• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.90-99
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• 2020

The "Low Emission Zone" (LEZ) system restricts entry of vehicles with high air pollutants into city centers. Implementation of the system improves air environment around the world. Since 2012, operating restrictions have been applied to all of Seoul's metropolitan areas and some other metropolitan areas in the state. Beginning in December 2019, entry of 5th class vehicles to the central green transport zone of Seoul has been restricted. In this study we examine the status of operational restrictions in this zone, and predict the amount of traffic reduction expected when numbers of target vehicles are expanded in the future, we use data for each vehicle's emission grade: by region and 'Origin-Destination Traffic Volume'. After estimating the amount of traffic entering Seoul's 25 autonomous districts, by emission class, we propose a target region that may have a significant effect if target areas for automobile operation restrictions expand in the future.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2018

After the "Landscaping Law" was enacted in 2007 Korea, national and local governments has been responding swiftly by seeking various methods. Seoul Metropolitan City and other municipalities have established "Seoul Coloring and Systematization" project, which analyzes and extracts the humanities, humanities and natural environments in 2007 as an opportunity to recognize the importance of environmental color. However, it is necessary to slightly supplement the color scheme created by the observer's concept. In this way, you have to find the color of the environment in a city where real life takes place. The city's environmental color has the concept of "walking" as the basic human behavior. Because the average speed is 4km, it differs from that of a vehicle that travels more than 60km per hour. Also, most of the frontage zone is used except for special cases. Therefore the characteristics of the environmental color and frontage zone on the road side were concluded in this paper as Single Type, Connection Type, and Extension Type. In addition, the principle of environmental color of city was established by the change of texture according to space of time and the characteristics of urban scale, and new media characteristics were found in various interactions. The results of this study suggest an environmental coloring strategy for workability such as hue continuity, hue harmonization and integrated design.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.288-296
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• 1998

Natural or human disturbances cause landscape changes, which may be measured by the degree of heterogeneity. In a 16km$\times$19km area, divided into 100m$\times$100m cells, of Seoul city and its suburb, land covers are classified into 6 groups in aerial photos and land use maps. The degree of heterogeneity is defined as the number of cells that surround a central cell but have different land cover from the central cell divided by 8. The value of the degree of heterogeneity is between 0 and 1. Major findings are 1) Both urban and natural areas have low degree of heterogeneity, about 0.15~0.17. 2) Suburban area under heavy pressure of development and urbanization has highest degree of heterogeneity, about 0.25. 3) The peak of the degree of heterogeneity moved about 4.5km outward in 22 years. 4) Outer suburban area has lower degree of heterogeneity as the area is a greenbelt or forest. 5) The results show the areas with higher degree of heterogeneity which may need landscape management plans, and natural areas with lower degree of heterogeneity which may need landscape conservation plans. A landscape change model may be built for a specific city when this technique is applied to multiple sectors of the city, and the model may predict future landscape changes of the city.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.81-92
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• 2019

Globalization has diversified ethnic composition thus increased the risk of conflicts and socio-political instability in global cities. However, still the status of community facility in a global city is unclear despite its critical role to build sustainable community in global era. In Seoul, as a reaction of globalization, 19 community facilities known as the 'Seoul Global Center' have been established since 2007 by Seoul Metropolitan Government. These facilities have started to provide basic foreigner services but been transformed to foreigner service hub with multiple functions in terms of a living, a business, a labour, etc. This study explores the role of the community facility for foreigners by using the Seoul Global Center as a case study, conducting a site observation, an interview(13 staff) and a questionnaire(148 visitors). The findings are the community facility functions as a 'global platform' in forms of a policy tool for implementing the urban globalization strategy, a mediator connecting foreign migrants with local communities, an applicant for successful settlement of foreign residents, an incubator that grows human and social capital, and a base for collecting and aggregating information on foreign migrants and forming new local identities.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.175-187
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• 2014

The subways play an important part in serious traffic problems. Almost seven million citizens a day are using subways as a means of traffic communication in the Seoul metropolitan city in 2012. However, the subway system is a semi-closed environment, so many serious problems occurred in subway stations and injured passengers' health. Platform screen doors (PSD) are expected to prevent negligent accident such as injury or death from falling and improve the air quality of the subway station. Installation of PSD at stations in Seoul metropolitan subway had been completed in December 2009. Consequently, the underground transportation system became a closed environment, so the air quality has improved the platforms, but it has deteriorated in the tunnels. Especially, the subway cabin has many doors, and the doors are frequently opened and closed. For this reason, the effect of door opening on subway cabin, dust flow inside the subway cabin. In this process, the maintenance work may influence the health of people who work underground, as well as that of subway users (passengers). In this study, we measured air quality inside and outside of the subway cabin line 2 in Seoul, Korea. This study focused on the investigation of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and measurement target pollutants are PM10, CO, $CO_2$, $NO_2$, $O_3$. It was found that levels of PM10, $CO_2$, and $NO_2$ inside subway cabin line 2 exceeded the Korea IAQ standard. Concentrations of PM10, $CO_2$, and $NO_2$ inside of the cabin are higher than outside of the cabin (Indoor Outdoor ratio is higher than 1.). Concentrations of CO, $O_3$ inside of the cabin are lower than outside of the cabin (Indoor Outdoor ratio is lower than 1.). There is a high correlation between $CO_2$ and passengers inside of the cabin and PM10 is only the weakest correlation with passengers. Therefore, it is important to find out the emission source of $NO_2$. The results of this study will be useful as fundamental data to study indoor air quality of a subway cabin.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.444-451
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• 2016

Most research on membrane fouling models in the past are based on theoretical equations in lab-scale experiments. But these studies are barely suitable for applying on the full-scale spot where there is a sequential process such as filtration, backwash and drain. This study was conducted in submerged membrane system which being on operation auto sequentially and treating wastewater from G-water purification plant in Incheon. TMP had been designated as a fouling indicator in constant flux conditions. Total volume of inflow and SS concentration are independent variables as major operation parameters and time-series analysis and prediction of TMP were conducted. And similarity between simulated values and measured values was assessed. Final prediction model by using genetic algorithm was fully adaptable because simulated values expressed pulse-shape periodicity and increasing trend according to time at the same time. As results of twice validation, correlation coefficients between simulated and measured data were $r^2=0.721$, $r^2=0.928$, respectively. Although this study was conducted limited to data for summer season, the more amount of data, better reliability for prediction model can be obtained. If simulator for short range forecast can be developed and applied, TMP prediction technique will be a great help to energy efficient operation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2001

ISCLT3 model was applied in Seoul metropolitan area to investigate the source-receptor relationships among 17 cities in the Kyonggi Province. For the purpose of the model simulation, emission rates of NO$_2$, SOx, and PM(sub)10 were prepared for grid scale with 1$\times$1 km, and receptors were located on every 2$\times$2 km grid. Meterological data for the last 10 years(88~97) were used as input data. According to our study, NO$_2$ concentration of the cities ranged from 10 to 45 ppb with the highest value appearing from Puchon city. The concentrations of SOx and PM(sub)10 concentrations fell in the range of 5~20 ppb and 20~70$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. It was also found out that air quality in one city can be affected greatly by the air pollutants originating from other cities.

• Journal of Urban Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analysis the impact on the inside of the new city when an incidents occurs on the Songdo International City connecting road, which has a limited access. The analysis data used KTDB's O/D and network data of the Seoul metropolitan area. In addition, the scenario composition applied a method of reducing the number of lanes on the road according to the situation of incidents, targeting bridges advancing from Songdo International City to the outside in the morning peak hours. The analysis method analyzed the traffic volume, total travel time, total travel kilometer, and route change in the new city based on the results of the traffic allocation model. As a result of the analysis, the range of influence was shown to two types. First, of the seven bridges, Aam 3, Aam 2, and Aam 1 were analyzed to have an impact only in some areas of the northwestern part of the new city. On the other hand, the remaining bridges were analyzed to affect the new city as a whole. The analysis results of this study are expected to be used as basic data to establish the scope of internal road network management when similar cases occur in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.19-37
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• 1996

This paper aims at examining the regional difference of changes in the business organization of retailing in the Seoul metropolitan areas, as an attempt to understand regional structure of retailing within metropolitan areas showing the trend of suburbanization. On the national level, retail sales have concentrated on the large metropolitan areas, especially on the Seoul metropolitan area, with the concentration of population and income. Within metropolitan areas, the suburbanization of retailing has made the larger structure of retail and multi-store retail appeared. In order to confirm such phenomenon, this paper is to analyze and to compare the industrial composition of retailing using industry data of 1979 and 1991. And this paper is to analyze the regional changes in the characteristics of business organization of retailing, with the index including the percentages of establishments with less than under four employees, juridical establishments, employees of ordinary times, and the annual sales per establishment of detailing. The characteristics of business organization of retailing in analyzed by principal components analysis, and the types with component in each district (city, county, ward) is analyzed by cluster analysis(Ward method). The data of 1979 were obtained from the statistics in the Census of Wholesale and Retail Trade published by the National Bureau of Statistics of Economic Planning Board, and that of 1991 were obtained from the statistics in the Report on Establishment Census (Vol.3 Wholesale and Retail Trade) published by the National Statistics Office. The following are resultant findings. 1. In Seoul metropolitan area, changes in the industrial composition of retailing with annual sales from, 1979 to 1991 show very higher composition rates of 'general merchandise stores' and 'retailing of personal transport equipment and gasoline service stations', but comparatively lower composition rates of 'retailing of food, beverages and tobacco', 'retailing of textiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessaries', 'general retail trade, n.e.c.',and 'retailing of household fuel'. 2. The characteristics of business organization of retailing in Seoul metropolitan area presents the prevailence of small, personal business organization and especially larger employees of ordinary times. 3. Business components of retailing by principal components analysis in Seoul metropolitan area are follows: 1 All retaining industries are larger business scale. 2. Larger business take the 'retailing of taxtiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessories', 'retailing of furniture, home furnishing and equipment', and 'retailing of jewellery and watches' is main characteristic legal organization and employees of ordinary times. 4. Types changes in business organization of retailing in Seoul metropolitan area represent legal organization and employees of ordinary times taking the 'retailing of textiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessories', 'retailing of furniture, home furnishing and equipment',and 'retailing of jewellery and equipment', and 'retailing of jewellery and watches', and legal organization taking 'general retail trade, n.e.c.' in 1979. All retailing industries are changed into larger business scale, in 1991. These phenomena of business changes appeared southeastern regions in Kyunggi-do(province). And larger business scale taking the 'retailing of textiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessories', 'retailing of jewellery and watches', and 'general retail trade, n.e.c.; are appeared in the legal organization in 1979. 'Retailing of personal transport equipment and gasoline service stations' are appeared in employees of ordinary times in 1991. These phenomena of business changes in appeared in eastern and northern regions in Kyunggi-do. 5. Changes in the business organization of retailing in Seoul metropolitan area is appeared in legal organization and employees of ordinary times for some industries in 1979, larger business scale of retailing and employees of ordinary times in 'retailing of personal transport equipment and gasoline service stations' are the characteristics in 1991.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.13-36
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• 2024

Objectives: The purpose of this field case report is 1) to analyze the community's strategy and performance in responding to infectious diseases through the case of COVID-19 infectious disease crisis response of Daegu Metropolitan City, and 2) to interpret this case using governance theory and infectious disease response governance framework. and 3) to propose a strategic model to prepare for future infectious disease outbreaks of the community. Methods: Cases of Daegu Metropolitan City's infectious disease crisis response were analyzed through researchers' participatory observations. And review of OVID-19 White Paper of Daegu Metropolitan City, Daegu Medical Association's COVID-19 White Paper, and literature review of domestic and international governance, and administrative documents. Results: Through the researcher's participatory observation and literature review, 1) establishment of leadership and response system to respond to the infectious disease crisis in Daegu Metropolitan City, 2) citizen's participation and communication strategy through the pan-citizen response committee, 3) cooperation between Daegu Metropolitan City and governance of public-private medical facilities, 4) decision-making and crisis response through participation and communication between the Daegu Metropolitan City Medical Association, Medi-City Daegu Council, and medical experts of private sector, 5) symptom monitoring and patient triage strategies and treatment response for confirmed infectious disease patients by member of Daegu Medical Association, 6) strategies and implications for establishing and utilizing a local infectious disease crisis response information system were derived. Conclusions: The results of the study empirically demonstrate that collaborative governance of the community through the participation of citizens, private sector experts, and community medical facilities is a key element for effective response to infectious disease crises.