• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2005

This study was undertaken to determine the normal serial ultrasonographic appearance of the postpartum uterine involution. Postpartum changes in uterine shape, architecture, echogenicity and diameter were monitored by ultrasonography in 10 Shih-tzu bitches. Serial ultrasonographic examination was done daily during the first week, 3 days interval from 8 to 30 days, and weekly from 31 to 100 days postpartum. All 10 postpartum bitches had normal involution by gross finding, vaginal discharges, and by ultrasonographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. The uterine diameter in the placental sites was decreased from $23.56{\pm}1.45$ mm at 1 day to $14.08{\pm}1.55$ mm at 7 day, and in the interplacental sites was decreased from $14.64{\pm}1.28$mm at 1day to $9.61{\pm}1.46$mm at 7 day postpartum. At 65 days postpartum the uterine diameter was 5-6 mm both placental and interplacental sites, and the uterine horns were uniform hypoechic, tubular structures without enlargement. Therefore, complete involution of the uterus occured 65 days. It was concluded that normal postpartum uterine involution in Shih-tzu bitches appeared to be completed 65 days postpartum by gross findings such as vaginal discharges, and ultrasonographic findings. And ultrasonographic characteristics of the postpartum uterine involution were described. Therefore, these result suggest that ultrasonographic assessment is a reliable method for diagnosing the subinvolution of placental sites and uterine dysfunction, such as pyometra in the bitch.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.642-651
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• 1998

The accuracy of ultrasonography for determining the presence of a functional corpus luteum in subestrous dairy cows was investigated, using a radioimmunoassay for progesterone in plasma. Luteal status (high or low progesterone concentrations) was diagnosed in 534 cows, using B-mode transrectal ultrasonography. Accuracy of ultrasonography was 96.3% and 88.8% in the cows with and without functional corpus luteum, respectively. In 362 cows diagnosed with functional corpus luteum by ultrasonographic examination, 20 cows were diagnosed with the non-functional corpus luteum by analysis of plasma progesterone concentrations (false positive). In 172 cows with non-functional corpus luteum by ultrasonographic examination, 13 cows were diagnosed with the functional corpus luteum based on plasma progesterone assay (false negative). Most of the corpus luteum with well-defined border and homogeneous echotexture were diagnosed with functional corpus luteum. All cows that were not detected a corpus luteum by ultrasonographic examination were diagnosed as non-functional corpus luteum. The corpus luteum of cows that were diagnosed with false positive appeared homogeneous echotexture and above 15 mm in diameter, but the corpus luteum was the non-functional corpus luteum within Day 5 (Day 0 is ovulation day) or after Day 19. The corpus luteum of cows that were diagnosed with false negative appeared heterogeneous echogenicity and below 15 mm in diameter, but the corpus luteum was the functional corpus luteum after Day 5 or around Day 17. It was concluded that accuracy of ultrasonography was excellent for determining the presence of a functional corpus luteum in subestrous dairy cows. The corpus luteum that was diagnosed with false positive or false negative was the developing or regressing states. Thus, ultrasonography was required a serial examination of two or three times accurately diagnosing these corpus luteum.

• 대한정형외과 초음파학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

목적: 동결견 환자에서 초음파를 통한 검사가 진단 및 치료 후 예후 판단에 객관적 자료로 쓰일 수 있는지 확인하고자, 진단 시 및 스테로이드 주사 치료 후 반대측과 비교 관찰하였다. 대상 및 방법: 저자들은 2012년 7월에서 2013년 7월 사이, line 1(CBT: 오구돌기-이두건)과 line 2(CBG: 오구돌기-이두건 고랑)를 이용한 초음파 검사를 통한 진단을 시행하였다. 대상이 된 20명의 환자에 대해 스테로이드 1회 주사 치료후 그 결과를 2, 4, 6개월의 추시 관찰을 통하여 초음파 연속 검사 상 참고선의 호전 정도 및 견관절 운동 범위 회복 정도를 비교하였다. 결과: 초음파 검사상 환측과 건측의 차이는 치료 전 CBT이 중립, 외회전, 내회전에서 각각 -5.6 mm, -5.0 mm, -4.3 mm였으며 CBG는 -6.1 mm, -4.7 mm, -5.0 mm이었으며(p<0.05), 2개월(CBT: -4.8 mm, -3.5 mm, -2.6 mm/CBG: -4.7 mm, -4.0 mm, -3.6 mm), 4개월(CBT: -4.7 mm, -3.2 mm, -1.7 mm/CBG: -4.3 mm, -3.7 mm, -1.2 mm), 6개월(CBT: -1.1 mm, -2.9 mm, -0.5 mm / CBG: -1.2 mm, -0.7 mm, -0.9 mm)로써 내회전은 4개월, 중립 및 외회전은 6개월 이후 호전되는 소견을 보였다(p<0.05). 운동 범위는 치료 전 전방거상, 외회전, 내회전이 108도, 32도, L5, 2개월에는 117도, 35도, L4, 4개월에는 133도, 42도, L3, 6개월에는 136도, 47도, L2로써 4개월 이후 유의한 회복소견을 보였다. 시각통증등급(VAS)은 치료전 7.5에서 2개월에는 3.0으로 유의한 호전을 보였다(p<0.05). 결론: 스테로이드 주사 치료 후 참고선은 6개월 후 회복되는 소견을 보여, 운동 범위는 4개월 후, 통증은 2개월 후 호전을 보인 것에 비해 다소 지연되어 나타나는 경향이었다. 동적 초음파 검사는 동결견 환자에서 진단 및 예후 판단 시 유효한 검사 방법으로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.653-664
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• 1999

This study was undertaken to determine the normal appearance of the postpartum uterine involution. Postpartum changes in uterine shape, architecture, echogenicity and diameter were monitored with ultrasonography in 11 Korea Jin-do dogs. Serial ultrasonographic examination was done daily during the first week, 3 days interval from 8 to 30 days, and weekly from 31 to 100 days postpartum, respectively. Of 11 postpartum bitches, 10 bitches (90.9%) had normal involution and 1 bitch (9.1%) had subinvolution of the placental sites (SIPS) by gross findings, vaginal discharges, and by ultrasographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. The excretory period of vaginal discharges in 10 normal bitches of uterine involution was finished completely at $20.2{\pm}4.6$ days (Mean${\pm}$SD) postpartum, but in 1 SIPS at 50 days postpartum. The short axis shape of the uterus was initially often flaccid-appearing. It varied from circular to crescent shaped to polygonal. This lasted until $16.5{\pm}3.7$ days postpartum, during which time the short axis uterine shape gradually changed to circular. Also, the long axis shape of the uterus was created a beaded appearance of the horns until $29.9{\pm}3.2$ days postpartum. After 30 days, it was appeared as tubular shape without distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. The ultrasonographic image of the postpartum uterus consisted of four echogenicity distinct layers. Uterine wall was represented the very hyperechoic serosa, hypoechoic myometrium, hyper echoic endometrium and anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity until 7 days postpartum. The individual uterine layers were most prominent during the first week postpartum, and they became progressively less distinct throughout the course of uterine involution. Anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity was detected until $25.0{\pm}6.4$ days postpartum, after which time it was not reliably detected. The uterine diameter was decreased not only in the placental sites frorm $24.1{\pm}2.5mm$ at 1 day to $15.4{\pm}1.4mm$ at 7 days postpartum, but also in the interplacental sites $14.9{\pm}1.5mm$ at 1 day, $10.6{\pm}0.8mm$ at 7 days postpartum. There was a general trend of decreasing uterine diameter, which occurred more rapidly at the placental sites. At 31 days pastpartum, these diameter reached almost same size, after that time, they could be not distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. At 87 days postpartum, the uterine diameter was $5.6{\pm}0.6mm$ both placental and interplacental sites, and the uterine horns were uniform hypoechoic, tubular structures without enlargement. Therefore, complete involution of the uterus occurred at that time. It was concluded that normal postpartum uterine involution in Korea Jin-do bitches appeared to be completed around 87 days postpartum by gross findings such as vaginal discharges, and by ultrasonographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. Also ultrasonographic characteristics of the postpartum uterine involution were described. Therefore, these result suggest that ultrasonographic assessment is a reliable method for diagnosing the SIPS and uterine dysfunction, such as pyometra in bitch.

• 대한정형외과 초음파학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2009

목적: 관절경적 회전근 개 봉합술 후 주기적 초음파 추적검사의 임상적 유용성과 회전근 개 파열크기 및 봉합방법에 따른 재파열의 빈도 및 시기를 밝히고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 2008년 1월부터 6월까지 본원 정형외과에 내원하여 회전근 개 파열로 관절경적 치료를 시행한 환자 52명 중 6개월 이상 추시 관찰한 29명을 대상으로 초음파 검사를 시행한 후 관절경적 시술을 이용하여 비교하였으며, 수술 후 2주, 6주, 3개월 및 6개월에 회전근 개의 건재 상태를 초음파를 이용하여 관찰하였다. 결과: 전층 회전근 개 파열 중 소 및 중 파열은 10예로, 이중 활차 교량 봉합술(double pully suture bridge technique, DPSB)을 시행하였으며 2예(20%)에서 재파열(retear) 소견을 확인할 수 있었으며, 대 및 광범위 파열은 19예로, 건-건 봉합술을 시행한 6예 모두(100%)에서, 건-건 봉합술 및 골-건 봉합술을 시행한 2예 중 1예(50%)에서, 이중 활차교량 봉합술을 시행한 11예 중 6예(55%)에서 재파열 소견을 확인할 수 있었다. 추시 관찰의 시기에 따른 재파열은 수술 후 2주에서 6주 사이에 1예(7%), 6주에서 3개월 사이에 10예(66%), 3개월에서 6개월 사이에 4예(27%)가 관찰되었다. 결론: 관절경적 회전근 개 봉합술 후 주기적 초음파 추적검사는 재파열 유무 및 재파열의 시기를 확인하는데 유용하며, 술 후 재활치료의 지침을 설정하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2004

Serial ultrasonographic examination was daily performed on 12 pregnant Shih-tzu bitches from day 15 until parturition to determine the size of gestational structures. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. Extra-fetal structures were measurable from days 17 to 46. Outer uterine diameter increased from $9.9{\pm}0.4$ mm (Mean${\pm}$SD) at day 20 to $44.3{\pm}0.8$ mm at day 46 and inner chorionic cavity diameter increased from $7.2{\pm}0.2$ mm at day 17 to $36.9{\pm}1.5$mm at day 41. Length of chorionic cavity or zonary placenta increased from $6.6{\pm}0.4$ mm at day 21 to $46.4{\pm}0.9$ mm at day 44. Of the extra-fetal structures, inner chorionic cavity diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age until day 38. Fetal structures were measurable from days 23 to 60. Crown-rump length increased from $3.9{\pm}0.3$ mm at day 23 to $55.2{\pm}3.3$ mm at day 41, fetal body diameter increased from $7.9{\pm}0.6$ mm at day 32 to $47.8{\pm}2$ mm at day 60, and fetal head diameter increased from $6.3{\pm}1.1$ mm at day 29 to $25.6{\pm}0.2$ mm at day 60. Of the fetal structures, fetal head diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age from day 38 until day 60.

• 대한정형외과 초음파학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.26-30
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• 2015

정형외과적 영역에서 족부 족관절 부의의 손상은 흔한 문제이다. 비록 손상들이 생명을 위협하지는 않지만 정확한 진단이나 치료가 지연됐을 시에는 하지의 기능에 장애를 유발 할 수 있으므로 정확한 진단이 장기간의 합병증을 예방 할 수 있다. 초음파는 비용-효과면에서 우수하고 방사선 피폭의 염려가 없으며 연부 조직의 검사에 유용하고 역동적 검사를 시행할 수 있어서 아킬레스건 파열에서 그 유용성이 증가하고 있다. 초음파 영상은 아킬레스건 파열의 진단적 도구이다. 영상의학적 검사 없이 아킬레스건 파열을 진단하기 위해서는 신체 검사와 환자의 병력에 필요하지만 개인 의원에서는 약 20%에서 파열을 놓지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 초음파 영상 하에서 정상적인 섬유 구조의 단절이 아킬레스건 파열의 진단이 되며 실시간으로 족배 굴곡 및 족저 굴곡을 함으로써 단절이 더 확대되는 것을 관찰 할 수 있다. 그리고 수술 후나 보존적인 치료를 시행하는 경우에도 추시 관찰 기간 동안 지속적으로 초음파를 통해 건의 상태를 관찰할 수 있는 유용한 도구이다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2008

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were daily performed from 15 days after ovulation until parturition to determine the time of first detection and ultrasonographic appearance of the fetal and extra-fetal structures in pregnant 10 Maltese, 10 Yorkshire Terrier, 15 Shih-tzu, and 10 Miniature Schnauzer bitches, respectively. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0ng/ml. The gestational length was $63.4{\sim}63.6$ (range: $61{\sim}65$) days and the geatational length was no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). The initial detection of the extra-fetal structures were; gestational sac at days $18.9{\sim}19.5\;(17{\sim}22)$, zonary placenta at days $24.6{\sim}25.5\;(23{\sim}28)$, yolk sac membrane at days $24.6{\sim}25.5\;(23{\sim}27)$, yolk sac tubular shape at days $26.1{\sim}26.3\;(24{\sim}28)$, and amniotic membrane at days $26.1{\sim}28.2\;(24{\sim}31)$, respectively. The time of the first detection of the extra-fetal structures were no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). The initial detection of the fetal structures were; embryo initial detection at days $22.5{\sim}22.9\;(21{\sim}24)$, heartbeat at days $23.2{\sim}23.8\;(21{\sim}25)$, embryo bipolar shape $27.6{\sim}28.9\;(26{\sim}30)$, fetal movement at days $31.9{\sim}32.8\;(27{\sim}34)$, limb buds at days $29.1{\sim}30.7\;(27{\sim}33)$, stomach at days $31.1{\sim}33.1\;(29{\sim}34)$, urinary bladder at days $32.4{\sim}33.2\;(29{\sim}35)$, skeleton at days $34.7{\sim}35.9\;(34{\sim}39)$, and kidney at days $42.1{\sim}44.7\;(41{\sim}48)$, respectively. The the time of the first detection of the fetal structures were no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). These results indicate the evaluation of the time of first detection and ultrasonographic characteristics of the gestational structures might be useful for pregnancy diagnosis, estimating fetal age, embryonic resorption, fetal monster, abnormal fetal growth and fetal viability, respectively.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2011

This study investigated potential relationship between fetal deaths and plasma progesterone concentrations of bitches. Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed on small-pet 23 dogs from gestation day (GD) 15 through parturition. The dogs were 3 non-pregnant bitches, 9 spontaneous delivery bitches, 6 partial early embryonic death bitches, 2 whole early embryonic death bitches, and 3 aborted bitches. The late pregnancy (GD 51-54) appeared in 2 of the 3 aborted bitches and the hypoluteoidism appeared in 1 of the 3 aborted bitches. The plasma progesterone concentrations of partial early embryonic death bitches (n=6) showed no significant difference when compared with the spontaneous delivery bitches. We observed that plasma progesterone concentrations were dramatic decrease before the onset of embryonic death in whole early embryonic death bitches that plasma progesterone concentrations of aborted bitches at late pregnancy were significantly decreased when compared with those of spontaneous delivery bitches. The plasma progesterone concentrations of the hypoluteoidism bitch were lower than those of spontaneous delivery bitches. At the hypoluteoidism bitch, fetuses were resorbed in early pregnancy and aborted in late pregnancy. On the basis of the results, the diagnosis of partial early embryonic death could not be confirmed without ultrasonographic examination. The partial early embryonic death was considered a spontaneous phenomenon and uncorrelated with plasma progesterone concentration. However, aborted bitches and whole early embryonic death bitches were related to plasma progesterone concentrations and that of bitches gradually decreased before fetal death. These findings suggest that administration of progesterone may be a useful preventing agent against fetal death.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2008

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were daily performed from 15 days after ovulation until parturition to determine the growth curve of gestational structures in pregnant Maltese, Yorkshire terrier, Shih-tzu, and Miniature Schnauzer bitches, respectively. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. The inner chorionic cavity diameter were significantly and linearly relative to gestational age especially days 20 to 40, and the fetal head diameter were significantly and linearly relative to gestational age especial1y day 40 to parturition. These results indicate that inner chorionic cavity diameter were the most accurate for estimating gestational age before day 38 of gestation and the fetal head diameter were after day 38 of gestation.