• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 2000

Objectives: This experiment was conducted to verify the effects of Chungganhaeju-tang(Qingganjiejiu-tang) on the alcohol metabolism and liver functions, by measuring the activity levels of ADH and ALDH, as well as glucose, triglyceride, and BUN. Damage of the liver cells caused by alcohol was determined through the examination of serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, and uric acid. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this experiment and the rats were divided into control and experiment groups. Chungganhaeju-tang(Qingganjiejiu-tang) extract was orally administered in the experiment group for three weeks. Each group was further classified into two sub-groups, and control group's blood was taken without oral ingestion of alcohol, while the experiment group' s blood was withdrawn after ingestion of alcohol. Evaluation of damage level was done considering the presence of extract and alcohol. Results: In this experiment, Chungganhaeju-tang(Qingganjiejiu-tang) significantly suppressed the activity of ADH which is a precursor enzyme of acetaldehyde, but didn't cause significant changes in the activity of ALDH which is a catabolic enzyme. Decreased glucose level due to alcohol consumption was recovered back to the normal level and increased levels of triglyceride, BUN, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, and uric acid were significantly reduced. Conclusions: These experiment results suggest that Chungganhaeju-tang(Qingganjiejiu-tang) inhibits the formation of acetaldehyde in the metabolism of alcohol, and affects the recovery of weakened liver functions due to alcohol.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.183-210
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• 1999

In order to investigate the protective effect of Injinhotanghapsihosogantang-gagambang on the liver injury of rats induced by $CCl_4$ and d-galactosamine, the serum transaminase(GOT&GPT) alkaline phosphatase(ALP), lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) for enzyme activities, triglyceride for serum component, liver weight and glutathione S-transferase(GST), Superoxide dimutase(SOD) were measured. All animals were divided into 5 groups, those were normal group(untreated), control group(treated with vehicle 0.9% Saline solution), sample I group(10mg/kg administrated), sample II group(30mg/kg administrated), Silymarin 200 administrated group. The results were as follows: 1. The inhibitory effects of the serum GOT activities in rats induced by $CCl_4$ were noted in both sample I (p<0.001) and sample II group(p<0.001). In serum GPT activities, sample I (p<0.01) and sample II group(p<0.01). 2. The inhibitory effects of the serum LDH activities in rats induced by $CCl_4$ were noted in both sample I (p<0.001) and sample II group(p<0.001). 3. The increased effects of the serum ALP activities in rats induced by $CCl_4$ were not recognized. 4. The inhibitory effects of the serum triglyceride content level in rats induced by $CCl_4$ were inhibited in only sample II group(p<0.05). 5. The increased effects of the liver weight level in rats induced by $CCl_4$ were inhibited in both sample I (p<0.05) and sample II group(p<0.05). 6. The inhibitory effects of the GST activities in rats induced by $CCl_4$ were not recognized. In SOD activities, both sample I (p<0.05) and sample II group(p<0.001) showed the inthbitory effects. 7. The inhibitory effects of in the serum GOT, GPT activities in rats induced by d-galactosamine were not recognized. 8. The increases of the serum LDH level in rats induced by d-galactosamine were noted in both sample I (p<0.01) and sample II group(p<0.001). 9. The inhibitory of the serum triglyceride content level in rats induced d-galactosamine were noted in only sample II group(p<0.05). According to the above results, it is considered that Injinhotanghapsihosogantang-gagambang has protective effect against liver injury in rats induced by $CCl_4$ and d-galactosamine.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.270-275
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• 2012

This paper presents a portable and compact optical device which can conveniently be used to perform a functional analysis of human liver function. The proposed system employed red/green LEDs, as a light source, and CMOS image sensor, which is commonly used in cellular phones. With this system, several blood serum samples have been evaluated for liver functional analysis by measuring light absorption level through the blood serum samples depending on aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin concentration. The light absorption through the blood serum samples containing AST, ALT, or total bilirubin can provide their concentrations. The green light absorption is more sensitive to the concentration of AST or ALT, and the red light absorption is more sensitive to the total bilirubuin concentration. Additional calibration steps were performed by using a MATLAB program in order to eliminate the light scattering effects from the extraneous particles existing in each blood serum sample. From the blind test, three standard light intensity curves through each enzyme have been obtained and the enzyme concentration values have been compared to those obtained from a commercially available biochemistry analyzer (Toshiba 200 FR). The average percent difference in the obtained concentrations from two systems for AST, ALT, and total bilirubin concentration came out to be 7.79%, 7.98%. and 7.56%, respectively, with the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) higher than 0.98. This system can possibly lead to a low-cost and simple system that can be used as a point-of-care (POC) system in a condition without advanced equipments.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.166-171
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• 2001

The levels of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GAGA) have been analyzed from pharbitis seeds by an AccQ-Tag amino acid analysis procedure. The GABA level of the pharbitis seeds was 125 nmole per gram fresh weight. To investigate the effects of pharbitis seed diets on serum and hepatic lipid levels, as well as enzyme activities of rats administered with ethanol chronically, Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed with either a AIN-76 diet (control), a control diet plus ethanol, a control plus pharbitis seed diet, or a control plus pharbitis seed diet plus ethanol for 30 days. Pharbitis seed diets decreased the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, and $\gamma$-GTP levels that were increased by the chronic ethanol administration. In addition, pharbitis seed diets decreased the liver triglyceride and total lipid levels that were increased by the ethanol administration. However, ethanol metabolism was not retarded by the pharbitis seed supplemented diets. The present Endings, plus previous data showing the differences in the effects of cabbage diets having a high or a low level of GABA on the lipid levels and the enzyme activities of rats (Cha and Oh [2000] J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, 500-505), raise the possibility that GABA in plants could have a nutraceutical role in the recovery of chronic alcohol-related diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.551-560
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nine times repetitive steaming and drying process Sunsik diets on antioxidant activity in obese mice fed high fat diets to prevent oxidative stress, using drying materials comprising 23 kinds of cereals (61.5%), beans (30.0%), sweet potato and potato (3.0%), fruits (2.0%), vegetables (3.0%), and stevioside, a natural sweetener (0.5%). We produced three samples: the experimental group was classified into the normal diet group (control), the high fat diet group (HF), and the high fat diet group + the Sunsik group (3HFS, 7HFS, 9HFS) fed to the mice for eight weeks. As a result, the serum, liver lipid peroxide, and nitric oxide levels were significantly higher in the HF group than in the C group at p<0.05 level, and the NO level was lower in the Sunsik supplemented groups. The antioxidant enzyme catalase activity significantly decreased in the HF group at the p<0.05 level compared to the C group. The total antioxidant activity of the C group was significantly higher in serum, liver, and kidney tissues than the HF group (p<0.05). The anthocyanin level in liver and spleen tissue was significantly higher in the group fed Sunsik than in the HF group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.906-913
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• 1998

This study an analyzes the effects of the P/S ratio of dietary lipids and antioxidant vitamin supplements on serum lipids level and fatty acid profile, the degree of lipid peroxidation, and the antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver of rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz($\alpha$) anthracene(DMBA). P/S ratio of dietary lipids was made into 0.5, 1 and 2 by mixing palm oil, soybean oil, sesame oil and perilla oil at 10%(w/w) fat level and n-6/n-3 ratio was fixed to 4. Antioxidant vitamin of $\alpha$-tocopherol or $\beta$-carotene was supplemented in addition to vitamin mixture which was given at 1 % of the standard diet. female Sprague-Dawley strain rats, about 60 days old, were divided into three groups(LP : low P/S ratio(0.5), MP : medium P/S ratio (1.0), HP , high P/S ratio(2.0)) and each group was sub-divided into three groups(S ; standard, T ; tocopherol supplemented, C : carotene supplemented): Two weeks after feeding experimental diets, all groups were treated with a single dose of DMBA(2mg/100g BW) by gastric intubation and fed experimental diet for 9 week. The results were as follows ; 1) Serum total cholesterol(TC) level was not significantly influenced by diet but tended to be lower in HP groups compared to LP and MP groups. Triglyceride level was the highest in LP groups and the lowest in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. 2) Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) level, representing lipid peroxidation in hepatic microsome, tended to be increased as the unsaturation of dietary lipids increases. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement significantly decreased TBARS level. 3) The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSHPx) in hepatic cytosol showed the tendency to be high with increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids. SOD activity was not significantly influenced by antioxidant vitamin, but GSHPx activity was significantly increased in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. In summary, high polyunsaturated fat diet was effective on reducing the serum level of total cholesterol and triglyceride, while it increased unsaturation and peroxidizability of serum fatty acid. With increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids, lipid peroxidation was increased in the liver and antioxidant enzyme system was induced to inhibit lipid peroxidation against oxidative damage. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement was effective in lowering lipid peoxidation, but $\beta$-carotene supplement did not exhibit antioxidant effect. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) 906~913, 1998)

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.159-168
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• 1985

In attempt to develop a drug delivery system using serum albumin microspheres, bovine serum albumin microspheres containing antitumor agent, cytarabine, were prepared. The shape, surface characteristics, size distribution, behavior of in vitro distribution, drug release behaior, and degradation of albumin microspheres in animal liver tissue homogenate and proteolytic enzyme were investigated. The shape of albumin microspheres was spherical and the surface was smooth and compact. The size distribution of the albumin microspheres was affected by dispersion forces during emulsification and albumin concentration. Distribution of albumin mirospheres after intravenous administration in rabbit was achieved immediately. In vitro, albumin microsphere matrix was so hard that it retained most of cytarabine except initial burst during the first 10 minutes, and the level of drug release during the initial burst was affected by heating temperature, drug/albumin concentration ratio and size distribution. After drug release test, the morphology of albumin micropheres was not changed. Albumin microsphere matrix was degraded by the rabbit liver tissue homogenate and proteolytic enzyme. The degree of degradation was affected by heating temperature.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.3230-3242
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• 2015

In this study, in an attempt to elucidate the relevance and the association between AUDIT level and health related indices such as obesity-related indices (BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage), serum liver-enzyme levels (AST, ALT, GGT, total bilirubin) and serum lipid levels (TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C), data about including results of health checkup examination and questionnaire from 558 male examinees of 30-79 years old, who received a comprehensive health examination in the health promotion center of a university hospital during the period of January 1 to December 31, 2012, was analysed. As a results, the distribution of AUDIT rating of subjects was Zone I 58.2%, Zone II 25.3%, Zone III 7.0%, and Zone IV 9.5%. And AUDIT levels have significant relevance with age, smoking, body fat, GGT and TG. Especially, for the waist circumference, GGT and TG, the odds ratio indicating abnormality significantly increased in the higher AUDIT groups (Zone II~Zone IV) than a low-grade group (Zone I). This suggests that drinking problem with a high AUDIT level has a significant relevance with an abnormal increase of indices for obesity, serum liver-enzyme levels, serum lipid levels.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 1991

Effects of water extracts of endocarps and seeds of omija(Schizandra chinensis Baillon)on alloxan and CCl4 induced liver injuries were determined by measuring the contents of metabolites and enzyme activities both in liver and serum in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The treatment with water extracts in parts of omija showed low levels of glucose, GOT, LDH and FFA of serum but high level of hepatic G-6-P DH in alloxan treated rats. CCl4 treatment with water extracts of parts of omija resulted in low levels of GOT, LDH, UN of serum and hepatic pyruvate but hepatic cytosolic protein has been increased.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.493-498
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• 2001

To investigate the effects of Ixeris sonchifolia Hance diets on serum and hepatic lipid levles and enzyme activities in rats administered with ethanol chronically, Sprague-Dawley male rats were AIN-76 diet(control), control diet plus ethanol, control plus Ixeris sonchifolia Hance diet, or control plus Ixeris sonchifolia Hance diet plus ethanol for 30 days. Ixeris sonchifolia Hance diets significantly decreased the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, and GOT levels that were increased due to the chronic ethanol administration. In addition, Ixeris sonchifolia Hance diets significantly decreased the liver triglyceride and total lipid levels that were increased due to the ethanol administration. The present findings, combined with previous data showing differences in the effects of cabbage diets having a high or a low level of GABA on the lipid levels and the serum Y-GPT activity of rats(Cha and OH[2000] J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, 500-505) raise the possibility that GABA in plants could have a nytraceutical role in the recovery of chronic alcohol-related diseases. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 493∼498, 2001)