• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.3
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• pp.15-33
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• 2002

Researchers' common findings is that there are positive or negative effect of alcohol expectancy on drinking behavior. Therefore we would effectively prevent troublesome drinking of the youth and university students by inquiring and controlling critical factors affecting alcohol expectancy. The purposes of this thesis are, first, to empirically test factors affecting the alcohol expectancy level of elementary schoolchild(potential drinker).; second, to suggest the necessity for development of pre-alcohol prevention programs. On the basis of previous research, eighteen factors included in four categories(general characters, environmental characters, alcohol knowledge, drinking experience) affecting alcohol expectancy level were found out. 623 subjects used in this study were drawn from 8 elementary schools in Daegu, Korea. The empirical results suggested that the alcohol expectancy level of elementary schoolchildren was negative in general. And it was proved that 9 factors were significantly correlated with alcohol expectancy level. To put it concretely(see Fig.), (1) It was proved that schoolchildren with bad environment(live in oneself, displeased drinking feeling) rather than good environment(live with parents, nice drinking feeling) for drinking had more negative alcohol expectancy. (2) Korean traditional culture that partakes of sacrificial food and drink have an influence on the first drinking of most elementary schoolchildren. And it was proved that schoolchildren with this drinking experience rather than any other motives had less negative alcohol expectancy. (3) It was proved that schoolchildren adapting themselves rather than being difficult in school life had more negative alcohol expectancy. And the more knowledge about alcohol or drinking schoolchildren had, the more they had negative alcohol expectancy (4) It was proved that schoolchildren having drinking experience or drinking at present rather than having no drinking experience or not-drinking at present had less negative alcohol expectancy. (5) It was proved that schoolchildren having strong drinking intention rather than having weak or no drinking intention in the future had more positive alcohol expectancy. Based on previous results, guideline for development of pre-alcohol prevention programs can be represented: discriminated programs development on educatee, drinking education programs development increasing the power of self-control about alcohol and drinking, social education or continuing education programs development on drinking, open preschool education to substantially prevent drinking or alcoholism etc. The findings, however, should be interpreted with caution, because this study has several limitations in measurement and sampling as follows. First, selection bias because of limited selection of sampling. It is because the subjects are drawn from only 8 elementary schools in Daegu. Second, less refined measurement ; Therefore, it is necessary to develop more detailed measures on alcohol knowledge, alcohol expectancy level especially. Further researches should be suggested and encouraged with more refined methodologies.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.147-175
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• 2006

This paper attempts to incorporate three important factors-perceptions, behavior and valuation-in analysing consumers' responses to health risks from environmental pollutants. Using a survey sample of 500 consumers in the Chonbuk province area, this paper empirically investigated determinants of risk perceptions from using tap water as drinking water. Most consumers were considerably concerned about health risks from drinking tap water. Moreover, those subjective concerns were not random, but were systematically related to individuals' demographic variables such as age, gender, and family size. Those subjective beliefs also influenced respondents' purchase intentions on safer water bottles, in response to a contingent behavior question of presenting two types of water bottles. The technical risk information provided in the survey had significant effects on purchase intentions only when it was interacted with respondents' actual averting practice. In addition, the sample selection effects were present by eliminating respondents who decided not to purchase either of two types of water bottles. The potential selection bias had impacts on the coefficients of the price difference variable, and subsequently the estimates of the price increments for health risk reductions.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.145-158
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the visuo-spatial attention ability and the emotional perception ability of people across the normal range of the scores on the bipolar disorder scale. The Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (K-MDQ) was used to measure the bipolar disorder tendency of normal people. A useful field of view (UFOV) task and an emotional perception task were used to measure visuo-spatial attention and emotional perception ability, respectively. The participants did not have any mental illness history or other medical problems. The participants were divided into three groups according to K-MDQ score (low, normal, and high), and their performances were compared. In the UFOV task, the high K-MDQ score group had lower level of performance than the other groups, suggesting that a high bipolar tendency is associated with reduction of visuo-spatial attention ability. In the emotional perception task, the group with the high K-MDQ score showed higher perception of negative emotion bias than the other groups, suggesting a high bipolar tendency to associate with reduction of emotional perception ability. These results suggest that visuo-spatial and emotional attention abilities are related with bipolar disorder tendency even in the normal population.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.21 no.4 s.76
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• pp.127-133
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• 2006

The major purpose of this paper to identify safety climate practices, and to find the affecting variables that influence to the difference in the level of safety climate between plants and employees. And this paper attempted to find the interventions for improving safety climate in the chemical plants. The questionnaires were developed from literature review, especially made by HSE(Health and Safety Executive) in the UK and distributed to managers and workers. The frequency analysis was applied for identifying the level of safety climate. The affecting variables(plant size, accident occurrence, accident experience, injury experience and severity, and length of employment) are tested through analysis of variance(ANOVA). The results of frequency analysis showed that both managers and workers recorded generally high level of safety climate, and the major underlying problems are inadequate H&S procedures/rules, pressure for production, and rule breaking. According to the outcomes of ANOVA, the variable 'length of employment' is the only variable which makes the level of safety climate different. From the survey of safety climate practice, this study finds the level of safety climate and three major underlying problems in safety climate factors of the responded plants, and presents two interventions for improving safety performance. Despite of these outcomes, the applied factors are remained questionable for reflecting as the best ones for identifying safety climate in the chemical industry. In addition, the bias caused by self-report exist in the reliability of the response, and the equivalent size of respondents.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.124-133
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• 2018

We tried to investigate the changes in cortical activities according to emotional valence states during watching video clips. We examined the neural basis of two emotional states (positive and negative) using spectral power analysis and brain functional connectivity analysis of cortical current density time-series reconstructed from high-density electroencephalograms (EEGs). Fifteen healthy participants viewed a series of thirty-two 2 min emotional video clips. Sixty-four channel EEGs were recorded. Distributed cortical sources were reconstructed using weighted minimum norm estimation. The temporal and spatial characteristics of spectral source powers showing significant differences between positive and negative emotion were examined. Also, correlations between gamma-band activities and affective valence ratings were determined. We observed the changes of cortical current density time-series according to emotional states modulated by video clip. Gamma-band activities showed significant difference between emotional states for thirty seconds at the middle and the latter half of the video clip, mainly in prefrontal area. It was also significantly anti-correlated with the self-ratings of emotional valence. In addition, the gamma-band activities in frontal and temporal areas were strongly phase-synchronized, more strongly for negative emotional states. Cortical activities in frontal and temporal areas showed high spectral power and inter-regional phase synchronization in gamma-band during negative emotional states. It is inferred that the higher amygdala activation induced by negative stimuli resulted in strong emotional effects and caused strong local and global synchronization of neural activities in gamma-band in frontal and temporal areas.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.432-445
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• 2018

For health care professionals(HCPs) who have relatively higher possibility of exposing tuberculosis(Tb), it is important for them to equip with proper levels of knowledge and prevention activities. In terms of establishment of Tb education model for junior HCPs, therefore, literature review was done alongside 129 junior HCPs and 14 HCPs were asked to answer questionnaires and telephone survey. The results are follows.; Firstly, six educational themes such as epidermiology of Tb, Tb transmission and patho-physiology, test and diagnosis, latent Tb, Tb treatment, and Tb prevention were identified, based on the literature review. Secondly, the junior HCPs showed lower levels of knowledge regarding epidermiology, transmission and patho-physiology and latent Tb, compared to the other themes. When education courses are planned, longer period of time should be given to the lower level of knowledge areas. Thirdly, the HCPs emphasized that definition and type of Tb should be well integrated into the education in particular epidermiology education. They also responded that hospital infection and infection cycle of Tb need to be addressed during educational session about transmission and patho-physiology. in addition, they said that specific and detailed contents about diagnosis and group examination should be carefully delivered during the education, along with diagnosis, test and application of personal protective devices during education of latent Tb. They also answered that patient education and adverse effect of Tb medication should be taught during Tb treatment session, as well as self activities of health promotion for junior HCPs and systematic TB education as key way of Tb prevention. As the findings were from limited numbers of respondents and contained the sampling bias, the result has to be carefully interpretated prior to generalization. Therefore, further survey with larger study population is required in terms of development of Tb education model.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.407-420
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• 2016

We live under the consequences of countless decisions, among which significant number of decisions is made by representatives acting on behalf of us. However, individuals often make disparate decisions depending on which identity they are assigned as an agent or with which opponent they are interplaying. In the current research, behavioral discontinuity depending upon actor identity and social relationship was investigated using the ultimatum game. Participants behaved in a more economically rational way when they acted as a group representative compared with when they made decisions as a private individual. However, the direction of the individual-representative discontinuity was reversed when rivalry came into play. Furthermore, more fairness was requested to accept the offers in the interaction with the rival compared with the neutral countergroup. Especially when interacting with the rival group, participants showed contrasting level of decision bias - measured by rejection rate toward unfair offers - according to the degree of mind attribution to the opponent. Specifically, the greater participants attributed a mind to the rival group, the more they rejected the unfair offers from it. The present research is important in that it provides insight into individuals' decision-making in a group context, which sometimes forgoes the financial gain of the entire group and ultimately leads to the sub-optimization of social welfare.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.57-74
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• 2000

This study is conducted to compare how the Western.Oriental medical practitioners and health professionals perceive reciprocal development strategies respectively of Western.Oriental Medicine in Korea. A total of 3,273 persons were questioned by direct distribution, e-mail, and mail with a self-developed questionnaire. Of those questioned, 362 responded (the response rate of 11.1%), and of them n persons (Western medical practitioners 206, Oriental medical practitioners 90, and health professionals 64) were analyzed with SPSS for Windows. The results were as follows： The need for legislation on the mutual development system for Western.Oriental Medicine was recognized by 66.9% (218 persons) of respondents. Among them, largest group who agreed with this need was the health professionals. Western medical practitioners chose the "the difference of approach methods on the diseases between Western.Oriental Medicine" as their response, and Oriental medical practitioners ＆ health professionals selected "the indifference or bias of Western medical practitioners"as the reasons for the inactivity in developing a mutual system of Western.Oriental Medicine. Therefore, Western medical practitioners and health professionals selected the category of "the reformation of educational system", while Oriental medical practitioners selected the category of "the activation of joint research on Western.Oriental medical care" as the most important condition for setting a precedent. Also, Western medical practitioners preferred "cooperative health care system for Western medical care supported by Oriental medical care", but Oriental medical practitioners and health professionals preferred “cooperative health care system of Western.Oriental medicine on equal terms" In conclusion, Western '||'&'||' Oriental medical practitioners have to make every effort to close the gap between differing views through mutual understanding and respect if joint research of Western.Oriental medical care is to become a reality. The government should continuously enforce the health policy on development of a legal and systematic infrastructure for mutual development strategy of Western.Oriental Medicine in Korea.strategy of Western.Oriental Medicine in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.421-426
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• 2009

We report on the capacitively coupled O2 plasma etching of PMMA and polycarbonate (PC) with a diffusion pump. Plasma process variables were process pressure and CCP power at 5 sccm $O_2$ gas flow rate. Characterization was done in order to analyze etch rate, etch selectivity, surface roughness, and morphology using stylus surface profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. Self bias decreased with increase of process pressure in the range of 25$\sim$180 mTorr. We found an important result for optimum pressure for the highest etch rate of PMMA and PC, which was 60 mTorr. PMMA and PC had etch rates of 0.46 and 0.28 ${\mu}m$/min under pressure conditions, respectively. More specifically, etch rates of the materials increased when the pressure changed from 25 mTorr to 60 mTorr. However, they reduced when the pressure increased further after 60 mTorr. RMS roughnesses of the etched surfaces were in the range of 2.2$\sim$2.9 nm. Etch selectivity of PMMA to a photoresist was $\sim$1.5:1 and that of PC was $\sim$0.9:1. Etch rate constant was about 0.04 ${\mu}m$/minW and 0.02 ${\mu}m$/minW for PMMA and PC, respectively, with the CCP power change at 5 sccm $O_2$ and 40 mTorr process pressure. PC had more erosion on the etched sidewall than PMMA did. The OES data showed that the intensity of the oxygen atomic peak (777.196 nm) proportionally increased with the CCP power.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.309-316
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• 2019

In this paper, a low-jitter delay-locked loop that compensates for local clock skew is presented. The proposed DLL consists of a phase splitter, a phase detector(PD), a charge pump, a bias generator, a voltage-controlled delay line(VCDL), and a level converter. The VCDL uses self-biased delay cells using current mode logic(CML) to have insensitive characteristics to temperature and supply noises. The phase splitter generates two reference clocks which are used as the differential inputs of the VCDL. The PD uses the only single clock from the phase splitter because the PD in the proposed circuit uses CMOS logic that consumes less power compared to CML. Therefore, the output of the VCDL is also converted to the rail-to-rail signal by the level converter for the PD as well as the local clock distribution circuit. The proposed circuit has been designed with a $0.13-{\mu}m$ CMOS process. A global CLK with a frequency of 1-GHz is externally applied to the circuit. As a result, after about 19 cycles, the proposed DLL is locked at a point that the control voltage is 597.83mV with the jitter of 1.05ps.