• Smart Media Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.9-17
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• 2024

Due to the recent pandemic and the development of ICT technology, the use of non-face-to-face and unmanned systems is expanding, and it is very important to understand emotions in communication in non-face-to-face situations. As emotion recognition methods for various facial expressions are required to understand emotions, artificial intelligence-based research is being conducted to improve facial expression emotion recognition in image data. However, existing research on facial expression emotion recognition requires high computing power and a lot of learning time because it utilizes a large amount of data to improve accuracy. To improve these limitations, this paper proposes a method of recognizing facial expressions using age and gender, which are image meta information, as a method of recognizing facial expressions with even a small amount of data. For facial expression emotion recognition, a face was detected using the Yolo Face model from the original image data, and age and gender were classified through the VGG model based on image meta information, and then seven emotions were recognized using the EfficientNet model. The accuracy of the proposed data classification learning model was higher as a result of comparing the meta-information-based data classification model with the model trained with all data.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 1996

This paper is for studying stress condition of apprentice doctors who were in Oriental Medical Hospital. This study was done on 35 apprentice doctors who were in Kyungsang University Oriental Medical Hospital and Bulgy Oriental Medical Hospital. The Seven-Minute Stress Test of Thomas E. Sttats and 10 questions which were made by the present writer shows the following results.1. The Body stress scale was the highest point. In order of high percent, this shows Whole scale, Mind scale, Situation scale. 2. In comparison of the stress scale of men and women doctors, all the stress scale of women doctors were higher than men doctors. 3. In comparison of the stress scale of Interne and Resident doctors, Whole and Situation stress scale of Resident doctors were higher than Interne doctors, Body and Mind stress scale of Interne doctors were higher than Resident doctors. 4. The personal relation with other people was harmonious, the worst relation of the other colleague was the administrative staff, the next were nurses, senior apprentice doctors orderly. 5. In order of high percent of stressors, this shows personal relation, many works and troubles of care, the lack of private life, unsatisfactory administration system and equipment, the class system and overbearing atmospheres, education and continuous stress, bad conditions and fatigue, economic problems. 6. In order of high percent of systemic stress diseases, this shows musculo- skeletal disease, nervous disease, digestive disease, neurosis, urinary and genital disorder, opthalomo-otolaryngo disease, immunity disorder and vascular disease. In order of high percent of stress symptom, this show headache, fatigue, shoulder pain, back and leg pain, pantalgia and abdominal pain, diarrhea and dismenorrhea, stiffness of neck dizziness indigestion languor after a meal insomnia, neurasthenia lacking interest constipation menorrhalgia bloodshot eyes otitis media allergy thirst flushing edema. 7. In order of the seven mode of emotions in relation to stress, this shows anger, anxiety, isolation, melancholy, fright, sorrow, terror, overjoy.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2023

Background: Serotonin receptors can be divided into seven different families with various subtypes. The serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor is one of the most abundant subtypes in animal brains. The expression of 5-HT1A receptors in the brain has been reported in various animals but has not been studied in horses. The 5-HT1A receptor functions related to emotions and behaviors, thus it is important to understand the functional effects and distribution of 5-HT1A receptors in horses to better understand horse behavior and its associated mechanism. Methods: Brain samples from seven different regions, which were the frontal, central, and posterior cerebral cortices, cerebellar cortex and medulla, thalamus, and hypothalamus, were collected from six horses. Western blot analysis was performed to validate the cross-reactivity of rabbit anti-5-HT1A receptor antibody in horse samples. Immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate the localization of 5-HT1A receptors in the brains. Results: The protein bands of 5-HT1A receptor appeared at approximately 50 kDa in the frontal, central, and posterior cerebral cortices, cerebellar cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. In contrast, no band was observed in the cerebellar medulla. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the cytoplasm of neurons in the cerebral cortices, thalamus, and hypothalamus were immunostained for 5-HT1A receptors. In the cerebellar cortex, 5-HT1A was localized in the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study suggests that 5-HT and 5-HT1A receptor systems may play important roles in the central nervous system of horses, based on the widespread distribution of the receptors in the horse brain.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.227-252
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• 2018

The evolution of instant communication has mirrored the development of the Internet and messenger applications are among the most representative manifestations of instant communication technologies. In messenger applications, senders use emoticons to supplement the emotions conveyed in the text of their messages. The fact that communication via messenger applications is not face-to-face makes it difficult for senders to communicate their emotions to message recipients. Emoticons have long been used as symbols that indicate the moods of speakers. However, at present, emoticon-use is evolving into a means of conveying the psychological states of consumers who want to express individual characteristics and personality quirks while communicating their emotions to others. The fact that companies like KakaoTalk, Line, Apple, etc. have begun conducting emoticon business and sales of related content are expected to gradually increase testifies to the significance of this phenomenon. Nevertheless, despite the development of emoticons themselves and the growth of the emoticon market, no suitable emoticon recommendation system has yet been developed. Even KakaoTalk, a messenger application that commands more than 90% of domestic market share in South Korea, just grouped in to popularity, most recent, or brief category. This means consumers face the inconvenience of constantly scrolling around to locate the emoticons they want. The creation of an emoticon recommendation system would improve consumer convenience and satisfaction and increase the sales revenue of companies the sell emoticons. To recommend appropriate emoticons, it is necessary to quantify the emotions that the consumer sees and emotions. Such quantification will enable us to analyze the characteristics and emotions felt by consumers who used similar emoticons, which, in turn, will facilitate our emoticon recommendations for consumers. One way to quantify emoticons use is metadata-ization. Metadata-ization is a means of structuring or organizing unstructured and semi-structured data to extract meaning. By structuring unstructured emoticon data through metadata-ization, we can easily classify emoticons based on the emotions consumers want to express. To determine emoticons' precise emotions, we had to consider sub-detail expressions-not only the seven common emotional adjectives but also the metaphorical expressions that appear only in South Korean proved by previous studies related to emotion focusing on the emoticon's characteristics. We therefore collected the sub-detail expressions of emotion based on the "Shape", "Color" and "Adumbration". Moreover, to design a highly accurate recommendation system, we considered both emotion-technical indexes and emoticon-emotional indexes. We then identified 14 features of emoticon-technical indexes and selected 36 emotional adjectives. The 36 emotional adjectives consisted of contrasting adjectives, which we reduced to 18, and we measured the 18 emotional adjectives using 40 emoticon sets randomly selected from the top-ranked emoticons in the KakaoTalk shop. We surveyed 277 consumers in their mid-twenties who had experience purchasing emoticons; we recruited them online and asked them to evaluate five different emoticon sets. After data acquisition, we conducted a factor analysis of emoticon-emotional factors. We extracted four factors that we named "Comic", Softness", "Modernity" and "Transparency". We analyzed both the relationship between indexes and consumer attitude and the relationship between emoticon-technical indexes and emoticon-emotional factors. Through this process, we confirmed that the emoticon-technical indexes did not directly affect consumer attitudes but had a mediating effect on consumer attitudes through emoticon-emotional factors. The results of the analysis revealed the mechanism consumers use to evaluate emoticons; the results also showed that consumers' emoticon-technical indexes affected emoticon-emotional factors and that the emoticon-emotional factors affected consumer satisfaction. We therefore designed the emoticon recommendation system using only four emoticon-emotional factors; we created a recommendation method to calculate the Euclidean distance from each factors' emotion. In an attempt to increase the accuracy of the emoticon recommendation system, we compared the emotional patterns of selected emoticons with the recommended emoticons. The emotional patterns corresponded in principle. We verified the emoticon recommendation system by testing prediction accuracy; the predictions were 81.02% accurate in the first result, 76.64% accurate in the second, and 81.63% accurate in the third. This study developed a methodology that can be used in various fields academically and practically. We expect that the novel emoticon recommendation system we designed will increase emoticon sales for companies who conduct business in this domain and make consumer experiences more convenient. In addition, this study served as an important first step in the development of an intelligent emoticon recommendation system. The emotional factors proposed in this study could be collected in an emotional library that could serve as an emotion index for evaluation when new emoticons are released. Moreover, by combining the accumulated emotional library with company sales data, sales information, and consumer data, companies could develop hybrid recommendation systems that would bolster convenience for consumers and serve as intellectual assets that companies could strategically deploy.

• 한국노년학
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.921-939
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• 2019

According to the social selectivity theory (SST), despite the disadvantages of life conditions, older adults experience less negative emotions because they regulate their emotions by avoiding negative stimuli or situations. Based on the SST, this study attempted to find out whether older adults are better able to regulate negative emotions than young adults in the Ultimatum Game (UG). In an UG, if the proposer proposes to distribute a portion of the money to the responder, the responder must decide whether to accept or reject it. If the responder accepts the offer, the proposer and the responder can each have their own share as proposed, but if s/he reject the offer, both get nothing. Thus, if the responder considers own economic benefits, it is a more reasonable decision to accept the unfair offer no matter how low, than to reject it. To accept an unfair offer, the responder must regulate the anger felt at the proposer. If older adults could regulate anger better than young adults, they would be less likely to reject the unfair offer than young adults. Fifty-seven olders and 60 university students participated in this study. Both the older and young adults accepted most of the fair offers. In contrast, older adults accepted unfair offers at a significantly higher rate than young adults. In addition, compared to young adults, older adults reported anger less frequently at the unfair offers. Accepting unfair offers was negatively correlated with anger report, but positively correlated with the emotion regulation measured by ERQ. The ERQ score was negatively correlated with anger report. Emotion regulation partially mediated the relationship between the age groups and acceptance of unfair offers. The present results showed that older adults accepted the unfair offers at a higher rate than young adults because they could regulate the negative emotions felt at the unfair offer better than young adults. This study provided new evidence for the claim that improving emotional regulation is a major developmental change in adulthood.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.63-84
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• 1997

The questionnaire which was based on the characteristics of psychological and physiological symptoms of Hwabyung patients was distributed to Hwabyung patients and normal control group. The following results were obtained. 1. It was observed in this study that the rate of occurrence of Hwabyung was higher in female and the people with lower economical and educational background. And this result was in accordance with the previous studies. 2. The personality, defense mechanism and coping strategy of Hwabyung patients was found to be inclined to yin(陰) disposition in this study. 3. Family life of Hwabyung patients was found to be worse than that of normal control group in every respect. 4. In terms of evaluation of their lives, the emotion of Hwabyung patients was characterized as Hahn(恨). And it is postulated that this emotional complex falsifies the reaction of Ki(氣) to the seven emotions(七情).

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 1990

I studied some important medical liter atures in order to examine the cause of Aphasia and found out some facts as follows : 1. Hwang Je Nae Kgong(黃帝內經) is more referred exogenous causes of disease of Aphasia than endogenous causes of disease. 2. Among many causes of Aphasia, exogenous causes of disease was cinsidered to be most common in Soh Shi Je Byong Won Hu chong Rhon(巢氏諸病源喉總論), which has had a wide influence down the ages. 3. Chon Keum Yo Bang(千金要方), Chi Tae Bhi Yo(外臺秘要), Tae Pyong Song Hye Bang(太平聖惠方), Song Je Chong Rok(聖濟總綠). Bu In Yang Bang(婦人良方) and so forth had been quoted from Hwang Je Nae Kyong and Soh Shi Je Byong Won Hu Chong Ron(巢氏諸病源喉總論). 4. In the ming dynasty had been quoted non-exo-endogenous causes of disease and the Kinds of Aphasia and prescription. 5. In the Choeun dynasty and the Ching dynasty, exogenous causes of disease was confined to the quotation of the books referred to above as well, but endogenous causes of disease was developed. 6. Today is refered kidney and Aphasia. The cause of Aphasia obtained was as follows. The exogenous cause of disease is wind, wind and cold, wind and heat. The endogenous cause of disease is pregnancy, heart block of postpartum, weakness of heart and kidney, impairment of seven modes of emotions, stagnation of phlegm and phlegm-fire, hemorrhage. The non exo-endogenous causes of disease is sing ballads and call out.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1998

The objective of this study is to extract information from electroencephalogram(EEG) signals with which we can discriminate mental states. Seven university students were participated in this study. Ten stimuli based on IAPS (International Affective Picture Systems) Were presented at random according to the experimental schedule. 8-channel ($O_1$, $O_2$, $F_3$, $F_4$, $F_7$, $F_8$, $FP_1$, and $FP_2$)EEG signals were recorded at a sampling rate of 204.8 Hz for visual stimuli and analyzed. After random ten sequential stimuli presentation, the subject subjectively assessed the stimulus by scaling from -5 to 5. If the stimulus was the best and the worst, it was scored 5 and -5, respectively. Only maximum and minimum scored-EEG signals within each subject were selected on the basis of subjectively assessment for analysis. EEG signals were transformed into feature objects based on scalar autoregressive model coefficients. They were classified with Discriminant Analysis for each channel. The features produced results with the best classification accuracy of 85.7 % in $O_1$ and $O_2$ for visual stimuli. This study could be extended to establish an algorithm which quantify and classify emotions evoked by visual stimulus using autoregressive models.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2015

This study aims to investigate the specific functions of the five spirits based on the characteristics of five phases. In Korean medicine, the mind is classified into five spirits and seven emotions. The spirits (hon, sin, ui, baek, ji) are a way of analyzing of people's mental structures, and they are affected by each other, influencing life activities both directly and indirectly. They are also related to the five viscera and come into their own functions through the characteristics of the five phases that are assigned to the viscera. Sin is the main agent of mental activity that is normal, correct, and perfect, and it directs the other four. Hon is activity that is exposed to the outside from mental and physical aspects such as planning, creative thinking, creating, judgment, speech, and emotional expression. Baek is internal activity, such as obtaining information, learning, seeing, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Ui is meant to decide between new and already saved information based on comparative analysis. Ji is the activity of making the final decision and saving it in ui. Based on the above, we suppose that the five spirits' functions match the characteristics of the five phases.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 2015

Objectives: We performed this study to certify the objectivity and significance of the Core Assessment Instrument Based on Chiljeong as a diagnostic measure in insomnia patients. Methods: We collected self-report questionnaires from inpatient and outpatient targets that had symptoms of insomnia. Descriptive statistics, Independent t-test, One-way repeated measure ANOVA and Pearson Correlation analysis were used for data analysis. Results: Bi and Kyeong emotion scores were higher but the Hui emotion score was lower for insomnia patients. Regarding the relationship between ISI score and the Core Assessment Instrument Based on Chiljeong, the more severe the insomnia, the higher the Sa and Kyeong emotion scores were, whereas the Hui emotion score was lower. Patients that were male, married, old, and had higher education showed a stronger correlation between Gyeong and ISI scores. Conclusions: Using the Core Assessment Instrument Based on Chiljeong for insomnia is thought to be helpful in both the diagnostic and clinical aspects of insomnia.