• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2232-2239
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• 2012

This study set out to investigate the effects of the same amount of resting(30 minutes) after $VO_2max$ 20%, 40%, and 60% exercise on the variation of cortisol and catecholamine, serum stress hormones. The research efforts led to the following conclusions: First, there were no significant differences in serum cortisol concentration between the $VO_2max$ 20% group and the $VO_2max$ 40% group, but there were some significant differences in the significance level of p=.002 in the $VO_2max$ 60% group. Second, there were no significant differences in serum catecholamine concentration between the $VO_2max$ 20% group and the $VO_2max$ 40% group, but there were some significant differences in the significance level of p=.001 in the $VO_2max$ 60% group. Third, no significant differences were found in the changing rates of serum cortisol concentration between right after exercise and during break among different levels of exercise intensity according to measuring time. Fourth, there were significant differences in the changing rates of serum catecholamine concentration in the significance level of p=.000 right after exercise and in the significance level of p=.034 during break In short, there were significant differences only in the $VO_2max$ 60% group according to exercise intensity when the different groups took the same amount of break after exercise. The $VO_2max$ 60% group was also the only group that showed significant differences in the changing rates of cortisol and catecholamine. In conclusion, taking a break after exercise can generate huge effects only when the exercise intensity level is moderate or higher. That is, taking a break will have no significant effects when the exercise intensity level is lower than moderate.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.679-686
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• 2010

A proprietary device is adopted to break out the membrane of cell in the rigid polyurethane foam. As it is known, the membrane of cell is hardly tearing-off thoroughly in a mechanical way due to both its elastic characteristic and micro sized pores. In this study, a novel experimental approach is introduced to burst out all gases inside the cells of the rigid polyurethane foam by abrasively grinding micro-cells completely into fine powder. The biggest advantage of this approach is to be capable of releasing all gases out from the cell even in the micro pores. As clearly reflected from the repeatability, the accuracy of the result is highly improved and high confidence in the data sets as well. For the measurements of not only gas composition but partial pressure for each gas simultaneously as well, a precision gas mass spectrometer is used in-line directly to the abrasive grinding device. To control the starting point of the polyurethane foam, all samples were prepared on site in the laboratory. Manufactured time is one of the most critical factors in characterization of cell gas composition because it is known that one of gas composition, especially, carbon dioxide, is diffused out dramatically in a short period of time as soon as it is foamed.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

Most of the herb residue producing from oriental medical clinics(OMC) and hospitals(OMH) is wasted in Korea. To develop of adsorbent for removing heavy metal from wastewater, the various pre-treatment methods of the herb residue were evaluated by potentiometric titration, Freundlich isotherm adsorption test and the kinetic adsorption test. The herb residue was pre-treated for increasing the adsorption capacity by cleaning with distilled water, 0.1 N HCl and 0.1 N NaOH and by heating at $370^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. It showed a typical weak acid-weak base titration curve and a short pH break like commercial activated carbon during photentiometric titration of pre-treated herb residue. The log-log plots in the Freundlich isotherm test were linear on the herb residue pre-treated with NaOH or HCl like commercial activated carbon. The adsorption capacity(qe) in the Freundlich isotherm test for $Cr^{6+}$ was 1.5 times higher in the pre-treated herb residue with HCl than in activated carbon. On the other hand the herb residue pre-treated with NaOH showed the good adsorption capacities for $Pb^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$ and $Cd^{2+}$ even though those adsorption capacities were lower than that of activated carbon. In kinetic test, most of heavy metals removed within the first 10 min of contact and then approached to equilibrium with increasing contact time. The removal rate of heavy metals increased with an increase of the amount of adsorbent. Likewise, the removal rates of heavy metals were higher in the herb residue pre-treated with NaOH than in that pre-treated with HCl. The adsorption preference of herb residues pre-treated with NaOH or HCl was $Pb^{2+}>Cu^{2+}$ or $Cd^{2+}>Cr^{6+}$ in the order. Conclusively, the herb residue can be used as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals depending on pr-treatment methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.89-104
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• 2011

This study was carried out to the development of ecological planting model to make up of coastal windbreak forest on the Suncheon-bay in Sucheon-si, Korea. Make up of coastal windbreak forest in this site was needed for appropriate bioresource, biodiversity and ecological structure, and for conservation of the eco-tour resource and protection of human life and property by the unforeseen disaster from the coast. Based on the plant-social principle, the planting model of windbreak forest was developed to facilitate growth of trees, considering planting locations. The ecological planting model for the coastal windbreak was composed of warm temperate evergreen and windbreak forest which is spreading around the inland area in Korea. The horizontal forest style was composed of forest edge community and inner forest community, and the vertical forest style was composed of upper, middle, low and ground planting class. The target of the present model was quasi-natural forest, and the species of tree were selected based on the adaptability to surroundings depending on a goal to create a forest and forest style. To achieve both functions of wind break forest and visual effect in short period of time, small trees and seedlings were planted with high-density of 40,000/ha in an expectation of easy natural maintenance in the future. The significance of the present study is a suggestion for a guideline to create ecological coastal windbreak forest in the Suncheon-bay in which the harmony of human life and the ecological conservation is of great importance. Also, the ecological coastal windbreak forest model should be developed further through the long term monitoring after construction of forest.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.344-347
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• 2008

Ocean surface waves may be modified by ocean current and their observation may be severely distorted if the observer is on a moving platform with changing speed. Tidal current near a sill varies inversely with the water depth, and results spatially inhomogeneous modulation on the surface waves near the sill. For waves propagating upstream, they will encounter stronger current before reaching the sill, and therefore, they will shorten their wavelength with frequency unchanged, increase its amplitude, and it may break if the wave height is larger than 1/7 of the wavelength. These small scale (${\sim}$ 1 km changes is not suitable for satellite radar observation. Spatial distribution of wave-height spectra S(x, y) can not be acquired from wave gauges that are designed for collecting 2-D wave spectra at fixed locations, nor from satellite radar image which is more suitable for observing long swells. Optical images collected from cameras on-board a ship, over high-ground, or onboard an unmanned auto-piloting vehicle (UAV) may have pixel size that is small enough to resolve decimeter-scale short gravity waves. If diffuse sky light is the only source of lighting and it is uniform in camera-viewing directions, then the image intensity is proportional to the surface reflectance R(x, y) of diffuse light, and R is directly related to the surface slope. The slope spectrum and wave-height spectra S(x, y) may then be derived from R(x, y). The results are compared with the in situ measurement of wave spectra over Keelung Sill from a research vessel. The application of this method is for analysis and interpretation of satellite images on studies of current and wave interaction that often require fine scale information of wave-height spectra S(x, y) that changes dynamically with time and space.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.101-125
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• 1997

Man pursues health as his basic right. Therefore, the government should try to preserve the right of the people's health and carry out the policy of medical treatment for that. But the system of our medical care is advantageous to the medical institutions, which produce medical goods each people buys and sells freely, more than to the maintenance and improvement of their health. That is to say, the first aim of the institution is not the healthy preservation of the people but their accumulation of riches. The medical conflicts are the social situation which is happening between those who produce medical treatment and the patients who consume it. Its behinning comes from the lack of belief by the inhuman relationship between patients and doctors. According to thelatest investigation, the patients of oriental clinics look more content than those who go to common hospitals. The reasons are as follows; fitness to one's physical constitution, the kind altitude of doctors and the view of oriental medicine toward human body. Though the content degreee is higher than western medicine, such conclusions result from the present condition the number of the patients is less. In short, the first, since the right of patients is higher and the fields make more variors and popular, the conflicts and mistakes go on increasing. The second, in their activity of treatment, the legal importance of atlention and explanatory obligation should be considered seriously so as not to break out medical mistakes. The third, in the center of technical books which are accepted by the academic world, the clinical exertion doing treatment is needful. The fourth, as the direct order of medical justification the self-determination of patients should be respected. The fifth, because the process and record of treatment become important in the time of emergency legally, the conversations and movements as well as the details of treatment must be recorded. The sixth, the academic effort about the settlement institution or the legal system is necessary.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.475-488
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• 2015

Economic activity and social participation by women has recently increased; however, working mothers raising young children are under new stress due to the simultaneous combination of job and parenting responsibilities. This stress has resulted in social problems of career break and low fertility. This study investigates the effect of clinical art therapy on occupational stress and parenting stress of working mothers. We analyzed 34 working mothers in full-time employment (over 8 hours a day) who have preschool children (0-6 years old). They were divided into 17 subjects in the experimental group and 17 subjects in the control group. For the experimental group, 10 hours and a half sessions of group art therapy were participated in once a week from April to August in 2014. We perform Dan Occupational Stress Index by Ivancevich and Matteson, Parenting Stress Index/Short Form and salivary cortisol test before and after the group art therapy. For qualitative analysis, Kinetic House-Tree-Person (KHTP) drawing test was used. Using SPSS ver. 19.0, paired t -test or Wilcoxon signed rank test compared the pre and post analysis results. The results of this study are as follows. First, scores of 'occupational stress factor' subpart showed significant improvement in the Occupational Stress Index after the clinical art therapy. Second, scores of 'parental distress,' 'parent-child dysfunctional interaction,' and 'difficult child' subpart in Parenting Stress Index also showed a significant improvement. Third, a positive change was observed after the clinical art therapy in the KHTP drawing test. In conclusion, this study suggests that the clinical art therapy can be effective for occupational stress factors and the parenting stress of working mothers.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.104-118
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• 2011

Since Sirimavo Bandarinaike became the first female prime minister in 1960, women all over the world has been trying to break the highest glass ceiling. In a place where men had been dominating throughout history, women political leaders had to find a way to look the part by wearing power suits. Feminity was out of the question until the digital era of 21st century started. The world has evolved into a place where feminity could be strength instead of weakness. Now women political leaders are showing body curves, cleavage, using vivid and pastel colors, soft fabrics, elaborate details, accessories, long and curly hair. The padded shoulders of dark coloured power suits were replaced by soft colorful flowing feminine suits. Yulia Tymoshenko of Ukraine is the best example of 21st century woman political leader using feminity in her fashion style while enacting her role. When she first started politics in 1990's, she wore dark colored power suits like all other women political leaders did with short dark hair. As time passed her suits became more feminine with light colors and elaborate details. She has changed her hair into a neat braid, based on a traditional Ukrainian hair style. She used orange color for the Orange Revolution and white for pure image. Yulia Tymoshenko's fashion style as a way of role enactment showed professionalism, feminity, integrity, and ethnicity.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.252-260
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• 2020

Objective: Disorder of the autonomic nervous system is considered to be the cause of primary dysmenorrhea. The spine has a close relationship with the autonomic nervous system, and the sacrum is mechanically and neurologically connected to the uterus through ligaments. Therefore, this study was conducted to check the effect on the autonomic nervous system through measurement of heart rate variability by applying manual therapy to the sacroiliac joints of subjects with primary dysmenorrhea and to suggest an effective treatment method for dysmenorrhea. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty females with dysmenorrhea were assigned to either the manual therapy group and sham treatment group according to the random treatment method. The manual therapy was applied to the sacroiliac joints, and the sham treatment was only treated with the hands placed in the same position of the intervention. Heart rate variability and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were measured on the day when menstruation began ±2. Interventions were performed between the groups, followed by a 5-minute break and then re-measurements were made. Results: There were significant differences in autonomic balance and VAS scores in the manual therapy group before and after the intervention between groups (p<0.05). In the sham treatment group, there were significant differences in low frequency, autonomic balance, and VAS scores (p<0.05). There were significant differences in autonomic balance between groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: In females with primary dysmenorrhea, manual therapy applied to the sacroiliac joint was found to be effective for a short time on autonomic activity.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.20-20
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• 2020

Eranthis stellata Maxim. is a perennial plant that grows around the valley. E. stellata is concerned about the decline in natural habitats due to climate change in KOREA, continues to be observed and protected as an endangered species (Least Concrned, LC). Nevertheless, studies on the characteristics of the seeds of E. stellata are insufficient. So, this study analyzed the morphological characteristics and dormancy types of seeds. Seeds of E. stellata was collected in April at Gyeongsangbuk-do Arboretum and kept at 5 ℃ until using. To investigate the morphology of seeds, an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used. GA3 treated or untreated seeds (4 replicates of 25 seeds each) were observed germination and embryo growth for 1 month at 5 ℃ and 25/15 ℃ (12h day/12h night). The seed surface of E. stellata, light brown, was observed as a common characteristic of Eranthis genus, reticulate. The short axis of seeds was 1.11~1.77mm (average 1.44mm), and the long axis was 1.27~1.91mm (average 1.63mm), which was investigated in a slightly round shape (subglose). While no germination was observed at all conditions, Embryo growth was observed at 5 ℃ both in the control group and with GA3treated groups. Thus, seeds of E. stellata are classified as morphological physiological dormancy (MDP), which requires embryonic development and dormant break at the same time. These results can be useful information for determining morphological physiological seed dormancy and germination, and will be an important basic data for seed propagation of E. stellata as a resource.