• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.5
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• pp.614-620
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• 2006

To study the chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic characteristics of 4 tree species of deciduous hardwoods; Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono and Prunus sargentii were treated in 3 stages of shading; the full sun treatment, the medium shade treatment with 30% of transmittance comparing to full sun, the intense shade treatment with 8% of transmittance and their changes in chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic characteristics were examined and analyzed. Most hardwoods showed differences in the total chlorophyll contents in the order of May < September < July, however, that in Prunus sargentii increased progressively along with the lapse of time. Concerning the degree of shading, total chlorophyll contents increased in proportion to the level of shading. Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Prunus sargentii showed more than 2-3 times difference between the full sun treatment and the intense shade treatment. The changes in photosynthetic characteristics, the range of the light saturation point of the trees was $1,000{\sim}1,100{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ in May, before the shading was applied, and the intensity was shown in the order of Betula platyphylla var. japonica > Zelkova serrata > Acer mono > Prunus sargentii. The photosynthetic rate was $6.4{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}{\sim}27.1{\mu}mol{\cdot}CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ in the order of Betula platyphylla var. japonica > Prunus sargentii > Acer mono > Zelkova serrata that there were differences between species. Concerning the changes in light saturation point in each growth period after shading treatment, the light saturation point in the full sun treatment was found in the range of $560{\sim}1,100{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and the level of intensity was shown in the order of May > July > September. The light saturation point decreased as the level of shading intensified and the level of changes in light compensation point in the full sun treatment for Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Prunus sargentii was shown in the range of $2.9{\sim}27.1{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ in the order of May > July > September, however, for Zelkova serrata and Acer mono was shown in the range of $3.9{\sim}11.7{\mu}mol{\cdot}CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ in the order of July > May > September that there were differences between species.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.395-410
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• 1992

Disturbance regime and tree regeneration were studied in kwangnung natural forest, an old-growth deciduous hardwood forest located in central korea. This forest is dominated by carpinus laxiflora, c.erosa, and quercus species. The area occupied by canopy gaps was 4.6% of the total forested area, and the mean size of canopy gaps was 92 $m^2$ with the maximum being 524 $m^2$. More than half of the gaps were less than four years old, and 3/4 of the gaps were created by death of only or two canopy trees, indicating the dominance of small-sized gaps in kwangnung forest. about half of the gap-makers were c. laxiflora, and another one third were quercus species. In contrast, the most frequent relacers were c. laxiflora while quercus species filled only 5% of the gaps, suggesting a future shift in tree species composition under the current disturbance regime. tree regeration was more conspicuous even in small gaps than non-gaps regardless of shade-tolerance of tree species, indicating the importance of gaps in tree regeneration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.42-52
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• 2008

This paper categorized the functions of and investigated the characteristics of planting in Pyeonghwa Park near the Seoul World Cup Stadium as a preliminary study for improving tree planting in the park. The functions of planting were deduced based on related theoretical studies and an analysis of the intention of design and environmental factors. The characteristics of planting were analyzed after drawing the distribution and stratification of dominant planting species and setting samples by function. The functions of planting were classified into natural landscape planting, buffer planting, and shade planting. For dominant planting species, pine trees and elm-like trees have been widely observed while various species in addition to pine trees in natural landscape planting areas have been introduced in terms of the function of planting. These trees that were randomly planted before the park was developed have been obstacles in the formation of natural landscapes. For buffer planting and topographical correction, tall trees were planted. However, it seems that comprehensive complementary measures should be taken on the under-story planting.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 2016

Classified into sub-tree of the growth-form, Acer pseudosieboldianum and Carpinus cordata hardly reach the uppermost canopy with limited height growth potentiality in the natural deciduous forest. However, the two species usually dominate lower stories of the forest, playing an important role in overall ecological characteristics in the forest. Based on the vegetation data of 106 $20m{\times}20m$ sample plots in Mt. Jumbong area, this study was carried out to evaluate ecological constitution by several quantitative analysis so as to understand the mechanism of the natural deciduous forest. The results indicated that individuals of A. pseudosieboldianum and C. cordata were absent or few in overstory, but emerged the most dominant species in midstory and understory, providing adequate proof of the ecological importance. The comparison of indices of succession between presented and predicted values in midstory did not make much difference, suggesting that the species composition would not change much and come close to steady state in midstory and understory. The pair combination of species association noted that A. pseudosieboldianum had significant positive association with C. cordata, Quercus mongolica, and Tilia amurensis had significant positive association with A. pseudosieboldianum, A. pictum subsp. mono and Fraxinus mandshurica but negative association with F. rhynchophylla. Being compared with other major canopy tree species in the study forest, the target species of A. pseudosieboldianum and C. cordata had strong regeneration strategies, partially characterized by large number of saplings and pole sized trees and high ratio of live crown, which indicated high shade tolerance to survive in the limited amount of light under the canopy. Even though A. pseudosieboldianum and C. cordata do not reach and occupy the canopy layer mainly due to the inherent growth form, they would have highest competitive potentiality to prosper and dominate in the midstory of the natural deciduous forest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

Mapping radiation heat flux of urban area is essential for urban design and landscape planning. Because controlling urban geometry and generating green space are important urban design strategies for reducing urban heat, urban planner and designer need to recognize the micro urban heat distribution for adequate urban planning. This study suggests a new methodology for mapping urban radiation heat flux in a micro scale considering buildings and trees' shade. For doing that, firstly, we calculate net radiation for each urban surfaces (building, road (not shaded, building shaded, tree shaded), ground (not shaded, building shaded, tree shaded), tree (not shaded, building shaded)). Then, by multiplying the area ratio of surfaces to the net radiation, we can obtain the radiation heat flux in micro-scale. The estimated net radiation results were found to be robust with a $R^2$ of 90%, which indicates a strong explanatory power of the model. The radiation heat flux map for 12h $17^{th}$ August explains that areas under the building and tree have lower net radiation heat flux, indicating that shading is a good strategy for reducing incident radiation. This method can be used for developing thermal friendly urban plan.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.306-315
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• 2004

Yangjae stream, stretching through Seocho-gu and Gangnam-gu, is a representative city stream with its environmentally friendly stream makeover project model, launched in 1995. The district of Gangnam-gu, the subject of this study, is under high pressure from the residents for its use as a huge residential areas close to the stream. The study has two main purposes. The first is to identify the condition and characteristic of utilization of Yangjae stream which is currently being increased in use by the stream restoration. Secondly, the study aims to suggest the environment-friendly management to accomplish arrangement of the naturally friendly stream based on the identification survey, The result from the user survey with 303 valid answer sheets show that the people from neighboring residential areas use this stream a lot doing exercising(51.8%) and taking a walk(24.4%) in their free time. Also regular use rate is high, and people are likely to use it alone(30.4%) or as a family(28.4%). With regard to the need of facility increase, even though the respondents required resting places in the shade(80.8%) most, overall, additional introduction of facilities was analyzed as unnecessary(78.8%). safety issue(22.0%) and a lack of convenience facilities(17.6%) and resting places in the shade(16.6%) are pointed as main problems while the users are generally satisfied(59.5%) with the stream. Improving walk-way and planting trees for shade on the slope were designed as a solution for these problems. For securing safety through improvement of walk-way, the scattering of pressure of current walk with building new walk using berms was presented. In order to increase safety on the walk-way(see above figure), the study proposes to build a new walk-way with berms to disperse excessive pressure. It also suggests the tree planting to provide shade in the stream and to make a provision for the planting of forest trees in the current law.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.18-43
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• 2011

The results of study on planting and cultivate of Hong Man-Seon(1643~1715)'s 'Salimkyungjae(The Economy of Forest)' the first summative textbook of agricultural skill of South Korea, are as follows. First, 'Salimkyungjae' suggests that one can enrich oneself, eat fruits in fall, enjoy the shade of trees in summer, and enjoy flowers in spring if one plants tree with 10 year plan with knowledge of ecology. Second, the number of plants had increased continuously from the early Chosun Dynasty to the mid Chosun Dynasty. The 52 plants in the book are classified into 31 trees, 8 shrubs, 3 others, and 10 herbs, and 28 of them are fruit trees. Hence, we can see that the book is for the promotion of welfare. Third, planting(transplantation) is the best on January of the lunar calendar, and the second on February, and fertile soil should be added much. Trees must be planted as deep as once it was planted, and buttressed. It will sprout well if it is planted at the depth of one inch, and planting a cutting should be carried out at the early March with 5 inch and finger-thick branches. Grafting is the best when it begins to sprout. Fruit trees will bear many fruits if they are grafted at the direction of South, and fruits will be greater if the trees' branches are cutting off on January. Especially, January was selected for the best season of planting traditionally. Fourth, flower trees are planted or sowed with manure around January and February of the lunar calendar, and it is recommended to replant them into flowerpots with manure when having flower buds around March and April of the lunar calendar. It would bloom earlier when using water mixed with stable manure, and sulfur smoke can be used in order to change the flower color from red to white. Flowerpots would be placed at half shaded lot with being supported by bricks. Pomegranate, gardenia, camellia and four-season flower should be planted after flowers fallen. When flower trees are beside walls, they need to be rotated frequently since their branches all point toward house. Seeds need to be preserved in a sunny hut, where its entrance and ventilating openings would be at south because it is convenient to manage pots. Fifth, insects hidden at fruit trees would be destroyed by torch smoke when roosters cry on New year's day of the lunar calendar. Insects would be decoyed into straw hanged at dawn of Cheongmyeongday(淸明日). Insects on fruit trees would be controlled using sulfur powder to close up holes or sulfur smoke to fumigate. Particularly, it suggests that utilization of fertile soil would be the best solution for growing health plants and preventing pest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 1984

This study was to elucidate the relation between the water relations parameters obtained from P-V curves and stomatal closure. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The water potential at incipient plasmolysis obtained from P-V curves was similar to the water potential at critical stomatal closure. 2) The critical stomatal closure of sun leaves appear at -21 bar (-17 bar, shade leaves) in Pinus koraiensis, -20 bar in Pinus rigida, -22 bar in Pinus densiflora, and -24 bar in Larix leptolepis. On a relative water content basis, the critical stomatal closures of sun leaves appear at 85% (82%, shade leaves) in Pinus kordiensis, 77% in Pinus ragida, 85% in Pinus densiflora, and 70% in Larix leptolepis. 3) The incipient stomatal closures of sun leaves appear at -14 bar (-12 bar, shade leaves) in Pinus koraiensis, -10 bar in Pinus rigida, -15 bar in Pinus densiflora, and -6 bar in Larix leptolepis. On a relative water content basis, the incipient stomatal closures of sun leaves appear at 90% in Pinus koraiensis, 93% in Pinus rigida, 90% in Pinus densiflora, and 93% in Larix leptolepis. 4) The leaf conductance was increased by increase in volume-averaged turgor pressure was linearly increased by increase in relative water content.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.285-293
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• 2009

This research had been executed to find out the structure of Magnolia obovata community, a dispersal range and characteristics of scatter investigation, and to prepare management measure of it. In the result of this study, Magnolia obovata was distributed in a native plant community from planting trees of UNESCO Peace Center. The maximum numbers of Magnolia obovata were found in $20{\sim}100m$ from trees of mother. Seed of Magnolia obovata has a characteristics of gravity dispersal. But some individuals was found in 420m from its tree of mother. Seeds of Magnolia obovata has a characteristics of animal dispersal, too. Major species of animal dispersal are Garrulus glandarius, Ciurus vulgaris coreae, and Tamias sibiricus asiaticus in the study site. The importance value between native plants and Magnolia obovata had a negative relation. Because Magnolia obovata is more shade tolerant than other trees. Also, the growth of Magnolia obovata is faster than other trees. And so if the influence of Magnolia obovata reduce, it is necessary to expand native plant community, and to cut Magnolia obovata over 10m of the height and over 10cm of the DBH, for preventing influence of Magnolia obovata.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.4
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• pp.538-547
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• 2022

In this study, the population and community structure of Berchemia berchemiaefolia stands located at Mt. Naeyon (Gyeongbuk, Korea) were quantified, and multivariate analysis was done to determine the correlations between vegetation group types and environmental factors and to have reference data for the conservation and restoration of this species. In total, there were 164 B. berchemiaefolia trees in Mt. Naeyon. The average DBH of the trees was 24.5 cm, forming a normal distribution. It rarely appeared in an understory vegetation height of 3 m. About37.1% of the trees were branched. B. berchemiaefolia stands were classified into two groups: B. berchemiaefolia-Quercus serrata community and B. berchemiaefolia-Carpinus laxiflora community. Canopy gap, organic matter, exchangeable Ca, and cation exchange capacity were the major site characteristics affecting the distribution pattern of the stands. Currently, B. berchemiaefolia trees dominate in Mt. Naeyon, but depending on different habitat positions, the species was in a natural successional stage to C. laxiflora or C. cordata, which is a shade-tolerant species.