• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.81-84
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• 2004

Plant-parasitic nematodes were surveyed at peach orchards in Gyeongbuk province for three years from 2000 to 2002. Species, density, frequency, Simpson's index, Shannon and Wiener index, and prominence value were analyzed. Plant-parasitic nematodes were isolated from 97 orchards out of 124 orchards. More important plant-parasitic nematode genera on peach were Tylenchorhynchus nudus, Criconemoides informis, Paratylenchus elachistus, Pratylenchus vulnus, and Helicotylenchus digonichus. Aphelenchus sp., Tylenchus sp., Heterodera sp., Scutellonema sp. were found, but were not important. Root-knot nematodes were not found even though they were serious in foreign countried.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 2014

Berchemia racemosa var. magna is only found in Anmyeon Island of South Korea. Genetic diversity and the spatial genetic structure of B. racemosa var. magna in Anmyeon Island were studied by I-SSR marker system. Fifty I-SSR amplicons were produced from 8 selected primers. We used 13 polymorphic markers to analyze the genetic structure. Distribution of 39 individuals in the study plot($90m{\times}70m$) showed aggregate pattern (aggregation index = 0.706). Total 21 genets were observed from 39 individuals through I-SSR genotyping. Proportion of distinguishable genotype (G/N), genotype diversity (D) and genotype evenness (E) were 53.8%, 0.966 and 0.946, respectively. In spite of the small number and the narrow distribution, Shannon's diversity index (I = 0.598) was relatively high as compared with those of the other plant species. For ex situ genetic conservation of B. racemosa var. magna, the sampling strategy based on spatial autocorrelation using Tanimoto distance is efficient at choosing the conserved individuals with a 6 meter interval between individual trees.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2014

How to determine the extent of national energy security? In this paper, we estimate it by comparative analysis of South Korea and other OECD countries in terms of energy diversity (fuel diversity). Energy security consists of 4 key factors such as availability, accessibility, acceptability, affordability. Especially the importance of accessibility can grow as local imbalance of supply and demand increases. As a proxy of the accessibility, fuel diversity can be a significant indicator to estimate a measure of energy security. In this paper, we use Shannon-Wiener index to measure energy diversity. If fuel diversity increases, the stability of energy security also should increase, because of the smoothing effect to lessen dependence on key energy sources. In 2012 Korean growth rate of H-index (energy diversity) is 18.38%, which is higher than other OECD countries. However, Korean H-index itself is 1.93, lesser than other countries. Shift from oil to coals/gas within fossil fuels has more impact on H-index than weight transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies in Korea. We conclude that more renewable energy is an effective solution to achieve higher energy diversity and ultimately higher energy security as the same as the German case.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.613-618
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the morphological characteristics of leaf and the genetic diversity of Berchemia racemosa var. magna which is only found in Anmyeon Island of South Korea. ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences among individuals within population in all 10 leaf characteristics. Average characteristics of 39 individuals were 11.8 cm in leaf length, 7.1 cm in leaf width, 1.67 in leaf index, 5.4 cm in upper 1/3 width, 6.2 cm in lower 1/3 width, 3.6 cm in petiole length, 0.19 mm in leaf thickness, 11.5 ea. in number of veins (left), 11.4 ea. in number of veins (right) and 61.7 $cm^2$ in leaf area, respectively. Except for leaf thickness (18.8%), petiole length (21.7%) and leaf area (22.0%), the coefficients of variation of most leaf characteristics were relatively low (<15.0%). A total of 50 bands was generated from 8 selected I-SSR primers. The estimates of genetic variation were 1.719 in effective number of alleles ($A_e$), 26.0% in proportion of polymorphic bands (P), 0.410 in expected heterozygosity ($H_e$) and 0.598 in Shannon's diversity index (S.I.), respectively. In spite of the small number and the limited distribution, the B. racemosa var. magna population in Anmyeon Island showed high genetic diversity.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.257-261
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• 2004

Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii Henry is a short and creeping evergreen shrub which reaches about 50㎝ in height and occurs in the northeast Asia and in high mountains over the South Korea. Its distribution is restricted, and the number of individuals are gradually decreasing. This study was conducted to estimate spatial pattern, genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of J. chinensis var. sargentii. A total of 131 clumps were studied in the study area (40m × 60m). The spatial pattern of this population was random (Aggregation index R=1.031). In spite of the small number and the limited distribution, the level of genetic diversity (Shannon's index 1=0.463) was relatively high as compared with those of other plant species with similar ecological characteristics. ISSR genotypes of all individuals were investigated to find the genetic relationship of clumps and genets. Fifteen clumps were composed to be clones, and a total of 116 unique genotypes were composed by separate genets. Spatial autocorrelation analysis using Tanimoto distance showed that the genetic patch was established within 8m. The effect of clonal reproduction on genetic structure was almost nothing.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.407-415
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• 2012

Pinus pumila, which occurs in the northeast Asia, is found limitedly in Daecheongbong area of Mt. Seorak in the South Korea. This population was chosen to study spatial pattern, genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure. There were 48 polymorphic and 30 monomorphic I-SSR markers. A total of 65 individuals which distributed in the study site (40 m ${\times}$ 70 m) showed weakly aggregate distribution (Aggregate Index = 0.871). A total of 40 genets were observed from 65 individuals through I-SSR genotype comparison. Proportion of distinguishable genotype (G/N), genotype diversity (D) and genotype evenness (E) were 61.5%, 0.977 and 0.909, respectively. In spite of the small number and the limited distribution, Shannon's diversity index (I = 0.567) was relatively high as compared with those of other plant species. Spatial autocorrelation using Tanimoto's distance showed that the genetic patch was established within 12 m. Based on Mantel tests, there was relatively low correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance. Therefore, it seems the P. pumila population was formed by many parent trees in early stage. For ex situ genetic conservation of P. pumila, the sampling strategy is efficient at least above 12 m between individual trees.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.517-522
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the morphological and anatomical characteristics of needle and the genetic diversity of Pinus pumila Regel which is a unique and the southern peripheral population in South Korea. ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences among individuals within population in all 8 needle characteristics. Average characteristics of 66 individuals were 53.59 mm in needle length, 0.78 mm in needle width, 68.98 in needle index, 0.65 mm in needle thickness, 4.56 ea. in maximum stomata row, 3.80 ea. in minimum stomata row, 8.36 ea. in total stomata row and 1.71 ea. in resin canals, respectively. Resin canal per needle of this species ranged from one to three, depending on external type. Especially, arrangement types were 69.47% in two resin canals and 30.45% in a single resin canal. A total of 78 bands was generated from 9 selected I-SSR primers. The estimates of genetic variation were 61.5% in proportion of polymorphic bands (P), 1.698 in effective number of alleles ($A_e$), 0.388 in expected heterozygosity ($H_e$) and 0.567 in Shannon's information index (S.I.), respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.1 s.158
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• pp.26-33
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• 2005

The study was carried out to provide information about growth and ecological characteristics by site types of natural deciduous forest in Pyeongchang, Gangwon Province. The data were collected from four aspects(the East, the West, the South, and the North) with three elevation(higher than 1.000 m, 700~1,000 m, lower than 700 m) and three topographical conditions(ridge, hill, and valley). Growth parameters by site types were evaluated based on the growth performances of dbh for the last 5 to 10 years; which were also estimated based on both Pressler and Schneider formulae. In addition, ecological characteristics such as Shannon-Wiener's diversity index, evenness index and richness index were analyzed by site types. The management methods by site types were suggested by considering stand density, growth patterns, and ecological characteristics. It was found that the stands on the South and the East are necessary the tending practices to improve growth and ecological characteristics. On the other hand, the West and the North needed the tending practices focusing on stand density management to increase growth rate rather than ecological management. It was also found that the area lower than 700 m in elevation showed Higher growth rate than other areas. As a management standard considered in terms of growth rate, it was suggested that tending practices should be applied to the stands of which growth rate for the last 5 to 10 years were lower than 2%. Considering topographical conditions, valley area showed better ecological characteristics than both ridge and hilly areas. Consequently, it was revealed that the valley areas were suitable for the ecological management.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2014

Forty-two endophytic fungi were isolated from the roots of coastal plants, such as Aster sphathulifolius Maxim., Aster tripolium L., Phragmites australis, and Puccinellia nipponica Ohwi, naturally growing in Taean peninsula. The identity of the endophytic fungal strains was analyzed using the sequence of internal transcribed spacer regions. All fungi belonged to the phylum Ascomycota, and they were classified into eight orders (Botryosphaeriales, Capnodiales, Diaporthales, Dothideales, Eurotiales, Helotiales, Hypocreales, and Pleosporales) and thirteen genera (Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Cadophora, Cladosporium, Davidiella, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Gibberella, Macrophomina, Metarhizium, Neosartorya, Penicillium, and Phoma). Among the analyzed fungi, the fungi belonging to the genus Penicillium in Eurotiales were the most widely distributed. The host plant Aster tripolium L. was found to contain the most diverse endophytic fungal species among the coastal plants.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

In this study, soil samples were collected from cultivated fields of 1-5 year old Korean ginseng in Geumsan, Korea. Spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were extracted from soils and identified using morphological characteristics and 18s rDNA sequences of the spores. Total 10 species of AMF were identified: Acaulospora longula, Archaeospora trappei, Glomus caledonium, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, Glomus sp., Paraglomus occultum, Paraglomus brasilianum, and Scutellospora heterogama. Relative abundance of spores of A. trappei were increased with increase of cultivation period of the ginseng. However, relative abundance of other species of AMF and Shannon diversity (H') of AMF were significantly decreased with the increase of cultivation periods of the ginseng.