• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.134-137
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• 1998

Authors report a case of separation anxiety disorder, which developed as a side effect during haloperidol treatment of Tourette syndrome(TS). In this case, 14 years old boy developed attention deficit symptoms during his infancy. At 4th grade of primary school, he developed vocal tic, motor tic, and coprolalia. With 5mg/day of haloperidol treatment his symptoms of TS were subsided. During the treatment, he developed features of separation anxiety disorder, including dependence, pleading, clinging, and sadness. Symptoms of attention deficit and separation anxiety disorder were improved by 25mg/day of imipramine treatment. During haloperidol treatment of TS, careful observation may be needed whether separation anxiety disorder-like symptom develops.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.99-117
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• 2009

This study examined the effectiveness of the Filial Therapy program for children with Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Subjects were 8 mother-child dyads each in the experimental and comparison groups. Mann-Whitney U-test and the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test were performed following the therapeutic program. After application of the Filial Therapy program, results showed that, compared to the control group, (1) parents of SAD children in the experimental group significantly increased their level of empathic interactions with their children. AND (2) the experimental group children significantly reduced level of somatic complaints, anxious/depressed, and social problems. Conclusions were that Filial Therapy is an effective program for improvement of parent-child relationship of SAD children but not for changing problem behavior of SAD children.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.182-189
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• 2008

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate preliminarily the clinical effects of cognitive-behavioral treatment in children with anxiety disorders. Methods: Subjects were 11 children between 2nd and 6th grade with anxiety disorder. All subjects were diagnosed through Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) interview. The CBT program consisted of sessions once a week (60min/session) for 14 weeks with parent education. Results: Children and parents reported significantly improved social skills, social competence and decreased anxiety. However, there were no significant changes in children's negative thoughts and subjective depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral treatment is expected to be effective in children with anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.113-125
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• 2023

It has been reported that stressful events in early life influence behavior in adulthood and are associated with different psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorder. Maternal separation (MS) is a representative animal model for reproducing childhood stress. It is used as an animal model for depression, and has well-known effects, such as increasing anxiety behavior and causing abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study investigated the effect of MS on anxiety or aggression-like behavior and the number of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus. Mice were separated from their dams for four hours per day for 19 d from postnatal day two. Elevated plus maze (EPM) test, resident-intruder (RI) test, and counted glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) or parvalbumin (PV) positive cells in the hippocampus were executed using immunohistochemistry. The maternal segregation group exhibited increased anxiety and aggression in the EPM test and the RI test. GAD67-positive neurons were increased in the hippocampal regions we observed: dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, CA1, subiculum, presubiculum, and parasubiculum. PV-positive neurons were increased in the DG, CA3, presubiculum, and parasubiculum. Consistent with behavioral changes, corticosterone was increased in the MS group, suggesting that the behavioral changes induced by MS were expressed through the effect on the HPA axis. Altogether, MS alters anxiety and aggression levels, possibly through alteration of cytoarchitecture and output of the ventral hippocampus that induces the dysfunction of the HPA axis.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.56-64
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• 1996

The sleeplessness in childhood is quite different from that in adulthood in terms of causes, developmental process, and treatment. Sleep behavior in childhood is strongly influenced by parental personality and familial and cultural background. In understanding and management of sleeplessness of children, it is especially important to understand the separation anxiety and the ways of its management in bedtime because bedtime routine with children one of separation process from parents. Co-sleeping, parental intervention, transional object and bedtime routines can be appeared in order to reduce the anxiety from bedtime separation. Causes of sleeplessness in infant and toddler are bad sleep-onset association, nocturnal drinking, colic, and food allergy. In preschool and school aged children, limit-setting sleep problem and fears and nightmare can be causes of sleeplessness. When good sleep environment and habits are established sound sleep and more mature personality can be developed.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.15
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• pp.163-189
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• 2008

This paper is to reveal the relation between the epic of and paranoid personality disorder. I assume that the fact of not recognizing one's own face should be pathological problem. People who suffer from paranoid personality disorder show mistrust and anxiety. I expect that people who don't recognize their own faces from can be related to paranoid personality disorder. The epic of from "An Outline of Korean Folklore Literature" is related to the epic of mistrust and anxiety. The wife from distrusts her husband. She is in fear of being abandoned. She has a doubt that her husband has an affair, so she might lose him. After searching the epic of , I found some peculiarity of people's behave. When you have doubts about your lover, so you are in anxiety, it's hard to think logically. You keep digging for clues expecting that you would prove the unknown truth. It becomes really impossible to make a sense out of you. You cannot be persuaded. These all symptoms are related to paranoid personality disorder. Not every version of from "An Outline of Korean Folklore Literature" is all about symptoms. There are some versions show the solution. Separation for a specified period, self-examination, and recovery of distrust can be the way of solving the problem. In the scene of literary therapy practice, the epic of can be used for the treatment of paranoid personality disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.93-98
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• 2021

Electroencephalography (EEG) measures neural activation due to various cognitive processes. EEG and event-related potentials (ERPs) are widely used in studies investigating psychopathology and neural substrates of psychiatric diseases in children and adolescents. The present study aimed to review recent ERP studies in child and adolescent psychiatry. ERPs are non-invasive methods for studying synaptic functions in the brain. ERP might be a candidate biomarker in child-adolescent psychiatry, considering its ability to reflect cognitive and behavioral functions in humans. For the EEG study of psychiatric diseases in children and adolescents, several ERP components have been used, such as mismatch negativity, P300, error-related negativity (ERN), and reward positivity (RewP). Regarding executive functions and inhibition in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), P300 latency, and ERN were significantly different in patients with ADHD compared to those in the healthy population. ERN showed meaningful changes in patients with anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Patients with depression showed significantly attenuated RewP compared to the healthy population, which was related to the symptoms of anhedonia.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2014

Reactive disorder is a group of diagnosis with a definitely known etiology and whose etiological factor is essential to the diagnosis. In DSM system, such reactive disorders are listed as adjustment disorder, acute stress disorder, brief psychotic disorder with marked stressor and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, a growing number of individuals is suffering from a prolonged feeling of embitterment after exceptional negative life events and this condition could be diagnosed neither PTSD nor adjustment disorder nor depressive disorder in the context of DSM-IV diagnostic system. This clinical condition can be described as 'posttraumatic embitterment disorder' (PTED). PTED is a reactive disorder triggered by exceptional, though normal negative life events such as conflict in the workplace, unemployment, death of a relative, divorce, severe illness, or experience of loss or separation. The common feature of such events is that they are experienced as unjust, as a personal insult, accompanied by psychological violation of basic beliefs and values. The central psychopathological response pattern in PTED is a prolonged feeling of embitterment. In particular, the core emotion of embitterment can lead to the rejection of treatment. Therefore, "wisdom therapy" as a new treatment approach specifically designed for PTED has been developed. It is assumed that many patients suffering from PTED are often misunderstood and misdiagnosed. This review would help to introduce PTED into the clinical field in psychiatry.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.185-187
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• 2013

An 11-year-old, toy poodle dog was presented with dermatologic lesions and mammary gland tumor (MGT) evaluation. A solitary, lobulated MGT (size $2.5{\times}3.5$ cm) was affecting the 5th left mammary gland. Firm, oval plaque skin lesions were present on the left dorsal carpal area. The skin lesions were alopecic and salivary staining. The dog had historical separation anxiety and excessive licking of skin lesions were observed. Based on the clinical and histopathologic examinations, MGT was diagnosed with mammary complex adenoma and the skin lesions were diagnosed with acral lick dermatitis. Behavior modification treatment using oral clomipramine was effective.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.124-132
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• 1993

We studied the clinical characteristics of 45 children with tic symptoms, and a comparison was made according to their birth order patterns. The results were as follows. Sex ration was 14:1 higher for boys. The eldest children were 46.7%, single children, 15.6%, the youngest children, 33.3%, and twins 4.4% of all Organicity was suggested in 37.8%, early developmental problems in 71.1%, and family problems were in 89.9%. Among the co-existing problems, ADHD 46.7%, OCD 17.7%, Separation anxiety disorder 24.4%, GAD or anxiety dreams 17.8%, somatization disorder and enuresis 13.3% each, stuttering 8.9%, and other conditions. Overall, 84.4% of the patients have one or more co-existing conditions other than tic symptoms. When compared according to birth order patterns, the most significant difference was the time of onset The youngests have more incidences around the entrance period for elementary school(p<0.01). Among the twins, the lower birth-weight child was the patient. Summing up these findings, we concluded there were significant environmental factors working on the manifestation of tic and tourette disorders.