week, after one year. Conclusion: These findings indicate that Internet education could be used to improve HbAlc, physical exercise, and foot care adherence in type 2 diabetic patients.