• 제목/요약/키워드: Serum CA 19-9

검색결과 79건 처리시간 0.028초

Serum Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 as an Indicator of Liver Metastasis in Colorectal Carcinoma Cases

  • Dong, Hang;Tang, Jie;Li, Long-Hao;Ge, Jun;Chen, Xin;Ding, Jing;Men, Hai-Tao;Luo, Wu-Xia;Du, Yang;Li, Cong;Zhao, Feng;Chen, Ye;Cheng, Ke;Liu, Ji-Yan
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제14권2호
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    • pp.909-913
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: The liver is the organ to which colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) most commonly metastasize, and surgical resection has been established as the most effective and potentially curative treatment for CRC with liver metastasis (LM). Therefore, surveillance of LM is vital for improvement of prognosis of CRC patients. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential value of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and marker enzymes in indicating LM with CRC. Methods: Three groups of eligible patients with metastatic cancers were retrospectively included: CRC patients with LM (CRC-LM) or without LM (CRC-NLM), and non-CRC patients with LM (NCRC-LM). All metastatic lesions were identified by CT or MRI. Data on characteristics of the patients, the primary site, the locations of metastasis, CA 19-9, CEA, and biochemical parameters were collected for analysis. Results: A total of 493 patients were retrospectively included. More alcohol consumption was found in CRC-LM than CRC-NLM. Some biochemical enzymes were found to be significantly higher in groups with LM than without (CRC-LM or NCRC-LM v.s CRC-NLM). Both CEA and CA 19-9 were much higher in CRC-LM than CRC-NLM or NCRC-LM. For CRC patients, CA 19-9, ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase, CEA and alcohol consumption were identified as independent factors associated with LM. Conclusion: Our analysis suggested the CA 19-9 might be a potential valuable indicator for LM of CRC in the clinic.

사불상 및 와피티 사슴의 혈액 및 혈청화학치 (Hematological and Serum Chemical Values in Pere David′s Deer and Wapiti)

  • 신남식;권수완;한덕환;이흥식
    • 한국임상수의학회지
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.471-478
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    • 1994
  • The hematologic values and serum chemistry were examined healthy male 12 Pere David's Deer and 8 Wapiti at the Farmland Zoological Garden. In wapiti, the blood values collected from horn and jugular vein were compared. The results were as follows: 1. There were not any significant differences in hematologic values and serum chemistry of blood col. looted from horn and jugular vein in wapiti. 2. In Pere David's Deer, Mean$\pm$SD Values of White Blood Cell(WBC) count were 4673.50$\pm$1893.42/${mu}ell$, of Neutrophils 65.42$\pm$12.7%, of Lymphocytes 31.50$\pm$8.68%, of Monocytes 0.25$\pm$0.43%, of Eosinophils 0.17$\pm$0.37%. of Basophils, of Red Blood Cell(RBC) 9.93$\pm$1.38$\times$10/${mu}ell$, of PCV 54.25$\pm$6.25%, of Hb 16.89$\pm$2.43g/㎗, of Tot protein 7.63$\pm$0.6g/㎗, of Cholesterol 87.25$\pm$10.76mg/㎗, of Glucose 109.36$\pm$43.7mg/㎗, of SGOT 85.17$\pm$33IU/$\ell$, of SGPT 102.92$\pm$31.49IU/$\ell$, of BUN 21.00$\pm$5.18mg/㎗, of Creatinine 2.1$\pm$0.43mg/㎗, of ALKP 156$\pm$32.72IU/$\ell$, of Ca 11.28$\pm$1.04mg/㎗, of Na 127.92$\pm$10.04mmo1/$\ell$, of NH3 102.83$\pm$42.25mmo1/$\ell$, of Cl 105.91$\pm$3.45mmo1/$\ell$, respectively. 3. In wapiti, Mean$\pm$SD Values of White Blood Cell(WBC) count were 3450.00$\pm$1040.73/${mu}ell$, of Neutrophils 53.88$\pm$7.42%, of Lymphocytes 36.00$\pm$5.72%, of Monocytes 1.13$\pm$1.05%, of Eosinophils 1.38$\pm$1.93%, of Basophils 7.63$\pm$4.15%, of Red Blood Cell 10.09$\pm$1.3$\times$10/${mu}ell$, of PCV 46.88$\pm$3.33%, of H 15.09$\pm$1.48g/㎗, of Total protein 7.15$\pm$0.73g/㎗, of Cholesterol 78.63$\pm$12.27mg/㎗, of Glucose 75.63$\pm$33.22mg/㎗ , of SGOT 79.25$\pm$18.43IU/$\ell$, of SGPT 36.50$\pm$19.20IU/$\ell$, of BUN 29.63$\pm$4.15mg/㎗, of Creatinine 1.35$\pm$0.21mg/㎗ , of ALKP 283.50$\pm$88.13IU/$\ell$, of Ca 9.78$\pm$0.43mg/㎗ , of Na 120.00$\pm$10.02mmol/$\ell$, of NH3 261.50$\pm$ 103.46mmol/$\ell$, of Cl 92.00$\pm$9.19mmol/$\ell$, respectively.

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Risk for Malignant and Borderline Ovarian Neoplasms Following Basic Preoperative Evaluation by Ultrasonography, Ca125 Level and Age

  • Karadag, Burak;Kocak, M.;Kayikcioglu, F.;Ercan, F.;Dilbaz, B.;Kose, M.F.;Haberal, A.
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권19호
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    • pp.8489-8493
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    • 2014
  • Objective: To verify the basic preoperative evaluation in the discrimination between benign and malignant adnexal masses in our clinical practice. Materials and Methods: Data were collected on the records of 636 women with adnexal masses who had undergone surgery either by open or endoscopic approaches. Those with obvious signs of malignancy, any history of cancer, emergency surgeries without basic evaluation were excluded. The preoperative features by age, ultrasound and serum Ca125 level were compared with final histopathological diagnosis at the four departments of the institution. These are the general gynecology (Group 1: exploratory laparotomy), the gynecologic endoscopy (Group 2: laparoscopy and adnexectomy), the gynecological oncology (Group 3: staging laparotomy) and the gynecologic endocrinology and infertility (Group 4: laparoscopy and cystectomy). Results: There were simple and complex cyst rates of 22.3% and 77.2%, respectively. There were 86.3% benign, 4.1% (n:20) borderline ovarian tumor (BOT) and 6.4% (n:48) malignant lesions. There were 3 BOT and 9 ovarian cancers in Group 1 and one BOT and two ovarian cancer in the Group 2. During the surgery, 15 BOT (75%) and 37 ovarian cancer (77%) were detected in the Group 3, only one BOT was encountered in the Group 4. The risk of rate of unsuspected borderline or focally invasive ovarian cancer significantly increased by age, size, complex morphology and Ca125 (95% CI, OR=2.72, OR=6.60, OR=6.66 and OR=4.69, respectively). Conclusions: Basic preoperative evaluation by comprehensive ultrasound imaging combined with age and Ca125 level has proved highly accurate for prediction of unexpected malignancies. Neither novel markers nor new imaging techniques provide better information that allow clinicians to assess the feasibility of the planned surgery; consequently, the risk of inadvertent cyst rupture during laparoscopy may be significantly decreased in selected cases.

사육밀도와 사료 단백질 수준이 저속 성장 육계(한협 3호)의 성장, 육질, 혈청 Corticosterone에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Stocking Density and Dietary Protein Level on Performance, Meat Quality and Serum Corticosterone of Slow-Growing Korean Meat-Type Chicken (Hanhyop 3))

  • 이준엽;이정헌;이명호;송영한;이종인;오상집
    • 한국가금학회지
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    • 제43권4호
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    • pp.219-228
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    • 2016
  • 세 수준(6.3, 9.5, 12.6 수/$m^2$)의 사육밀도와 사료 단백질 수준(19%, 18%)이 저속성장 육계(한협 3호)의 육성성적, 영양소 이용률, 닭고기 저장성, 육색, 계육 성분 및 뼈의 광물질 조성과 혈청 corticosterone 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 사육 밀도는 한협 3호 육성성적에 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 증체량은 저 밀도인 6.3 수/$m^2$ 구에서 가장 높았으며, 고밀도(12.6 수/$m^2$) 구에서 가장 낮았다. 특히 고사육 밀도에서는 사료섭취량이 유의적으로 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 낮은 사료섭취량으로 인하여 고사육 밀도 계군의 사료요구율이 타 사육 밀도 계군의 사료요구율에 비하여 상대적으로 낮았다. 고밀도 계군에서의 사료 섭취량 저하와 낮은 사료요구율은 41~60일 구간보다는 61~75일 구간에 현저하게 나타났는데, 그 영향으로 전 사육기간의 사료섭취량과 사료요구율도 차이가 나타났다. 본 연구에서 사료 단백질 1% 차이는 증체량과 사료요구율에 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 다만 41~75일 구간 사료섭취량은 단백질 19% 구에 비하여 오히려 18% 구에서 낮았다. 저장 중 계육의 TBARS 값은 처리구간에 차이가 없었다. 하지만 계육의 적색도와 명도는 사료 단백질 수준에 따라, 황색도는 사육 밀도에 따라 차이가 나타났다. 가슴육의 단백질 함량과 다리육의 Ca과 P의 함량은 각각 사료 단백질 수준과 사육밀도에 영향을 받았다. 사료의 단백질 수준과 사육밀도는 뼈의 회분함량 및 회분 중 Ca과 P의 함량에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 혈청 corticosterone 함량은 사육밀도가 낮을수록 낮게 나타났으나, 사료 단백질 수준에 따른 차이는 없었다. 본 연구 결과, 저속성장 육계 한협 3호 사육후기 단계에 고사육 밀도(12.6 수/$m^2$)로 사육하는 것은 생산성을 하락시킬 뿐 아니라, 혈청 corticosterone 함량도 높이므로 바람직하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 한협 3호 육계의 후기 사료 단백질을 18% 수준으로 설계하더라도 생산성에 차이가 없음을 알게 되었다.

핵의학 영상검사 후 시행된 핵의학 검체검사에서의 영향 (The Effect on The Result, in Case of the In-vitro Test Performance after an Imaging Test)

  • 문기춘;권원현;김정인;이인원
    • 핵의학기술
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.149-152
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    • 2014
  • 핵의학과 영상검사 후에 검체검사를 시행할 경우 결과값에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 PET-CT, Gated Myocardial SPECT, DTPA GFR Scan을 시행하기 전 후에 채혈하여 Tumor marker (AFP,CEA,CA19-9), Hormone (TSH,T3,TG,TG Ab)검사를 시행하여 Difference를 구하였다. 대부분의 결과가 10% 이내의 차이를 나타냈지만 Table 7의 sample 2와 Table 8의 sample 1, sample 6, sample 8의 저 농도 값에서 20%를 넘는 차이를 나타내는 경우가 있었다. 그렇지만 cpm값은 Table 7의 sample 2는 984(전), 1057(후) Table 8의 sample 1은 243(전), 301(후) sample 6은 58(전), 64(후) sample 8은 258(전), 203(후)으로 매우 흡사한 값을 나타냈다. 이 같은 값을 바탕으로 볼 때 영상검사를 시행한 후에 검체검사를 시행하더라도 결과값에 미치는 영향은 없는 것으로 판단된다.

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Changes of Chemical Composition in Blood Serum during the Antler Growth Period in Spotted Deer (Cervus nippon)

  • Jeon, B.T.;Kim, M.H.;Lee, S.M.;Thomas, David G.;Moon, S.H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제19권9호
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    • pp.1298-1304
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    • 2006
  • The aim of this study was to provide basic haematological information to allow improved nutritional management for velvet production in spotted deer (Cervus nippon) by investigating biochemical changes in blood values during the antler growth period. Blood samples, obtained from the jugular vein of twenty-five deer, were taken every 10 days from casting (day 0) to harvesting (day 50) of velvet antler. Negligible changes were found in the concentrations of total protein, albumin, and creatinine during the antler growth period, but there were significant changes in the concentrations of urea (p<0.05) and uric acid (p<0.01). The concentration of triglyceride was significantly higher (p<0.05) during the antler growth period compared to casting time, while serum high-density lipoprotein concentrations were low and remained unchanged during the antler growth period. Serum glucose concentration increased (p<0.05) significantly and was slightly changeable during antler growth. The serum concentrations of Ca and P did not fluctuate during antler growth, while those of Na, K and Cl showed slight differences between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period. No significant changes in concentrations of AST, ALT, amylase, CK, GGT and LDH were detected during the antler growth period. However, the concentration of ALK-P increased during antler growth reaching its peak on day 50 after casting. We found a significant difference in the concentration of ALK-P between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period (p<0.01). Consequently, antler growth was associated with mild changes in measured serum biochemical values with the exception of ALK-P activity in spotted deer.

한국 성인의 Vitamin D 영양 상태가 골밀도에 미치는 영향 (The Effect of Vitamin D Status on Bone Mineral Density of Korean)

  • 문수재
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제31권1호
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    • pp.46-61
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    • 1998
  • This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of vitamin D nutritional status on bone mineral density of adults (21-49 years). To attain the aim, we measured bone mineral density (BMD) of the subjects at distal radius by single-photon absorptiometry (SPA). Serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25-(OH)D) , known to be the best indicator of indicator of vitamin D status in humans was analyzed . The factors affecting this vitamin D level were also investigated in autumn in 122 young adults. Serum level of 25-(OH)D was measured by high pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC) and biochemical variables, general health status, time spent outdoors, and dietary intakes of the subjects. BMD of the male subjects was significantly greater than that of female subjects. Weight, activity and total energy expediture (TEE) showed a positive correlation with distal BMD. The mean level of serum 25-(OH)D was 24.4$\pm$11.0 ng./ml and by sex, 26.0$\pm$6.8ng/ml for males and 23.3$\pm$12.3ng/ml for females , the level was significantly higher in male (p<0.01). there was significant correlation between BMD at distal-radius and s-25(OH)D levels (p<0.001). The serum level fo parathyroid hormone (PTH) showed a negative correlation with BMD(p<0.05), with the more obvious correlation in females. Vitamin D intake was estimated to be 3.75$\pm$2.19ug/day in average. Among the nutrients studied, protein ,fat, calcium , and vitamin D intake were positively correlated with distal BMD. When food frequencies were concerned , milk and dairy products showed a significant positive correlation with the BMD level, and driedfoods, eggs , fats and oils, and cereals also showed a positive correlation. Time spent outdoors was estimated to be about 70 minutes in average and positively correlated with the distal BMD level(p<0.01). During the day, the specific time between 12 :00pm and 2:00pm showed the most significant correlation with BMD (p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis with the variables showed that distal BMD could be fit 31.9% by the time spent outdoors a day, intake of Ca and vitamin D, and TEE. The standardized estimates were 0.344 for vitamin D intake, 0.284 for Ca intake 0.179 for the time spent outdoors a day and 0.273 for TEE. For males, s-25*OH)D level, TEE and time spent outdoors during a day showed a significant correlation. For females, intake of Ca and vitamin D could fit about 27.1% of the distal BMD.

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미숙아에서 이온화 마그네슘, 총 마그네슘과 재태 연령과의 관계 및 뇌실 내 출혈과의 관계 (Association of ionized magnesium, total magnesium, gestational age, and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm babies)

  • 김태연;이현희;성태정
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • 제52권10호
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    • pp.1140-1146
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    • 2009
  • 목 적:마그네슘은 인체 혈중에서 두 번째로 높은 농도로 존재하지만, 인체 내에서의 역할, 특히 미숙아에서 이에 대한 병태생리가 현재까지 명확히 규명되어 있지 않다. 한편 진통용해제나 임신중독증 치료를 위해 산전에 황산 마그네슘 사용이 보편화되면서 고마그네슘혈증에 따른 신생아시기에 영향에 대해 많은 연구가 되고 있으며, 최근에는 마그네슘보다 이온화 마그네슘이 생리적으로 활성화되어 더욱 정확히 마그네슘의 역할을 볼 수 있어 이에 대한 연구가 활발히 되고 있다. 따라서 저자들은 첫 번째 연구로 미숙아에서 총마그네슘(tMg), 이온화 마그네슘(iMg) 과 재태 연령, 총칼슘(tCa), 이온화 칼슘(iCa)과의 상관성을 살펴보고, 두 번째로 혈청 마그네슘 농도와 미숙아 질환 중 뇌실 내 출혈과의 관계를 평가하고자 하였다. 방 법:2006년 6월부터 2008년 2월까지 한림대학교의료원 강남성심병원 신생아중환자실에 입원한 미숙아를 대상으로 전향적 연구를 시행하였다. 산모에게 산전 어느 기간에라도 황산 마그네슘을 투여 받은 경우, 선천성 기형이 있는 경우, 5분 Apgar 점수가 3점 이하로 지속되는 경우, 보호자가 검사에 동의를 하지 않은 경우를 제외한 119 명을 대상으로 하였다. 출생직후 혹은 늦어도 출생 3시간 안에 태아의 혈액 검체로부터 tMg, iMg, tCa, iCa을 측정하였다. 1차 연구로 tMg 및 iMg와 재태 연령, tCa, iCa, pH와의 연관성을 조사하였고, 2차 연구로 뇌실 내 출혈군(IVH, n= 19)과 없는 군(대조군, n=100)으로 나누어 tMg, iMg, tCa, iCa, 재태 연령, 출생체중, 1분 및 5분 Apgar 점수, 산모의 고혈압의 유병율, 산전 진통 유병율 등을 비교하였다. 결 과:혈청 tMg 농도는 재태 연령, tCa, iCa, pH 등과 모두 관계가 없는 것으로 나왔으나, iMg은 tMg가 증가할수록 통계학적으로 유의한 상관성을 보였으며(r=0.288, P=0.002), iCa과도 통계적으로 의미 있는 결과를 보였다(r=0.212, P=0.021). 하지만, 재태 연령과 pH와는 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나왔다. 총 119명 중 IVH 군은 19명, 대조군은 100명이었다. tMg은 IVH에서 $2.5{\pm}0.9mg/dL$, 대조군에서 $2.1{\pm}0.6mg/dL$로 뇌실 내 출혈이 있는 군이 통계학적으로 의미 있게 더 높은 마그네슘 농도를 보였다(P=0.021). 반면, iMg, tCa, iCa, pH 는 두 군간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 평균 재태 연령과 출생체중은 각각 연구군이 $33.3{\pm}2.6$주 vs. 대조군 $35.0{\pm}2.1$주, 연구군 $2,093.2{\pm}628.1g$ vs. $2,385.7{\pm}514.3g$으로 연구군이 통계학적으로 더 의미 있게 더 작고 더 어렸다(P=0.002, P=0.030). 재태 연령과 출생체중, Apgar 점수를 고려하여 다시 한번 다변수 회귀분석을 시행한 결과 총 마그네슘의 농도(OR 2.798, 95% C.I. 1.265-6.192, P=0.011)는 역시 통계학적으로 의미 있는 위험인자로 나왔다. 결 론:재태 연령 37주 미만의 미숙아에서 tMg의 농도는 재태 연령과는 관계가 없었으며, iMg의 혈중농도 역시 재태 연령과는 관계없이 비슷했고, tMg, iCa과 관계가 있었다. 또한, 뇌실 내 출혈이 있던 미숙아에서 고마그네슘혈증을 보였으므로, 이전에 마그네슘에 노출된 적이 없더라도 출생 직후의 혈청 마그네슘 농도가 높은 미숙아들의 경우 IVH를 고려해봐야 할 것으로 생각된다.

CA 19-9 검체량에 따른 농도의 변화 (Change of the Result Value by the Amount of Samples in CA 19-9)

  • 장현영;박희원;유태민;노경운;김현주
    • 핵의학기술
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.66-73
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    • 2008
  • Purpose: CA 19-9 need to examine a number of sample volume, and the postwar 200 U/ml concentration hook effect appears slight. Thus, the antibody-antigen reaction, and by reducing the amount of (sample volume), they can hook effect to minimize the impact of the sample volume and relevance know, I saw the hook effect. In addition, the current maximum of using the standard concentration of the reagent in 240 U/ml increase more than the standard concentration can be seen knows. Material and Method: 5 U/ml and under, make a few low concentration of serum pool from the high concentration of the sample hook effect together with a standard concentration of about 500 to meet the production. The reagents used in experiments are currently using SNUH NM experiment. Orignal method along with the experiment is to 25 ul sample volume (1 / 4), 50 ul (1 / 2), 100 ul (Orignal method) in the experiment. My greatest concentration of the reagent concentration of approximately two times the standard concentration of production. When was the last to make the first experiment, as measured by the standard concentration after that. The new inspection information through a standard solution modified by entering values in them. Results: 100 ul, and to apply the new standard concentration y = 1.3021x - 10.97, $R^2$ = 0.9844. Overall, the results showed a similar orignal method. Because of the concentration in the value of more than 240 U/ml, but it is an overall value that can be made out of a similar value When I put the 50 ul y = 1.045x + 9.5861, $R^2$ = 0.9428. Overall orignal method and the results of a similar value. 50 ul, and to apply the new standard concentration y=1.2006x+11.252, $R^2$=0.9423. Showing a slightly lower value compared with orignal method. Because of the concentration in the value of more than 240 U/ml, but it is an overall value that can be made out of a similar value. When I put the man 25 ul y=0.6012x+24.755, $R^2$=0.4033. Results showed that very small amounts of sample are insecure inside and showed a lower middle cpm orignal method and showed a lot of mismatched. Conclusions: 25 ul of the sample volume is not possible to use the instability had, when I put the 50 ul of the orignal method can be used to show a similar concentration. The new values are slightly lower concentration, The new values are slightly lower concentration, concentration, which are likely due to the lack of data has had a little gap between the sample showed 80 to 200 U/ml additional experiments seem to do. Apply a new 100 ul concentration values are applied to a large crowd is not even in sight. But this way the concentration of 100 to more 400 U/ml gather further experiments should possible adds.

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Co-amplification at Lower Denaturation-temperature PCR Combined with Unlabled-probe High-resolution Melting to Detect KRAS Codon 12 and 13 Mutations in Plasma-circulating DNA of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cases

  • Wu, Jiong;Zhou, Yan;Zhang, Chun-Yan;Song, Bin-Bin;Wang, Bei-Li;Pan, Bai-Shen;Lou, Wen-Hui;Guo, Wei
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권24호
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    • pp.10647-10652
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    • 2015
  • Background: The aim of our study was to establish COLD-PCR combined with an unlabeled-probe HRM approach for detecting KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutations in plasma-circulating DNA of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA) cases as a novel and effective diagnostic technique. Materials and Methods: We tested the sensitivity and specificity of this approach with dilutions of known mutated cell lines. We screened 36 plasma-circulating DNA samples, 24 from the disease control group and 25 of a healthy group, to be subsequently sequenced to confirm mutations. Simultaneously, we tested the specimens using conventional PCR followed by HRM and then used target-DNA cloning and sequencing for verification. The ROC and respective AUC were calculated for KRAS mutations and/or serum CA 19-9. Results: It was found that the sensitivity of Sanger reached 0.5% with COLD-PCR, whereas that obtained after conventional PCR did 20%; that of COLD-PCR based on unlabeled-probe HRM, 0.1%. KRAS mutations were identified in 26 of 36 PA cases (72.2%), while none were detected in the disease control and/or healthy group. KRAS mutations were identified both in 26 PA tissues and plasma samples. The AUC of COLD-PCR based unlabeled probe HRM turned out to be 0.861, which when combined with CA 19-9 increased to 0.934. Conclusions: It was concluded that COLD-PCR with unlabeled-probe HRM can be a sensitive and accurate screening technique to detect KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutations in plasma-circulating DNA for diagnosing and treating PA.