• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.33-59
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• 2008

This paper aims to analyse the preference for German farm tourism among the German population. For this reason, we conducted an empirical study in Germany during summer 2007 and we applieda structural equation model based on partial leasts quares(PLS) to analyse the data. In the following chapters we will introduce the literature review and our conceptual frame work. We will then outline the procedures we adopted and the results of the empirical analysis. In the final part so me conclusions will be presented and a discussion will follow in order to draw the future directions of our research. According to our hypotheses, the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H1: The higher the information degree about it. H2: The lower the influence of the social stimuli. H3: The higher the physical exposure to it (experience). H4: The higher the wellness image of agri-tourism. H5: The higher the traditional image of agri-tourism. H6: The higher the exciting image of agri-tourism. H7: The higher the perceived value for money. Our further hypotheses affirm that the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H8: The lower the perceived risk. H9: The higher the motive to enjoy a holiday in the nature. H10: The higher the motive to enjoy a sport holiday. H11: The lower the motive to have an organized holiday. H12: The lower the motive to have a holiday abroad. H13: The lower the motive of action and night life. H14: The higher the motive to spend a holiday with the family. H15: The lower the motive to spend a city holiday. Finally, our model has some socio-demographics data. As we mentioned before, German agri-tourism has traditionally been the travel destination of large-size families, with low-to-middle income. For that reason, our final hypothesises are the following: the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked-set of an individual is higher: H16: The higher the number of family members. H17: The lower the family income. Since in this study we use a path model with a PLS approach, we are able to state some interrelations among the exogenous latent variables: H18: The motive of sport holiday has a positive influence towards nature motives. H19: The physical exposition to agri-tourism has a positive influence toward information. H20: The motive of family holiday has a negative influence toward the motive of action and night life. H21: Social stimuli have a positive influence towards individuals risk perceptions. H22: Social stimuli have negative influence towards experience. Data for this study were gathered via administrated questionnaires during the summer 2007 within the frame of an academic "marketing research" course. The corresponding t-values are assessed using the bootstrapping method with 500 re-samples. In our model 61% of the degree of appreciation of German agri-tourism (evoked set) is explained by five independent variables: value for money ($0.335^{{\ast}{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H7) experience ($0.267^{{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H3), exciting image ($0.204^{\ast}$) (H6) organisation ($-0.162^{\ast}$) (H11) and holiday abroad ($-0.156^{\ast}$) (H12). The variance explained ($R^2$) for the other endogenous variables are the following: nature 24.3%, information 14.1%, action holiday 13.8%, risk perception 5.8% and experience 2.4%. An overview can be inferred from table 5. The results also allow us to test each of the proposed hypotheses. With exception of organization and abroad, none of the others travel style factors (H9 to H15) seem to have any significant impact towards evoked set which leads to the rejection of the respective hypotheses. As expected, social stimuli have a significant influence on individuals' risk perception (H21 accepted), however neither the former nor the latter have a valuable impact on evoked set (rejection of H2 and H8). Besides, since the influence of social stimuli towards experience is not significant, also H22 has to be rejected. Experience influences information (H19 accepted) but the latter does not affect significantly the evoked set (H1 rejected). Both H4 as well as H5, referring respectively to the perceived images of German agri-tourism as a wellness destination and the traditional image of the German farm tourism have to be rejected. Finally, none of the demographic data included in the model explains significantly the variance of the factor evoked set. Therefore neither H16 nor H17 has been accepted. As far as the interrelation between sport and nature (H18) and family and action (H20) are concerned, the stated relationship among these variables has been statistically confirmed. Our path model based on partial least squares shows the factors influencing the preference for farm tourism in Germany. Among others value for money and experience are the most significant ones. Practical implications are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 2015

Small scale paint overspray booths are being operated nationwidely, for repair of passenger car body parts. paint aerosols are emitted from the paint overspray booth in operations. In paint overspray booth operations without ventilation system and air pollutants collection unit, it may land on nearby equipment. In this study a removal of sticky paint aerosol for application of the small-scale overspray paint booth. it's cause the surface of filter bag from generated sticky paint aerosol. To remove adhesion of paint aerosol the agglomerating agents are injected and mixed with sticky paint aerosols prior to reach the filter bag. The paint spray rate was set as $10{\pm}5g/min$ from air-atomized spray guns in the spray booth, injection rate of agglomerating was $10{\pm}5g/min$ in the mixing chamber. The filtration velocity including air pollutants varied from 0.2 m/min to 0.4 m/min. Bag cleaning air pressure was set as $5.0kg_f/min$ for detaching dust cake from surface of filter bag. Bag cleaning interval at the filtration velocity of 0.2 m/min was around 3 times longer than that of the 0.4 m/min. The residual pressure drop maintained highest value at the highest filtration velocity. Fractional efficiency of 99.952%~99.971% was possible to maintain for the particle size of 2.5 microns. Total collection efficiency at the filtration velocity of 0.2 m/min was 99.42%. During this study we could confirm high collection efficiency and long cleaning intervals for the test with filtration velocity of 0.2 m/min indicating an optimal value for the given dimensions of the test unit and test operating conditions.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2011

This test focuses on the correlation between the lubrication, ductility and strength through the change of nut lubricant which decides joining angle for A490 bolt sets required in the AASHTO (American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials). Because the lubrication of high tension bolt, nut, washer sets becomes an important factor to ductility and joining load, the quality improvement is required for improving reliability and securing enough lubrication of maker and user. This study examines the quality characteristics required in the specification through tests because only this standard specifies joining quality in the extreme conditions (as much about two times of the joining angle on site as normal condition). Moreover, this study is limited to the test on joining axial force required in the AASHTO for the three nut lubrication conditions of A490 bolt set. It is concluded that the nuts should be coated or waxed enough for the improvement of the joining axial force and ductility of bolts required in the standards. It is shown that in the case of plain high tension bolt sets, a rust preventing lubricative oil shall be applied and the torque coefficient value for A490 bolt sets should be maintained below 0.175.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.153-160
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• 2020

Energy Consumption Predictions for Industries has a prominent role to play in the energy management and control system as dynamic and seasonal changes are occurring in energy demand and supply. This paper introduces and explores the steel industry's predictive models of energy consumption. The data used includes lagging and leading reactive power lagging and leading current variable, emission of carbon dioxide (tCO2) and load type. Four statistical models are trained and tested in the test set: (a) Linear Regression (LR), (b) Radial Kernel Support Vector Machine (SVM RBF), (c) Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), and (d) Random Forest (RF). Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) are used for calculating regression model predictive performance. When using all the predictors, the best model RF can provide RMSE value 7.33 in the test set.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.112-121
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• 2016

ADAS(Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) and street furniture information collecting car like as MMS(Mobile Mapping System), they require object location estimation method for recognizing spatial information of object in road images. But, the case of conventional methods, these methods require additional hardware module for gathering spatial information of object and have high computational complexity. In this paper, for a coordinate of road sign in single camera image, a position estimation scheme of object in road images is proposed using the relationship between the pixel and object size in real world. In this scheme, coordinate value and direction are used to get coordinate value of a road sign in images after estimating the equation related on pixel and real size of road sign. By experiments with test video set, it is confirmed that proposed method has high accuracy for mapping estimated object coordinate into commercial map. Therefore, proposed method can be used for MMS in commercial region.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2016

The effective case depth for case-hardened rolling bearing has been discussed. For this purpose, rolling contact fatigue tests for ball bearings built with inner race of various hardness values were conducted until L₁₀ calculating rating life using a bearing life test machine under radial loading. Then, the distribution of residual stress below the inner raceway, which depended on the hardness value, was measured by X-ray diffraction. As a result, the linear relationship was established between the hardness value of the inner race and the theoretical shear stress evaluated at the depth where the residual stress disappeared below the inner raceway. Based on the relationship, it could be found that the factor of safety in bearing manufacturer’s rules for the effective case depth of case hardened rolling bearings was set higher. However, it could be also found that the hardness values at the depth where the maximum shearing stress acted below the raceway surface in a tapered roller bearing hardened by the carburizing process, were not sufficient for preventing plastic deformation under the basic dynamic load rating. Consequently, further efforts were still required to reduce or to disperse the contact load on the material design of a rolling bearing in order to prolong its life.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.145-153
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• 2006

Infinite failure NHPP models for a record value satisfies mode proposed in the literature exhibit either monotonic increasing or monotonic decreasing failure occurrence rates per fault. In this paper, propose comparative study of software reliability model using Erlang distribution, Rayleigh and Gumbel distribution. Equations to estimate the parameters using maximum likelihood estimation of infinite failure NHPP model based on failure data collected in the form of interfailure times are developed. For the sake of proposing distribution, we used to the special pattern. Analysis of failure data set using arithmetic and Laplace trend tests, goodness-of-fit test, bias tests is presented.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

When a vehicle is running, wheel is generating vertical and lateral force on the rail, in addition to load of vehicle, through a complicated set of motions. The derailment coefficient refers to the ratio of lateral force to vertical force(wheel load), and if the value exceeds a certain level, a wheel climbs or jumps over the rail. That's why the value is used as a criterion for running safety. Derailment coefficient of rolling stocks alters according to shape of rail track. I measured three-dimensional angular velocity and acceleration to use 3D Motion Tracker. Test result, derailment coefficient of rolling stocks and shape of rail track examined closely that have fixed relation. Specially, was proved that roll motion has the close coupling relation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1001-1008
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• 2010

The architectural, facility makes the housing environment more pleasant, while too much noise coming from machinery room is detrimental to the workers physically and mentally. Therefore, more sound insulation and sound proof policies are increasingly required. However, as the annoyance caused by facility noise is influenced by various human listening characteristics as well as physical characteristics such as sound pressure level, it requires subjective evaluation characteristics through acoustic-psychological approach. For this purpose, the facility noise in the machinery room was actually measured and analyzed in the field to understand physical characteristics, and the correlation between physical evaluation value and psychological response value through listening test. Further, this study aims at presenting the data to set the standards of 'Just noticeable difference' of the facility noise together with reasonable evaluation with psychological reaction, through the grading of facility noise using trend formula. In the result, 13 stages of physical properties were forecasted for each evaluation method, together with 'Just noticeable difference' using the grading of architectural facility noise.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.57-64
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• 2002

The system that is thermal test system for elements has been controlled generally by PID algorithm because of its characteristic. There is not a mathematical model for the system. So the system that is use the PID controller is not properly operated. To solve this problem, we propose a fuzzy algorithm that parameters and rule base is selected by self-searched algorithm for each system. The input fuzzy membership function is adapted based on the set stable range. Output membership function is nearly fixed but some parameter is adjustable. The rule base is changed under basis on the system response. The output value computed through inference and defuzzification is mapped into a value that is proper for the system operation. Through this regulation, it will be possible to prevent the temperature of system to go into the unstable temperature.