• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.198-203
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate seasonal changes on height, root collar diameter, shoot growth, biomass and chlorophyll contents of Pinus strobus seedlings (two-year old) grown under different light environments in Sangju National University Nursery. Four shade treatments provided seedlings with full sunlight (1800 umo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ), 75% of full sunlight (1350 umo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ), 50% of full sunlight (900 ,umo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ) and 25% of full sunlight (450 umo1 m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ). Planting density in four light intensities was 30 cm$\times$30cm. In each treatment, 10 trees were planted and height, diameter at root collar, shoot growth, biomass and chlorophyll contents (chlorophyll a, band a+ b) were measured. The highest height, root collar diameter, shoot growth and biomass in Pinus strobus seedlings were observed at full sunlight. Specially, root biomass was the most sensitive tree components part and strongly associated with decreases in the total biomass under low light intensity. The lowest chlorophyll contents (Chlorophyll a, band a+ b) were shown at 25% of sunlight, the lowest light intensity in this study.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.361-365
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• 2013

To investigate factors determining peach fruit quality, chlorophyll content by leaf positions, chlorophyll content of foliated leaf, change of leaf area, and photosynthetic capacity were monitored. Photosynthetic rate in response to radiation intensity and $CO_2$ concentration, and change of sucrose content after shading treatment also were investigated. Chlorophyll content was similar in $5-12^{th}$ leaves after 10 days of foliation, while young $13-16^{th}$ leaves showed lower chlorophyll contents. Chlorophyll content was 2.56 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ on May $28^{th}$, just after foliation, and rapidly increased up to 6.35 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ on June $12^{th}$. After this point, chlorophyll content gradually increased during two months showing the highest value of 9.03 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ on August $14^{th}$. Leaf area was 27.1 $cm^2$ just after foliation and 37.7 $cm^2$ on $10^{th}$ day of foliation increasing 10.6 $cm^2$ during 10 days. Leaf area slowly increased by 3.9 $cm^2$ during next one month. Photosynthetic capacity increased rapidly until the $30^{th}$ day of foliation showing the highest capacity of 13.8 ${\mu}mol/m^{-2}/sec^{-1}$. After this point, photosynthetic capacity decreased sharply. Photosynthetic rate in response to radiation intensity increased rapidly until the PPFD reached to 600 ${\mu}mol/m^{-2}/sec^{-1}$ and increased gradually from 600 ${\mu}mol/m^{-2}/sec^{-1}$ to 1200 ${\mu}mol/m^{-2}/sec^{-1}$ of PPFD and stayed stable beyond this point. Photosynthetic rate in response to $CO_2$ concentration increased until 600 ppm of $CO_2$. At higher $CO_2$ concentration, photosynthetic rate stayed stable or decreased. Sucrose content in leaves was not significantly different between control and shading group until one hour of shading treatment while decreased in shading group after two hours of treatment.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.719-727
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• 2010

Reduced irradiance promotes shoot elongation depending on developmental stage and environmental factors and decreases plant quality in $Cyclamen$ $persicum$ Mill. To determine the petiole elongation responses to low irradiance, 'Metis Scarlet Red' cyclamen at different developmental stages [juvenile (5-6 unfolded leaves), transitional (1-3 visible flower buds), or mature (1-3 elongating peduncles)] was grown in growth modules at 60 (low light, LL) or 240 (high light, HL) ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD within the growth chambers at different temperatures [16/12 (low temperature, LT), 22/18 (medium temperature, MT), or 28/$24^{\circ}C$ (high temperature, HT) (day/night)]. In Experiment I, juvenile plants were either kept in an LL or HL module during the entire treatment of 4 weeks or were transferred to the other module at 1, 2, or 3 weeks after treatment in an MT chamber. In Experiment II, juvenile, transitional, or mature plants were moved to the HL module at 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 days after being placed in the LL module at the MT chamber and grown for 21 days. In Experiment III, transitional plants were moved to the HL module at 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 days after being placed in the LL module at the LT, MT, or HT chambers. As the exposure duration to LL increased from 0 to 4 weeks or from 0 to 12 days, petiole length and plant height increased at all temperatures and developmental stages. In Experiment I, the exposure to LL during the latter period, rather than the early period, increased elongation rate. In Experiment II, petiole elongation in transitional plants was more sensitive to LL than juvenile or mature plants during the early period of the treatment for 12 days. In Experiment III, petiole length increased with increasing temperature and exposure duration to LL. Petiole elongation rate at HT increased rapidly from the beginning of LL exposure as compared to LT. Increase of $6^{\circ}C$ in temperature had the similar effect to LL exposure for 3 days in petiole elongation. To conclude, transitional cyclamen under higher temperatures responds more immediately to low irradiance and elongates its petioles.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.172-180
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• 2023

In the current study, four groups; control, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/L, were treated to investigate the effects of physiological and growth characteristics on Machilus thunbergii under various fertilization levels. As a result of the physiological response to the fertilization treatment, the fertilized group demonstrated relatively higher levels of A, ITE, WUEi, V_camx, PI_abs, and SFI_abs in comparison to the control. The best photosynthetic mechanism was most clearly seen at 1000 mg/L, which involved gas exchange through active stomatal opening and closing. For a productive photosynthetic mechanism. As seen in the growth response of M. thunbergii to fertilization treatment, the fertilized group has significantly higher height, DRC, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, total dry weight, LWR, and SWR than the control group. A healthy seedling quality index was particularly evident at 1000 mg/L, and other growth indicators were also at a decent level. 500 mg /L also demonstrated growth characteristics that were comparable to those at 1000 mg/L. As a result, M. thunbergii featured the best physiological and growth characteristics in response to the fertilization treatment at 1000 mg/L, and 500 mg/L also showed a similar trend, which is considered to be a good option from an economical perspective.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.390-396
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• 2015

This study was carried out in order to closely examine quality index by shading level of 2-year-old (1-1 seedling) container seedling of Daphniphyllum macropodum which is known as the species of having shade tolerance that is evergreen broad leaved tree in the warm temperate region. The shading treatment was regulated with the shading level of full sunlight, and 35%, 55%, 75%, 95% of full sunlight. As a result of surveying growth according to the shading level, both height and root collar diameter were surveyed to be the highest with 45.1 cm and 8.22 mm, respectively, under 75% of shading. The next was surveyed to be 43.2 cm & 8.05 mm and 42.5 cm & 7.98 mm, respectively, in order of 35% and 55% in shading. Leaf, shoot, root, and whole dry mass production were the highest under 75% of shading. The next was higher in leaf, stem, and whole dry mass production under 55% of shading. A root was higher under 35% of shading in the next. H/D ratio was the range of 5.29~5.35 under the 35~75% shading that showed the relatively high height and root collar diameter. T/R ratio was the lowest with 1.17 under 35% of shading. It was 0.41 under 95% of shading as for LWR, 0.24 under 75%-95% of shading as for SWR, and 0.46 under full sun and 35% shading as for RWR. QI was the highest with 3.74 under 75% of shading. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, it is concluded that the production of D. macropodum seedling is more effective under 75% shading

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.159-169
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• 1988

Fixed prosthetic appliance is the restorations of damaged teeth with cast metal or porcelain, and of replacing missing teeth with fixed, or cemented prosthesis. Successfully treating a patient by means of fixed prosthodontics requires the thoughtful combination of dentist and dental laboratory technician. In order to know the satisfaction of dentisits about fixed prosthetic appliances-porcelain, precious and non precious metal-, this study was conducted for 69 practicing dentisis in Pusan during Fed. to Mar. 1988 using a questionnaire method and was analyzed by the use of percentage, $X^2$-test The results are obtained as follow: 1. General characteristics of the respondents, The rate of age distribution of practcing dentists responded was as follow : 31$\sim$35 age group is 29.0%, 51$\sim$55age group 18.8%, 41$\sim$45 age group and 46$\sim$50 group each 11.6%, 36$\sim$40 age group and 56$\sim$60 age group 8.7%, over 60 age group 7.3%, below 30 age group 4.3% respectively. The tate of term of practice experience distribution of dentists responded was as follow : 6$\sim$10 year group 26.1%, 25$\sim$25year group 18.8%, 11$\sim$15 years group and 16~20 years group each 13.0%, below 5 years group and over 30 years group each 10.2%, 26$\sim$30 years group 8.7% in order. The rate of respondents’ degree was follow : bachelor group 81.2%, doctor group 13.0%, master group 5.8% in order. The rate of respondents’completed medical specialist course was as follow : non-complete group 75.4%, complete group 24.6%. The rate of having own laboratory in respondents’clinic was as follow : no having own laboratory group 58.0%, having own labiratory group 42.0% The rate of being lab. technician in respondent;s clinic was as follow: non-being lab. technician group 91.3%, being lab. technician group 8.7%. The rate of transactional commercial dental lab. numbers was as follow : I dental lab. group 40.6%, 2 dental lab. group 30.4%, 3 dental lab. group 20.3%, production at own lab. group 8.7% 2. Cognitions about the respondent's job, About cognition of patient numvers, there were neither many nor few group 62.3%, few group 17.4%, many group 15.9%, too many group 4.4% in order.(P<.01) As compared with the ratio of dentists to patient prothetic treatment, there were moderate level group 46.4%, high level group 33.6%, low level group 18.8% in order.(P<.01) By job satisfaction of respondents, the highest percentage group was satisfied group 44.9%, neither astisfied nor disstified group 33.3%, dissatisfied group 14.5%, much satisfied group 7.3%(P<.01). As compared with the level of prosthetics price, the were moderate level group 71.0%, low level group 23.2%, high level group 5.8%(P<.01) 3. Satisfaction and assessment of dissatisfied factor of the fixed prosthetic appliance, As compared with the satisfaction of al prosthetic appliance, there were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied group 59.4%, satisfied group 20.3% dissatisfied group 18.8%, much satisfied group 1.5% in order.(P<.01). About precious and non precious metal crown and bridge, there were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied group 60.9%, satisfied group 24.6%, dissatisfied group 11.6%, much satisfied group 2.9% in order.(P<.01) The reat of respondent;s satisfaction about porcelain crown and bridge was as follow : neither satisfied nor dissatisfied group 43.5%, dissatisfied group 33.3%, satisfied group 21.7%, much satisfied group 1.5%(P<.01). The rate of respondent's dissatisfied factor item of precious and non precious metal crown and bridge was as follow : inadequate margin fit item 39.1% respondent, inadequate occlusion item 24.6%, inadequate adaptation item 23.2%, poor anat omic form item 15.9%, inadequate contact item 31.9%, improper polishing item 4.4%, the rest item 11.6% respectively. The rate of respondent's dissatisfied factor item of porcelain crown and bridge was as follow : inadequate margin fit item 52.2%, inadequate occlusion item 2.9%, inadequate adaptation item 10.1%, poor anatomic form item 11.6%, improper polishing item 1.5%, shade mismatching item 71%, the rest item 7.2% respectively. The rate of cognition of respondents’ about cause of dissatisfied factor on fixed prosthetic appliance by item was as follow : deficiency of sincerity item 55.1%, deficiency of knowledge about work item 47.8%, deficiency of experience item 15.9%, poor quality of using material item 5.8%, the rest item 2.9% respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.720-726
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• 1995

Chemical components relevant to the characteristic taste of the Korean native persimmon(Diospyros kaki, Thumb) leaf tea were analyzed. Samples were processed by using three different methods ; SHT(steamed and then hot-air dried), DHT(dried in the shade, steamed and then hot-air dried) and RHT(roasted and then hot-air dried). The components analyzed were general compositions of dried perisimmon leaves and extracted solution. The composition of moisture, ash, crude lipid and total nitrogen did not show significant variation among different processing methods of the persimmonleaf tea. The contents of caffeine, tannin and vitamin C in persimmon leaf tea were in the range of $178.4~209.8{\mu}mol/g$, 29.1~38.5mg% and 325.3~2084.7mg%, respectively. The vitamin C content was significantly higher in the RHT than other treatments. The contents of caffeine, tannin and vitamin C in the tea extracted solution were in the range of $101.5~130.1{\mu}mol/g$, 15.4~25.9mg% and 111.0~1274.3mg%, respectively. The vitamine C in the tea solution was the highest in the RHT treatment and 61.1% of vitamin C in the leaf tea was extracted out in these processing methods. The major amino acids contained in the leaf tea were in decreasing order glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and phenylalanine, these four amino acids consisting 38.9~39.8% of the total amino acid contained in the persimmon leaf tea. The major amino acids contained in the tea solution were glutamic acid, proline, histidine and arginine. Six kinds of 5'-nucleotides, CMP, AMP, UMP, IMP, GMP and hypoxanthine were detected and CMP was the most abundant component in fresh leaf, leaf tea and tea solution. The second highest 5'-nucleotides in both leaf tea and tea solutions were GMP, AMP and UMP in all processing method. The highest free sugar contained in the fresh leaf tea and tea solution was sucrose.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.10
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• pp.69-100
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• 1968

1. In order to investigate on the microflora and enzyme activity of mold wheat 'Nuruk' , the major source of microorganisms for the brewing of Takju (a Korean Sake), two samples of Nuruk, one prepared at the College of Agriculture, Chung Nam University (S) and the other perchased at a market (T), were taken for the study. The molds, aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts were examined and counted. The yeasts were classified by the treatment with TTC (2, 3, 5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride) agar that yields a varied shade of color. The amylase and protease activities of Nuruk were measured. The results were as the followings. a) In the Nuruk S found were: Aspergillus oryzae group, $204{\times}10^5$; Black Aspergilli, $163{\times}10^5$; Rhizogus, $20{\times}10^5$; Penicillia, $134{\times}10^5$; Areobic bacteria, $9{\times}10^6-2{\times}10^7$; Lactic acid bacteria, $3{\times}10^4$ In the Nuruk T found were: Aspergillus oryzae group, $836{\times}10^5$; Black Aspergilli, $286{\times}10^5$; Rhizopus, $623{\times}10^5$; Penicillia, $264{\times}10^5$; Aerobic bacteria, $5{\times}10^6-9{\times}10^6$; Lactic acid bacteria, $3{\times}10^4$ b) Eighty to ninety percent of the aerobic bacteria in Nuruk S appeared to belong to Bacillus subtilis while about 70% of those in Nuruk T seemed to be spherical bacteria. In both Nuruks about 80% of lactic acid bacteria were observed as spherical ones. c) The population of yeasts in 1g. of Nuruk S was about $6{\times}10^5$, 56.5% of which were TTC pink yeasts, 16% of which were TTC red pink yeasts, 8% of which were TTC red yeasts, 19.5% of which were TTC white yeasts. In Nuruk T(1g) the number of yeasts accounted for $14{\times}10^4$ and constituted of 42% TTC pink. 21% TTC red pink 28% TTC red and 9% TTC white. d) The enzyme activity of 1g Nuruk S was: Liquefying type Amylase, $D^{40}/_{30},=256$ W.V. Saccharifying type Amylase, 43.32 A.U. Acid protease, 181 C.F.U. Alkaline protease, 240C.F.U. The enzyme activity of 1g Nuruk T was: Liquefying type Amylase $D^{40}/_{30},=32$ W.V. Saccharifying type amylase $^{30}34.92$ A.U. Acid protease, 138 C.F.U. Alkaline protease 31 C.F.U. 2. During the fermentation of 'Takju' employing the Nuruks S and T the microflora and enzyme activity throughout the brewing were observed in 12 hour intervals. TTC pink and red yeasts considered to be the major yeasts were isolated and cultured. The strains ($1{\times}10^6/ml$) were added to the mashes S and T in which pH was adjusted to 4.2 and the change of microflora was examined during the fermentation. The results were: a) The molds disappeared from each sample plot since 2 to 3 days after mashing while the population of aerobic bacteria was found to be $10{\times}10^7-35{\times}10^7/ml$ inS plots and $8.2{\times}10^7-12{\times}10^7$ in plots. Among them the coccus propagated substantially until some 30 hours elasped in the S and T plots treated with lactic acid but decreased abruptly thereafter. In the plots of SP. SR. TP. and TR the coccus had not appeared from the beginning while the bacillus showed up and down changes in number and diminished by 1/5-1/10 the original at the end stage. b) The lactic acid bacteria observed in the S plot were about $7.4{\times}10^7$ in number per ml of the mash in 24 hours and increased up to around $2{\times}10^8$ until 3-4 days since. After this period the population decreased rapidly and reached about $4{\times}10^5$ at the end, In the plot T the lactic acid becteria found were about $3{\times}10^8$ at the period of 24 fours, about $3{\times}10$ in 3 days and about $2{\times}10^5$ at the end in number. In the plots SP. SR. TP, and TR the lactic acid bacteria observed were as less as $4{\times}10^5$ at the stage of 24 hours and after this period the organisms either remained unchanged in population or ceased to exist. c) The maiority of lactic acid bacteria found in each mash were spherical and the change in number displayed a tendency in accordance with the amount of lactic acid and alcohol produced in the mash. d) The yeasts had showed a marked propagation since the period of 24 hours when the number was about $2{\times}10^8$ ㎖ mash in the plot S. $4{\times}10^8$ in 48 hours and $5-7{\times}10^8$ in the end period were observed. In the plot T the number was $4{\times}10^8$ in 24 hours and thereafter changed up and down maintaining $2-5{\times}10^8$ in the range. e) Over 90% of the yeasts found in the mashes of S and T plots were TTC pink type while both TTC red pink and TTC red types held range of $2{\times}10-3{\times}10^7$ throughout the entire fermentation. f) The population of TTC pink yeasts in the plot SP was as $5{\times}10^8$ much as that is, twice of that of S plot at the period of 24 hours. The predominance in number continued until the middle and later stages but the order of number became about the same at the end. g) Total number of the yeasts observed in the plot SR showed little difference from that of the plot SP. The TTC red yeasts added appeared considerably in the early stage but days after the change in number was about the same as that of the plot S. In the plot TR the population of TTC red yeasts was predominant over the T plot in the early stage which there was no difference between two plots there after. For this reason even in the plot w hers TTC red yeasts were added TTC pink yeasts were predominant. TTC red yeasts observed in the present experiment showed continuing growth until the later stage but the rate was low. h) In the plot TP TTC pink yeasts were found to be about $5{\times}10^8$ in number at the period of 2 days and inclined to decrease thereafter. Compared with the plot T the number of TTC pink yeasts in the plot TP was predominant until the middle stage but became at the later stage. i) The productivity of alcohol in the mash was measured. The plot where TTC pink yeasts were added showed somewhat better yield in the earely stage but at and after the middle stage the difference between the yeast-added and the intact mashes was not recognizable. And the production of alcohol was not proportional to the total number of yeasts present. j) Activity of the liquefying amylase was the highest until 12 hours after mashing, somewhat lowered once after that, and again increased around 36-48 hours after mashing. Then the activity had decreased continuously. Activity of saccharifying amylase also decreased at the period of 24 hours and then increased until 48 hours when it reached the maximum. Since, the activity had gradually decreased until 72 hours and rapidly so did thereafter. k) Activity of alkaline protease during the fermentation of mash showed a tendency to decrease continusously although somewhat irregular. Activity of acid protease increased until hours at the maximum, then decreased rapidly, and again increased, the vigor of acid protease showed better shape than that of alkaline protease throughout. 3. TTC pink yeasts that were predominant in number, two strains of TTC red pink yeasts that appeared throughout the brewing, and TTC red yeasts were identified and the physiological characters examined. The results were as described below. a) TTC pinkyeasts (B-50P) and two strains of TTC red pink yeasts (B-54 RP & B-60 RP) w ere identified as the type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and TTC pink red yeasts CB-53 R) were as the type of Hansenula subpelliculosa. b) The fermentability of four strains above mentioned were measured as follows. Two strains of TTC red pink yeasts were the highest, TTC pink yeasts were the lowest in the fermantability. The former three strains were active in the early stage of fermentation and found to be suitable for manufacturing 'Takju' TTC red yeasts were found to play an important role in Takju brewing due to its strong ability to produce esters although its fermentability was low. c) The tolerance against nitrous acid of strains of yeast was marked. That against lactic acid was only 3% in Koji extract, and TTC red yeasts showed somewhat stronger resistance. The tolerance against alcohol of TTC pink and red pink yeasts in the Hayduck solution was 7% while that in the malt extract was 13%. However, that of TTC red yeasts was much weaker than others. Liguefying activity of gelatin by those four strains of yeast was not recognized even in 40 days. 4. Fermentability during Takju brewing was shown in the first two days as much as 70-80% of total fermentation and around 90% of fermentation proceeded in 3-4 days. The main fermentation appeared to be completed during :his period. Productivity of alcohol during Takju brewing was found to be apporximately 65% of the total amount of starch put in mashing. 5. The reason that Saccharomyces coreanuss found be Saito in the mash of Takju was not detected in the present experiment is considered due to the facts that Aspergillus oryzae has been inoculated in the mold wheat (Nuruk) since around 1930 and also that Koji has been used in Takju brewing, consequently causing they complete change in microflora in the Takju brewing. This consideration will be supported by the fact that the original flavor and taste have now been remarkably changed.