• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2013

Serum liver enzyme levels are widely used in the clinical diagnosis of liver diseases and the assessment of liver status. They also have epidemiological significance to be prospective risk factors for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease. In the previous study, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several genes have been reported to be associated with serum liver enzyme levels in American population. We aimed to confirm whether the genetic variation of C16orf47 (chromosome 16 open reading frame 47) gene also influence the serum liver enzyme levels in Korean population. We genotyped variants in or near C16orf47 in a population-based sample including 994 unrelated Korean adult. Here, we performed association analysis to elucidate the possible relations of genetic polymorphisms in C16orf47 gene with serum liver enzyme levels. By examining genotype data of a total of 944 subjects in 5 hospital health promotion center, we discovered the C16orf47 gene polymorphisms are associated with serum liver enzyme levels. The common and highest significant polymorphism was rs7203412 (${\beta}$=3.68, P=3.66E-06) with glutamic oxaloacetic transferase (GOT) and rs7203412 (${\beta}$=6.2, P=7.06E-05) with glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in all group. Furthermore, the SNP rs7203412 was consistently associated with GOT (${\beta}$=6.41, P=6.78E-08) and GPT (${\beta}$=11.53, P=2.81E-06) in men group. Consequently, we found statistically significant SNP in C16orf47 gene that are associated with serum levels of GOT and GPT. In addition, these results suggest that the individuals with the minor alleles of the SNP in the C16orf47 gene may be more elevated serum liver enzyme levels in the Korean population.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2013

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a number of common variants associated with serum liver enzyme homeostasis in population. In the previous study, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several genes have been reported to be associated with serum liver enzyme levels in European population. We aimed to confirm whether the genetic variation of SMAD2 (SMAD family member 2) gene influence the serum liver enzyme levels in Korean population. We genotyped variants in or near SMAD2 in a population-based sample including 994 unrelated Korean adult. Here, we performed association analysis to elucidate the possible relations of genetic polymorphisms in SMAD2 gene with serum liver enzyme levels. By examining genotype data of a total of 944 subjects in 5 hospital health promotion center, we discovered the SMAD2 gene polymorphisms are associated with serum liver enzyme levels. The common and highest significant polymorphism was rs17736760 (${\beta}$=3.51, P=5.31E-07) with glutamic oxaloacetic transferase (GOT), rs17736760 (${\beta}$=5.99, P=1.25E-05) with glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and rs17736760 (${\beta}$=15.68, P=9.93E-07) with gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in all group. Furthermore, the SNP rs17736760 was consistently associated with GOT (${\beta}$=5.25, P=1.72E-06), GPT (${\beta}$=9.97, P=1.16E-05), GGT (${\beta}$=26.13, P=3.43E-06) in men group. Consequently, we found statistically significant SNP in SMAD2 gene that are associated with serum levels of GOT, GPT, and GGT. In addition, these results suggest that the individuals with the minor alleles of the SNP in the SMAD2 gene may be more elevated serum liver enzyme levels in the Korean population.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.273-278
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• 1997

Several serum enzyme activities were measured after intraBeritoneal administration of 0.01 ml $CCl_{4}$ per 100 g of body weight in Sprague Dawley rats. Senun AST activity increased significantly after administration of CCl$_{4}$ (P<0.05). The serum AST activity at 2 hours after $CCl_{4} administration (475 {\pm} 10^{6} IU/L)$ was significantly higher than that of control group $(65 {\pm} 14 IU/L)$. The high level of serum AST activity maintained up to 48 hours. Serum ALT activity in $CCl_{4}$-treated groups was also significantly higher from 4 hours after treatment companied to control group and the high level maintained up to 48 hours. Serum ALP and ${\gamma} GTP activities in CCl_{4}$-treated groups were significantly higher from 8 hours after treatment compared to control group and the level maintained up to 48 hours.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.80-86
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of cyclohexane(CH) treatment on the serum levels of glutathion S-transferase(GST) activity in liver damaged animals, damaged liver was induced with pretreatment of 50% $CCl_4$ dissolved in olive oil (0.1 m1/100g body weight) intraperitoneally 17 times every other day. To $CCl_4$-treated rats, CH (1.56 g/kg body weight, i.p) was injected once and then the animals were sacrificed at 4 hours after injection of CH. The $CCl_4$-treated animals were identified as severe liver damage on the basis of liver functional findings, 1,e, increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphate(ALP) and xanthine oxidase(XO) activities. On the other hand, $CCl_4$-treated animals injected with CH once($CCl_4$-pretreated animals) showed more decreased serum levels of ALT and XO, and more increased those of ALP rather than $CCl_4$-treated animals. In case of comparing the GST with ALT activity in liver, both $CCl_4$-treated and pretreated animals showed similar changing pattern of enzyme actvity. Especially $CCl_4$-pretreated animals showed significantly increased serum level of GST actvity compared with the $CCl_4$-treated those, whereas those of ALT showed reversed tendency. In aspects of GST enzyme kinetics, $CCl_4$-pretreated animals showed higher Vmax of liver GST enzyme than $CCl_4$-treated animals. In conclusion, injection of CH to the liver damaged rats led to enhanced liver damage and more increased activity of serum GST which may be chiefly caused by the enzyme induction.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.7 no.1_2
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• pp.35-43
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• 1992

Mugwort has been used as a Korean folk medicine in treating liver diseases acting as an analgesics, sedative, diuresis, choleretics. This study was perfomed to evaluate the effect of mugwort extracts on the changes of enzyme activities, lipid accumulation of the serum and liver, when hepatotoxicity was induced by benzo(a)pyrene. The results are as follows: 1. Mugwort water extract administration prevented the increase of serum and liver AST, ALT, LDH, ${\gamma}$-GTP, liver ALP activities and bilirubin content caused by B(a)P injection. 2. The increase of serum and liver ALT, LDH, ${\gamma}$-GTP, serum AST activities and liver bilirubin contents in B(a)P treated group were decreased by mugwort methanol extract treatment. 3. Serum and liver total cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride level and serum HDL-cholesterol level were increased by B(a)P treatment. After combined treatment of mugwort water and methanul extracts, these lipid content were significantly decreased. 4. The hepatotropic effect of mugwort water extract and after-treatment against B(a)P induced hepatotoxicity was superior to that of methanol extract and pretreatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.693-700
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the effects of genistein, a kind of soy isoflavones, on fatty liver and lipid metabolism in rats fed high fat diet. Twenty four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups by dietary fat and genistein contents then raised for six weeks. The rats(n=6/group) were fed normal fat diet(NOR), high fat diet (HF), high fat with 0.1% genistein(HF+0.1%G) or high fat with 0.2% genistein(HF+0.2%G). Hepatic total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol and Serum GPT, as a marker for fatty liver, were significantly increased by high fat diet. Also, serum total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, glucose and insulin concentration, hepatic lipogenic enzyme (fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme) activities were significantly increased by high fat diet. However, hepatic total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol and Serum GPT were significantly decreased by genistein intake. Also, genistein supplementation decreased serum total lipid, triglyceride, glucose and insulin concentration, hepatic lipogenic enzyme (fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme) activities. There were no differences by genistein level except for serum insulin. These results suggest that fatty liver induced by high fat diet was caused by increased serum lipid profiles and hepatic lipogenesis, whereas, genistein may be useful in inhibiting of fatty liver by reducing serum lipid profiles and hepatic lipogenesis.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 1995

To apply the serum xanthine oxidase (XO) determining for the index of the toluene intoxication, the serum XO activity was compared with the other parameters, the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), 5'-nucleotidase(5'-NT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), guanase(GDA) and $\gamma$-gIutamyl transpeptidase(T-GTP). Concomitantly, the cause of increased level of serum XO was clarified in the present experimental conditions. Although the other serum enzyme activities, ALT, AST, 5'-NT, ALP, GDA and $\gamma$-GTP were respectively not found to be different between control group and toluene-treated group, the serum XO activity in toluene-treated group showed the higher levels than that in the control group. These suggested that the determination of serum XO activity could be used for monitoring the intoxication of toluene. On the other hand, the activities of XO both in the serum and liver were higher in toluene-treated or benzaldehyde-treated rats than those in each control group. In the pooled liver XO from each group, toluene-treated or benzaldehyde-treated group showed the higher $V_{max}$ value than the control group, whereas no changes were observed in liver XO activities between the control liver specimen and that preincubated with bertzaldehyde in vitro. The present results indicate that the increased level of XO in toluene-treated rats is due to the result of enzyme protein induction in liver cell by the benzaldehyde metabolized from toluene. All the more, the benzaldehyde may be acted as a substrate for XO, since the benzaldehyde induced the increased activity of both liver and serum XO, and no changes were found in purine catabolite, uric acid in serum or urine and liver purine catabolizing enzymes, adenosine deaminase, GDA, uricuse except XO in toluene-treated rats.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 1991

To clarify a cause of increased serum level of acid phosphatase in CCl$_{4}$-treated rats, the acid phosphatase activity of liver was compared with that serum. Concomitantly, the serum and liver acid phosphatase activity of CCl$_{4}$-treated rats were compared with that of CCl$_{4}$-treated rats pretreated with prednisolone or actinomycin D. In CCl$_{4}$-treated rats, the activity of serum acid phosphatase was significiantly increased whereas that of liver acid phosphatase was rather slightly decreased. the pretreatment of prednisolone led to the decreased activity of serum and liver acid phosphatase in CCl$_{4}$-treated rats. But the pretreatment of actinomycin D rather increased the activity of liver and serum enzyme. In conclusion, it is likely the increased activity of serum acid phosphatase is based on the excess leaking of acid phosphatase into blood by the increased membrane permeability of both liver cell and lysosome in it.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of P/S ratio of fatty acid and antioxidant (vitamin E, selenium) supplements on the serum lipid levels and hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity in rats. Female 16-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 6 different experimental diets for 4 weeks. While the peroxidizability index (PI) levels of fatty acids in the experimental diets were fixed at 81.22, the levels of P/S ratio of fatty acids were formulated at 0.38, 1.00, 4.81 (LP, MP, HP). These diets were supplemented with vitamin E (1,000 mg/kg diet) and selenium (2.5 mg/kg diet) (LP-S, MP-S, HP-S). This study showed that the serum concentrations of total-cholesterol and HDL-C increased with the increasing of the P/S ratio in the diet (p <0.05). Antioxidant supplementation significantly lowered the concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and VLDL-C of serum (p<0.05). Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in the liver tended to decrease with the increasing of the P/S ratio in the diet (p<0.001), but antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver was not significantly different. In addition, antioxidant supplementation significantly lowered TBARS level in the liver (p<0.05), but had no effect on antioxidant enzyme activity except for glutathione reductase (p<0.05). In conclusion, it is necessary to consider the properties of dietary fatty acids and antioxidants supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium intake on lipid contents and enzyme activities in rats of different ages. Lipid levels in serum and liver and GOT, CPK and LDH activities in serum were compared in rats of different ages(4 weeks and 10 months) that were fed various levels of calcium(50, 100, 200% of requirement)for 3 weeks. Body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were significantly higher in young rats than in adults. Serum calcium level was increased by elevation of calcium intake levels were decreased. Liver phospholipid and triglyceride levels in the high-cal-terol and triglyceride levels were decreased. Liver phospholipid and triglyceride levels in the high calcium group were significantly lower than those in other groups. Serum GOT and LDH activities of adults were significantly higher in low-calcium group than those in adequate/high-calcium groups. However, serum CPK activity of adults was significantly higher in high-calcium group than that in low/adequate-calcium groups. The results of this study suggest that adequate calcium intake may have protective effects ont he alteration of lipid and enzyme activity in rats.