• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2002

In light of addressing consumer health concern, coping with anti-tobacco movement, and promoting new product, tobacco industry is actively pursuing to make a new generation of cigarettes with low tar and nicotine deliveries, and less harmful substances. Low tar and low nicotine cigarettes increases their market shares dramatically world wide, especially in KT&G, multinational tobacco companies, EU countries, even in China regulated by CNTC to set up yearly target to lower tar and nicotine deliveries. On the other hand, to design a new cigarette with reduced harmful substances begins to gain speed. The "modified Hoffmann list" publishes thirty plus substances in tobacco leaf and main smoke stream, which is the prime suspect causing health problems. Various ways and means are developed to reduce such components including new tobacco breeds, new curing method, tobacco leaf treatment before processing, selected filtration system, innovated casing system to reduce free radicals, as well as some non conventional cigarette products. In TSRC held this year, the main topic is related to reduce tobacco specific nitrosamines in tobacco leaf. The new generation of cigarette is in the horizon. It still needs a lot help to produce commercial products with satisfied taste and aroma characters. The flavor industry is not regulated by many governments demanding which ingredients might or might not be for tobacco use. However, most of the cigarette companies self impose a list of ingredients to guide flavor suppliers to design flavors. Unfortunately, the number of ingredients in those lists is getting shorter every year. It is understandable that the health is not the only reason. Some cigarette companies are playing safe to protect the company from potential lawsuit, while others are just copying from their competitors. Moreover, it is obvious that it needs more assistance from casings and flavors to design new generation of cigarettes with missing certain flavor components in tobacco leaf and main smoke stream. These flavor components are either non-existed or at lower level at new form of cured tobacco leaf or filtered in the main smoke stream along with reduced harmful substances. The use of carbon filters and other selected filtration system poses another tough task for flavor system design. Specific flavor components are missing from the smoke analysis data, which brings a notion of "carbon taste" and "dryness" of mouth feel. It is ever more demanded by cigarette industry to flavor suppliers to produce flavors as body enhancer, tobacco notes, salivating agents, harshness reducer, and various of aromatic notes provided they are safe to use. Another trend is that water based flavor or flavor with reduced ethanol as solvent is gaining popularity. It is preferred by some cigarette companies that the flavor is compounded with all natural ingredients or all ingredients should he GMO free. The new generation of cigarettes demands many ways of new thinking process. It is also vital for tobacco industry. It reflects the real needs for the consumers that the cigarette product should be safe to use as well as bearing the taste and aroma characters smokers always enjoyed. An effective tobacco flavor system is definitely a part of the equation. The global trend of tobacco industry is like trends of any other industries lead by consumer needs, benefited with new technology availability, affected by the global economy, and subjected for various rules and regulations. Anti-tobacco organizations and media exceptionally scrutinize cigarette, as a legal commercial product. Cigarette is probably the most studied commercial product for its composition, structure, deliveries, effects, as well as its new developmental trend. Therefore, any new trend of cigarette development would be within these boundaries. This paper is trying to point out what it would be like for tobacco industry in the next few yews and what concerns the tobacco industry. It focuses mostly on the efforts to produce safer cigarettes. It is such a vital task for the tobacco industry and its affiliate industries such as cigarette papers, filters, flavors, and other materials. The facts and knowledge presented in this paper might be well known for the public. Some of the comments and predictions are very much personal opinion for a further discussion.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.271-293
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• 2007

Mathematics workbook is developed according to the amendment of the 7th national curriculum of mathematics. This study polled 300 national mathematics teachers in the elementary school, middle school, and high school to find out what they think in conjunction with the introduction of mathematics workbook such as needs for mathematics workbook, teachers' recognition about the system of mathematics textbook and workbook which are proper for lesson of achievement level and organization of mathematics workbook before using the mathematics workbook in school. As a results, mathematics teachers want the introduction of workbook because it helps students' self-regulated learning of mathematics and it is material very valuable for teachers to give lessons of achievement level. Also, we suggest the organization and contents of mathematics workbook on the base of our survey. Mathematics workbook has a lot of exercises assessing into the upper, intermediate, lower level in the contents, concepts of mathematics learning. It has the items developed with various problem solving methods and emphasis on performance tests, an essay-type examination and a periodical assessment. It has the problem posing items and the corner that helps students revise their mathematical errors and proposes useful, interesting mathematical activities and the commentary of a correct answer to questions at the tail of the book.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2012

Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication system, which is used by many bacteria to regulate diverse gene expression in response to changes in population density. Bacteria recognize the differences in cell density by sensing the concentration of signal molecules such as N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) and autoinducer-2 (AI-2). In particular, QS plays a key role in biofilm formation, which is a specific bacterial group behavior. Biofilms are dense aggregates of packed microbial communities that grow on surfaces, and are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). QS regulates biofilm dispersal as well as the production of EPS. In some bacteria, biofilm formations are regulated by c-di-GMP-mediated signaling as well as QS, thus the two signaling systems are mutually connected. Biofilms are one of the major virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria. In addition, they cause numerous problems in industrial fields, such as the biofouling of pipes, tanks and membrane bioreactors (MBR). Therefore, the interference of QS, referred to as quorum quenching (QQ) has received a great deal of attention. To inhibit biofilm formation, several strategies to disrupt bacterial QS have been reported, and many enzymes which can degrade or modify the signal molecule AHL have been studied. QQ enzymes, such as AHL-lactonase, AHL-acylase, and oxidoreductases may offer great potential for the effective control of biofilm formation and membrane biofouling in the future. This review describes the process of bacterial QS, biofilm formation, and the close relationship between them. Finally, QQ enzymes and their applications for the reduction of biofouling are also discussed.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.621-635
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• 2010

Problem-based Learning (PBL) has been known as an effective strategy for dealing with various aspects of education such as the enhancement of students' motivation, interest in subjects, academic achievement, and cooperative abilities. However, PBL has not been widely implemented in secondary schools. The purpose of this study is to investigate secondary school teachers' perception of problem-based learning and their way of applying it. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with nine secondary school teachers. Five of them had experience in implementing PBL, while four of them had interest in using PBL but had not yet had the experience. Different concepts were extracted and categorized. Nvivo 2.0 was used for analysis. The results were as follows: Changes in student attitude toward class, improvement on cooperation with others, self-regulated learning skills, and satisfaction from students' positive comments on PBL enabled teachers to become more enthusiastic and positive toward PBL. The stress of developing proper problems and the enormous amounts of time and efforts required in using PBL were shown as barriers for teachers in implementing PBL. However, some negative perspectives about PBL changed into positive after teachers experience PBL. By examining each teacher's way of implementing PBL, several teaching strategies suitable to their school systems were suggested.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.32
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• pp.247-293
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• 2006

It is an aim of this study to analyze a relation between modern medicine advertisements and body. Recently the academic world has discussed how comes it that the modernity had been formed. This trend is remarkable in the field of the history of everyday life. Because everyday life is connected with people's vivid experience. Especially in modern advertising it is in existence such as popular culture, consumer culture, sexuality, family, food, clothing and housing, disease. Since modern times the body has been reorganized into a new shape. Namely the premodern body that had been regulated by a status system is changed into modern body that have to form itself after the customs and values. We analyzed medicine advertisements in the early modern times and hoped to explain how modern people had understood their body. We applied Foucault's theory of discourse as a methodology. As a result of research, we came to the conclusion that there were several rules in the texts of medicine advertisements, which had formed a modern subject of pain. There was a disciplinary power such as a internalization of clinical eyes, self-watch in medicine advertisements. These advertisements contributed to the formation of subject of pain and related to the state power.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 1999

The major purposes of this study are to examine the effects of portfolio assessment on elementary school student's science knowledge, inquiry ability, science attitudes and to investigate students' perceptions on portfolio assessment. Control group consists of 45 fourth-graders at M-Elementary school located at Miwon, Chongwon-gun, Chung-buk and experimental group 36 fourth-graders of G-Elementary school located in Daejeon-si. The inventories of scientific knowledge I, inquiry ability, and science attitudes were administered to both groups as a pre-test. The experimental group was given portfolio assessment instruction and control group traditional instruction for about six weeks. Inventories about scientific knowledge 2, inquiry ability, and science attitudes were administered to both groups as a post-test. A questionnaire on the perception on portfolio assessment was given to experimental group after the treatment. The results were statistically analyzed with SPSS. Control group showed higher score on scientific knowledge than that of experimental group (p<0.5). No statistically meaningful difference was identified in inquiry ability and scientific attitude. More in-depth analysis revealed that scientific attitudes were improved statistically meaningfully by portfolio assessment. The students' perceptions on portfolio assessment is very positive. Students have positive responses on interests in portfolio assessment, feelings of involvement in learning, self-regulated learning, higher levels of thinking, intentions of participation in portfolio assessment.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.201-217
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• 1998

This paper examined the strategy of experiential learning on Web-based cyberspace for constructive education of social studies. The results as follows : The first, constructivism has brought the paradigm shift in traditional principles of teaching and learning, constructivism is not a theory about teaching, it is a theory about knowledge and learning, learning is understood as a self-regulated process of resolving inner cognitive conflicts that often become apparent through experience, collaborative discourse, and reflection. It is proper for constructive education of social studies to carry out from cognitive constructivism to socio-cultural constructivism, from socio-cultural constructivism to cognitive constructivism and co-constructivism, considering the aim or objectives of social studies education. The second, Web-based Instruction(WBI) can provide learners for constructive environments which can be proper for teaching and learning. WBI was suggested as the best medium for constructive education of social studies in the information age. WBI must design teaching and learning so that may not be teacher-centered, if teacher-centered, it is not constructivism. The third, Web-based cyberspace is the proper mediated experience fields for experiential learning to effectively study regions or space because of overcoming distance fractions through the time-space convergence, it actualize the constructive education of social studies in the space age.

• Review of Culture and Economy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.53-88
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• 2018

Among the cultural industries, the game industry is the most economically valuable industry. It has been about twenty years since the game policy has been implemented and the game laws have been enacted. If the law is a willing expression for the realization of the policy, the orientation of the game policy can be grasped through revision of the game laws. SOUND RECORDS, VIDEO PRODUCTS, AND GAME SOFTWARE ACT, established in 1999, and GAME INDUSTRY PROMOTION ACT, which was enacted in 2006, are regulated by many revisions. In this paper, I try to understand the direction and meaning of Korean game policy(classification, game dysfunction, gambling, industry growth) through the contents of the revision of the game law for 20 years. The game policy shown through the amendment of the game law is intended to protect the game by regulating the game, and to protect the game user by preventing the gambling and preventing the game dysfunction, and to increase autonomy of users and choice of producers by switching to self rating system, and based on this, an environment for continuous industrial growth is created. In the future, game policies should consider cooperation with social areas beyond game-specific areas. On the other hand, it needs to respond to new agendas such as polarization of industrial structure, fair environment, employment environment.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.525-534
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of Science Core schools on students' positive experiences about science (PES) through in-depth interviews with teachers in charge of science core schools. In-depth interviews with teachers were conducted to explore the factors that led to the effectiveness of science core schools in improving the student's PES in light of operational characteristics of science core schools as leading schools, characteristic factors of science core schools on students PES, and improvement plans and requirements of science core schools as leading schools, as well as implications for general high schools. In the case of science core schools, the teacher's enthusiasm for science teaching encouraged students' participation in science classes, promoted students' interest in science other than science-core classes, improved students' inquiry and research skills, increased students' competencies such as communications and collaboration by improving science instructions, and affected career search and exploration based on interests in science experiences. Based on the results, ways to spread the characteristics of science core schools to general schools' curriculum implementation are suggested including providing opportunities to experience the value of science study, to experience science and engineering careers through senior students, to participate in team projects and self-regulated science inquires, and so on.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.255-264
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• 2013

This research was conducted to analyze parents' attitudes on the issues related to the Smart Education Initiative Korea. The questions included the usefulness of major digital tools for educational purposes, knowledge on the Smart Education, necessity for better educational methods, and Bring Your Own Devices (BYOD) policy. A total of 432 response cases from the parents were analyzed considering the parents' age, academic level, and income. As a result, parents regarded desktop PCs as more effective tools for learning when compared to tablet PCs. Meanwhile, mobile devices and SNSs were hardly considered as instructional tools. Second, familarity and understanding of the Smart Education were proportional to household income and mothers' education levels. Third, parents needed for the change in educational methods and agreed with the importance of students' self-regulated learning, collaboration, inquiry ability and creativity. Fourth, regarding BYOD, parents were willing to buy devices with a reasonable price. In conclusion, it is required to reflect the results of the study when implementing the Smart Education throughout the nation.