• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.410-419
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• 1996

This study was reviewed from 1000 articles related to family planning from 1970 to 1990 and 20 articles associated with natural family planning from 1980 until the present. The purpose of natural family planning(NFP) is to identify the time ovulation of women themselves, to have intercourse with periodic abstinence, and to deliver a healthy child. The ultimate goal of NFP is to promote the family's health. The NFP method is described as periodic abstinence of intercourse to avoid pregnancy by identifying the ovulation time in the menstration cycle. Clinical symptoms and signs of reflection underlying changes in Estrogen and Progesterone are the change of basal body temperature, the change of cervical mucus and cervix, abdominal pain and breast tenderness. The types of NFP are the calender rthythm method, basal body temperature methods, cervical mucus method, symptothermal method, cyclo-thermal method and home based ovulation test kits. Recently the cyclo-thermal method involved. It is calendar rhythm method applied to B.B.T. For the cervical mucus method, when the estrogen level in the blood concentration is increased, the mucus begins to excrete, the amount of moist mucus increases while the mucus is clear, slippery, and smooth. For 3 days, this timing can be considered contraception. Fertility is at a maximum on the day mucus appears, abstinence for 3 days is a type of contraception. Sexual intercourse on a maximum day of mucus maximizes pregnancy potential. But, the contraception depends on the practice of a perfect rule. For basal body temperature methods, at ovulation time, the temperature increases $0.2^{\circ}C-0.5^{\circ}C$. Through the review of literature a high temperature above $0.2^{\circ}C$ for 3 days indicates that the previous 6 day period was ovulation and fertilization. The Symptothermal method is used to determine the prediction of ovulation through the observation of mucus excretion, high temperature, the change of cervical mucus, low abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and breast change. Home based ovulation test kits are cervico-vaginal fluid aspiration, test a digital electric thermometer, body fluid(blood, saliva, urine) test kits, They are on the market. However, research on the contraception method is still in progress. For pregnancy it is still too early to use home based ovulation test kits because of deficit of reliability and simplicity more research on the technology is needed. It is suggested that NFP methods be included in nursing curriculum in order to educate NFP users how to effectively use NFP methods. Furthermore, this study has implications for the dissemination of NFP methods in terms of Korean policies of family planning and the support of community welfare agences.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.159-167
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• 2014

목적 본 연구는 중학생의 인구사회학적, 건강행태 특성별 성경험률과 그 영향요인을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 방법 제8차 청소년건강행태온라인조사 자료를 이용하여 중학생 37,297명을 분석에 이용하였으며, 다단계층화집락추출에 의한 자료이므로 청소년건강행태온라인조사에서 제시한 복합표본설계정보(층화, 집락, 가중치)를 반영하여 SPSS WIN 18.0 프로그램으로 분석하였다. 결과 남학생의 성경험은 주관적으로 인식하는 경제상태가 중간인 경우보다 높을 때 1.54배(95% CI [1.20, 1.96]), 낮을 때 1.43배(95% CI [1.08, 1.89]) 증가하였고, 양쪽 부모님이 모두 안 계실 때 2.68배(95% CI [1.82, 3.96]), 아르바이트 경험이 있는 경우 1.98배(95% CI [1.43, 2.74]) 성경험률이 증가하였다. 음주, 흡연, 약물을 할 경우 각각 2.35배(95% CI [1.79, 3.08]), 2.35배(95% CI [1.76, 3.14]), 4.17배(95% CI [2.81, 6.19]) 성경험이 증가하고 우울할 때 1.32배(95% CI [1.01, 1.71]), 자살생각이 있을 때 1.43배(95% CI [1.09, 1.89]), 성교육을 받지 않았을 때 1.67배(95% CI [1.35, 2.08]) 성경험률이 증가하였다. 여학생인 경우는 주관적으로 인식하는 경제상태가 중간인 경우보다 높을 때 1.87배(95% CI [1.30, 2.70]), 아르바이트 경험이 있는 경우 1.79배(95% CI [1.21, 2.67]) 성경험률이 증가하였다. 흡연을 할 경우 3.95배(95% CI [2.56, 6.10]), 약물을 사용할 경우 5.48배(95% CI [2.80, 10.74]) 성경험률이 증가하고 우울할 때 1.65배(95% CI [1.17, 2.31]), 스트레스가 조금인 경우보다 없을 때 2.30배(95% CI [1.18, 4.48]), 성교육을 받지 않았을 때 1.50배(95% CI [1.09, 2.07]) 성경험률이 증가하였다. 반면 부모학력이 중졸이하보다 고졸일 경우와 1학년보다 2학년의 경우 성경험률이 낮았다. 결론 남녀 중학생의 공통된 성경험 영향요인은 가정 경제수준, 아르바이트 경험, 현재 흡연, 약물사용, 우울, 성교육이었고, 남학생의 경우 양쪽 부모 동거 상태, 음주, 자살생각이 여학생과는 다른 관련 요인이었으며 여학생의 경우 부모학력, 스트레스, 학년이 남학생과는 다른 영향요인이었다. 성경험과 관련하여 남녀 학생별로 영향요인에 차이가 있기 때문에 남녀별로 차별화된 성건강 중재개발이 요구되며 성경험이 음주, 흡연, 약물 등의 문제행동과 함께 나타나므로 중학생의 성건강을 위해서는 단편적인 성교육 프로그램보다 정신건강 및 건강습관의 틀과 함께 접근해야 할 것으로 보인다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.57-71
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• 1983

Sex education is necessary for the youth that they should have an adequate sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in their adolescent period. Four major objectives of this study are as follows; 1. To know the level of sexual knowledge of commercial girl's high school students in Seoul. 2. To know their actual state for the attitudes and behaviors toward sex. 3. To compare the sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of day time school students with those of night time school students. 4. To compare the factors associated with their sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors with the individual level. Data were collected on 986 students in Seoul from April 1 to April 10, 1983. As the result of this survey, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. The level of sexual knowledge. (1) The level of knowledge of day time high school students about the physiology of female and pregnancy is shown higher than those of night time students. 64.2% of the respondents are aware of the organ producing ovum. 56.4% the ovulation period. 95.6% the cause of pregnancy. 74.5% the pregnantable period and 12.7% the place of fetilization. (2) Out of 986 respondents. 71.8% knew about contraceptive method correctly, and day time school students knew litter better than night time school students, by showing 73.9% and 69.7% respectively. They knew about contraceptive method with 'oral pills'. 'menstrual cycles', 'condoms'. and 'loops' in the same order. 3) Kinds of veneral disease was correctly known by 37.9%. Day time students knew much better than night time school students. by showing 67.8% and 7.9%. respectively. Transmission method of veneral disease was correctly known by 28.3%. Day time students knew much better than night time students, by showing 51.2% and 5.3%, respectively. (4) The major information source of sexual knowledge was 'book and magazine' (39.9%) and 'friends' (27.4%). 2. Actual state of attitudes and behaviors toward sex. (1) Out of 986 respondents, 84.0% answered that premarital purity should be kept. (2) Out of 986 respondents, 60.8% had an acquaintance of the opposite sex. 45.2% of students with opposite sex reported introduction of their friends as the main channel of making an acquaintance of the opposite sex. (3) Of those who responded to this study 13.8% reported having masturbation, 21.5% kissing, 6.2% petting and 3.7% sex intercourse. (4) 64.8% had sexual problems, which was mensturance (27.2%), aquaintance of the opposite sex (25.4%). The main method to solve the problems were consultation with 'friends' and 'books and magazine' percentage being 39.1% and 30.8%, respectively, whereas very small students discussed with 'teachers' and 'parents' percentages being 0.3% and 5.9%, respectively. (5) Out of 986 respondents, 62.2% had experience in educating about sex, the percentage of day time school was higher than that of night time school. (6) 88.2% of students wanted sex education in school, which were 'general information about sex' (35.4%), 'sexual morality and solution of sexual desire' (18.5%), 'aquaintance of the opposite sex' (13.3%) and 'marriage and role of man and woman' (12.4%) in the same order. They wanted to be instructed about sexes in the lecture of physical education, home economics, biology, military training (59.9%), regular curriculum (17.5%), special lecture (16.9%) and by the counselor or school nurse (5.7%). 3. Analyse concerning the factors about the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. (1) The better school record was, the higher the level of sexual knowledge. (2) Those who have the religion considered the permarital purity more important than those who have not, the percentage showing 86.7% and 80.7%, respectively. (3) The result of dyad analysis of making acquaintance of the opposite sex in the friendship network showed that a high index of the acquaintance of the opposite sex tends to be a high adoption of making one at the individual level in the group, while the low index tends to be a low adoption of making one in the group.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.755-772
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• 2001

The specific purpose of this study was as follows: 1) To identify the level of sexual awareness and demand for sex education of teenagers, their parents and teachers. 2) To investigate the attitude toward and acceptance of heterosexual friendships by teenagers, their parents and teachers. 3) To identify the experience and direction of sex education of parents and teachers. For this purpose, this study selected 341 male and female teenagers at three high schools located in a city, 119 parents with high school students and 243 elementary/middle/high school teachers. The structured questionnaire was distributed to each of them and returned by them. This study was conducted over the period between June 1. 2001 and Aug 31. 2001. A total of 720 questionnaires were distributed to them and 703 were returned. Data analysis was conducted to obtain percentage and frequency using the SAS program. As a result, the following findings were obtained: Parents and teachers showed a similar attitude about sexual awareness, but teenagers showed a different attitude. In terms of the level of feeling of and interest in 'sex', teenagers, parents and teachers were comfortable in accepting it. As for sexual curiosity in puberty, 84.8% of the parents and 95.5% of the teachers responded that it was natural, whereas only 14.7% of teenagers responded that it was natural. But As for the item that 'sex is natural as one of human needs', 3.6% of the teenagers, 16.8% of the parents and only 1.2% of the teachers responded that it was not. As for the item that 'A man has a stronger sexual impulse than a woman', 6.1% of the teenagers, 16.8% of the parents and 17.3% of the teachers responded that it was not. 64.2% of the teenagers and 90.2% of the teachers responded that it was impossible to overcome the sexual impulse, whereas only 8.4% of the parents responded that it was possible. As for the item of masturbation, 64.5% of the teenagers responded that it was possible for male students and not possible for female students. 67.2% of the parents and 91.1% of the teachers responded that it was possible regardless of sex. As for the item of an attitude toward virginal purity, both the parents and teachers showed that virginal purity was important for both man and woman, but teenagers showed a weak awareness of virginal purity. As for the item, 'It is possible to have sexual intercourse with a lover during adolescence', 20.2% of the teenagers, 79% of the parents and 87.7% of the teachers responded that it was impossible. As for the item 'It is necessary to keep premarital virginal purity for a happy married life', 21.1% of the teenagers, 74.8% of the parents and 55.1% of the teachers responded that it was necessary, which shows that teenagers had a different opinion than parents and teachers. In case of pregnancy in adolescence, most of the responding teenagers, parents and teachers chose abortion. As for the item 'female refusal on male sexual approach', respondents accepted female refusal as they did for orders of teachers, parents and adolescents. As for item 'An assaulter is entirely to blame for sexual assault', all of three groups responded in the affirmative.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.4719-4724
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• 2012

This study aimed to analyse the participation of women of reproductive age in a cancer screening program, and survey reasons for non-screening in a region from Mexico with high cervical cancer mortality. A total of 281 obstetric patients from a previous HPV study in a social security hospital during 2008-2009 were included. Reasons for not participating in the screening were directly asked. HPV positive patients were invited to participate in an informative workshop, and they filled in a knowledge questionnaire. The women ranged in age from 14-47 years; 123 (43.8%) had never participated in screening, of which 97 (78.9%) had their first sexual intercourse 2 to 10 years ago, resulting in 25% HPV positive. Screening history was strongly associated with 2 or more gestations (OR=10.07, p=0.00) and older age (OR=6.69 p=0.00). When 197 women were contacted and interviewed, reasons referred for non-screening were ignorance, lack of interest or time, recent sexual onset, shame and fear. More than 50% of the workshop participants showed knowledge of HPV, while 38.9% and 25% knew about Pap smear and cervical cancer. A high percentage of women of reproductive age have never had a Pap smear. Promoting the screening program in medical facilities seems to be important in this population. New approaches to inform vulnerable individuals on the benefits of screening need to be implemented, especially for young women.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.115-124
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the health risk behaviors, mental health and subjective health status of adolescents in multicultural families and monocultural (Korean) families. This study was conducted to prepare basic data for education and policy proposals related to health promotion of adolescents in multicultural families. Methods: The study was a secondary analysis using the raw data of the 15th Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (2019). A complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to understand the influence of growing up in a multicultural family on health risk behaviors, mental health and subjective health status by comparing the variables to those of monocultural adolescents. Results: Adolescents from multicultural families had a 3.3 times higher rate of drug use experience, 1.89 times higher rate of sexual experience, and 1.24 times higher rate of not wearing seat belts. In addition, the rate of not washing hands and the rate of suicide attempts were 1.34-1.50 times and 1.62 times higher, respectively, compared to adolescents from monocultural families. Conclusion: This study showed that it is necessary to develop appropriate health promotion programs to solve the problems of drug use, sexual intercourse, not wearing seat belts, not washing hands, and attempting suicides, which are more prevalent among adolescents from multicultural families than from monocultural families. It will serve a basic policy for the long-term development and growth of Korea at this critical time when multicultural adolescents are increasing.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.3102-3111
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 전문대학 간호과 여학생들의 피임지식과 태도를 살펴보고 이 변수들에 대한 영향요인을 규명하므로써 앞으로 건강교육자로 활동하게 될 간호과 학생들을 위한 좀더 체계적인 피임교육과정 개발에 도움이 되기 위함이다. 연구대상자는 충청도에 위치한 일개 전문대학 간호과 여학생 254명이었고 연구기간은 2011년 10월 17일부터 11월 11일까지였다. 대상자의 피임지식은 학년, 성적, 혼전성교 및 혼전동거에 대한 의견에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었으며 포옹, 키스, 애무 경험 유무에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 대상자의 피임태도는 가정에서의 피임교육 유무에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었고 포옹, 키스, 애무 경험 유무에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 대상자의 피임지식과 태도 간에는 정 상관관계를 나타냈고 피임지식에 대한 영향요인으로는 학년, 혼전동거에 대한 의견, 성적, 애무경험이었으며 피임태도에 대한 영향요인은 포옹경험과 가정에서의 성교육 유무였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.657-668
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 비혼모가 되기 전 삶과 출산 전 양육비혼모 삶의 경험에 대하여 구조와 본질을 심층적으로 알아보고 이해하기 위함이다. 비혼모 10명을 대상으로 심층개별면담을 통하여 자료를 수집한 후, Colazzi의 현상학적 연구방법을 이용한 질적 연구를 하였다. 연구결과 '상처로 얼룩진 시절' 주제모음은 비혼모가 되기 전 어린 시절 단절된 가족관계와 가족기능의 해체로 인하여 부모에게 버림받거나 보호받지 못한 삶의 경험으로 나타났다. '위태로운 일상' 주제모음은 비혼모들의 이른 학업중단과 가출은 위태로운 생활로 이어졌다. 또한 무분별한 성문화와 낮은 성인식, 태도는 성을 일찍 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. '당혹스러운 임신사실' 주제모음은 비혼부의 피임 거부와 비혼모의 부정확한 피임지식과 피임방법 사용은 원치 않은 임신으로 나타났다. 마지막 주제모음 '힘들게 결정한 출산'은 임신사실을 너무 늦게 인지하여 어쩔 수 없는 출산을 선택하기도 하지만 생명의 소중함을 느껴 낙태를 거부하고 출산을 결정하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 비혼모를 대상으로 성교육을 강화 할 뿐 아니라 남성을 대상으로 정확한 피임지식과 방법을 제공하는 성교육 실시의 필요성을 논의하였다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2011

Purpose: This study aimed to identify differences in contraception behavior and related factors between unmarried female and male. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design with a convenient sampling was used. From Seoul, 107 women and 96 men were recruited. A structured questionnaire was self-administered from July 14, 2008 to September 2, 2008. Results: The average ages of women and men were 26.9 and 27.8 years old, respectively. Fiftysix percent of women and 85.4% of men have experienced sexual intercourse. There were no differences between female and male in attitude toward contraception, subjective norm, and contraception behavior, while female had higher score of self-efficacy for contraception (p=.02) and intention of contraception (p=.02). There was positive correlation with subjective norm (r=.22, p<.05), self-efficacy (r=.53, p<.01) in male and attitude (r=.32, p<.05), selfefficacy (r=49, p<.01) in female. According to the result of multiple regression, the significant factor of contraception behavior was self-efficacy for both female (${\beta}$=.49, p=.00) and male (${\beta}$=.53, p=.00). Conclusion: To improve contraception behavior for unmarried female and male, it is necessary to develop proper sex education program to enhance self-efficacy for contraception. Adjusted education program by this result will contribute to increase sexual health for female and male.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.73-89
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• 1995

This study was planned to investigate indirectly the effects of study environments of high school students such as family characteristics, availability of sex education, and possibility of exposure to unhealthy sexual environments. For this purpose, the level of knowledge and attitude towards sex of general and industrial high school students were compared because these two groups of students were believed to be different in those study variables. For this study, 600 students (300 male and 300 female students) from a general high school students and 400 (200 male and 200 female) from an industrial high school in one industrial city in Korea were surveyed with a structured questionnaire. The study results were as follows: 1. There were significant differences in selected family condition variables between general and industrial high school students. Proportions of students with single parents, those who live in houses other than their own, and those father's occupations were farming and manufacturing were higher in industrial high school students than in general high school students. 2. Female students wanted to have more knowledge on sex whereas male students were interested in things related to sexual acts in both general and industrial high school students. The largest proportion of students wanted to discuss their sex problems with their friends not with their parents. 3. More students in general high school thought that the sexual intercourse is natural and pretty than those in industrial high school, whereas more industrial high school students insisted on the sexual purity before marriage than general high school students. 4. About 65% of students surveyed agreed to making friends with opposite sex and, in fact, more than half either had experiences or were having friends of opposite sex. More students in industrial high school wanted to choose their marital partners based on advices of their parents than students in general high school. 5. More female students than male and more industrial high school students than general high school students were embarrassed with first wet dream or menstruation and felt guilty about the masturbation. 6. Level of knowledge on reproductive physiology, sex transmitted disease and contraception was higher in general high school students than in industrial high school students. These study results suggest that simple knowledge on sex of the general high school students does not seem to affect positively the students attitude towards sex and the unfavorable living conditions of industrial high school students seem to influence the students to become more sincere and healthy in their attitude towards sex and life. Therefore, more thoughtful consideration in contents and methods should be given when the sex education is provided to the high school students.