• 제목/요약/키워드: Self Production

검색결과 941건 처리시간 0.032초

유공 유리분말이 자기충전 콘크리트의 특성에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Hollow Glass Powder on the Self-Compacting Concrete)

  • 윤섭;한민철
    • 한국건축시공학회지
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    • 제18권2호
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    • pp.141-149
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구는 자기충전 콘크리트의 생산 및 시공 시 굳지 않은 상태의 안정성을 향상시킬 목적으로 유공 유리분말(GB)를 혼입한 자기충전 콘크리트에 대하여 충전성, 통과성, 재료분리 저항성 및 레올로지 특성을 평가하였다. 실험결과, GB 혼입량에 따른 충전성은 GB의 볼베어링 효과로 인해 GB $2.0kg/m^3$까지 $T_{50}$ 도달시간이 Plain에 비하여 단축되어 충전성이 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 단, GB $4.0kg/m^3$에서는 오히려 약간 증가되었다. 통과성의 경우에는 Plain 1등급, GB $0.5{\sim}2.0kg/m^3$ 0등급, GB $4.0kg/m^3$ 1등급으로 GB 혼입량 $2.0kg/m^3$까지 '보이는 차단 없음'으로 통과성이 개선되었다. J-ring에 의한 통과성 Block step($P_J$) 값도 GB $1.0kg/m^3$에서 가장 우수한 통과성을 나타내었다. GB 혼입에 따른 재료분리 저항성은 동적 재료분리 저항성은 Plain 보다 GB을 사용하게 되면 그 혼입량에 상관없이 동적 재료분리 저항성이 증가하였다. 정적 재료분리 저항성은 GB $1.0kg/m^3$에서 재료분리도 2.5%를 나타내어 Plain(12.5%) 대비 크게 개선되었다. GB 혼입에 따른 레올로지 특성은 GB 혼입량 증가에 따른 소성 점도는 큰 차이가 발생하지 않았으나 항복응력은 $1.0kg/m^3$까지 낮아졌다. 이상을 종합하면, GB를 $1.0kg/m^3$ 사용하게 되면 자기충전 콘크리트의 충전성, 통과성, 항복응력 개선에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 재료분리 저항성을 증가시켜 자기충전 콘크리트의 안정성에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

게이미피케이션을 활용한 가정과 수업 설계에 관한 연구: '환경친화적 의류 라이프 사이클' 주제를 중심으로 (A Study on Home Economics Education Lesson Plan Design Using Gamification: Focusing on 'Eco-friendly Clothing Life Cycle' Theme)

  • 장은주;김혜린;이수경;김은조;황신혜;김지슬;김남은
    • 한국가정과교육학회지
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    • 제34권1호
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    • pp.35-57
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    • 2022
  • 이 연구는 게이미피케이션을 적용한 '환경친화적 의류 라이프 사이클' 수업을 개발하고 이를 적용하여 이 수업이 학습자에게 미치는 영향과 만족도를 살펴보고자 하였다. 개발된 수업은 경기도 소재 A 고등학교 2학년 학생 40명에게 2022년 2월 3일 ~ 2022년 2월 10일까지 총 4차시 적용되었으며 생산 - 유통 - 소비 - 폐기의 단계로 게더타운 플랫폼에서 게이미피케이션 요소가 반영된 내용을 학습한 후 미션을 해결하는 형태로 진행되며 미션을 수행하지 못할 경우 계속해서 반복학습을 하도록 설계하였다. 학습자들은 수업 전 사전 설문과 수업 후 사후 설문을 하였고 3명으로 이루어진 한 개의 그룹을 무선표집하여 심층면접을 실시하였다. '환경친화적 의류 라이프 사이클' 주제로 게이미피케이션을 적용한 수업은 학습자들의 몰입도와 자기주도적 학습 태도에는 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 다만, 비몰입도가 높은 학습자의 경우 수업의 몰입도가 높아졌고, 몰입도, 자기주도적 태도가 높을수록 만족도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 학습자들은 게이미피케이션을 적용한 수업에 대해 '우려'와 '기대'를 나타내었으며 개발된 수업이 '새로운 교수법'을 사용한 수업이기는 하지만 '적절한 사용'이 필요하다고 하였다. 그리고 이 수업은 '학생 중심 수업'과 '자기주도적 학습'이 가능하다고 평가했다. 수업을 실행한 교사는 이 수업이 기존 수업에 비해 학생들의 기대와 흥미를 끄는 데 더 효율적이었고, 메타버스 환경의 수업이 비대면 시대의 새로운 수업으로 인식된다고 하였다. 다만, 실제 현장에 적용했을 때 학습자들이 원활하게 수업을 진행할 수 있도록 구체적인 설계를 해야 하고 수업에서 교사의 역할이 더욱 중요하다고 하였다. 그리고 게임의 요소가 주는 기대감이 수업의 본질을 흐리지 않도록 제대로 설계해야 함을 제안하였다.

수협 마아케팅에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Cooperative Marketing of Fishery Products in Korea)

  • 안세원
    • 수산경영론집
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.77-106
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    • 1986
  • In the field of fisheries, there is at the apex Central Federation of Fishery Cooperatives, established under the Fishery Cooperatives Law(1962), It is a multipurpose organization with a membership of 105 cooperatives, 87 regional cooperatives, 15 business-type cooperatives and 3 manufactures' cooperatives. Accordingly, this thesis examines the marketing of fishery cooperatives in Korea, and in particular considers the marketing channel strategy of fisheries products. No company can perform by itself all the activities involved in the production and distribution of its products and services to its final markets. It must work with other firms to get the job done. Thus marketing channel firms of the fisheries products include primarily the fishery cooperatives, the licensed In the field of fisheries, there is at the apex Central Federation of Fishery Cooperatives, established under the Fishery Cooperatives Law (1962). It is a multipurpose organization with a membership of 105 cooperatives, 87 regional cooperatives, 15 business-type cooperatives and 3 manufactures' cooperatives. Accordingly, this thesis examines the marketing of fishery cooperatives in Korea, and in particular considers the marketing channel strategy of fisheries products. No company can perform by itself all the activities involved in the production and distribution of its products and services to its final markets. It must work with other firms to get the job done. Thus marketing channel firms of the fisheries products include primarily the fishery cooperatives, the licensed dealers and the merchant middlemen. The goal of marketing is in matching of segments of supply and demand. Every producer seeks to the link the marketing channel firms that will help it accomplish its objective best. This thesis tries to attempt to improve the present Korean Fishery Cooperatives marketing activities. The purpose of the operation of fishery cooperatives is to guarantee the profits of fisherman as well as the interests of general consumers by eliminating the inordinate profits of middlemen and by narrowing other market margins. Fishery cooperatives marketing activity functions forming a self-helf organization for economic protection of producers themselves, and acting as a market reformational institution through its transaction by group. The following are the characteristics of fishery cooperatives marketing. \circled1 Fishery cooperatives is organized with an economic factor and a personnel factor. \circled2 Fishery cooperatives is non-profit organization. \circled3 The members of fishery cooperatives is independent constitution of economy, but they are closely connected with the cooperative. \circled4 Fishery cooperatives is a mutual aid organization. The objective of an efficient marketing strategy may be well described by the common saying provides the right product at the right time, the right place, and the right price. But it is quite true that the Korean Fishermen's Cooperative can be said to owe its development to the successful implementation of the marketing system. The use of the marketing system has resulted in the following marketing strategy. 1. The direct marketing system. \circled1 The cooperation between the fishery cooperatives and the other cooperative through the collection and delivery center. \circled2 The selling between the fishery cooperatives and the large scale retailers through the process industry. 2. The vertical marketing system. \circled1The fishermen's cooperative to be nominated by wholesaler in the terminal market. \circled2 Contracted vertical marketing system. \circled3 Abolition of selling by double auction in the landing and the terminal market. 3. The physical distribution system. \circled1 The need for adoption of cold chain system to connect production directly to consumption. \circled2 The need for more expansion of landing markets and terminal market facilities. Solutions to the problems of the Korean fishery are made possible through effective functioning of cooperative marketing activities of fishery products. The marketing concept of fishermen's cooperative lies in the satisfaction of consumer needs. According to the marketing concept fishermen's cooperative should try to satisfy customer's needs through a coodinated set of activities that allows the organization to achieve its goal. Providing satisfaction to customers is the major trust of the marketing concept. To do this, a business must find out what will satisfy customers. With this information the cooperative sells to the greatest possible number of customers through the most efficient sales and marketing channels. Economic rationality of fishermen's cooperative marketing lies in reduction of marketing cost and elimination of intermediate institutions. Cooperative marketing and direct marketing are both indispensable marketing factors for a new cooperative organization among the manu ways. The cooperation between the fishermen's cooperative and the others cooperative, and vertical marketing system are the most necessary ones. Propulsion of cooperative marketing system could not be successful without the support of the marketing instituion's help. Consequently, successful cooperative marketing ought to lead to the necessity not only for the improvement of marketing organization, but for the application of a new marketing concept in the fishermen's cooperative.

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도시공간의 변화에 내재한 정치${\cdot}$경제적 논리의 규명-서울시 도심재개발을 대상으로- (The Political-Economic of Capitalism and its Effects on Spatial Dynamics)

  • 박선미
    • 대한지리학회지
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    • 제28권3호
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    • pp.213-226
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    • 1993
  • 본 연구는 서울시 도심재개발을 대상으로 도시공간의 재편과정에 내재하는 정치.경제적 논리를 규명함으로써 도시의 형성과 변화가 사회구조의 산물임을 밝히고자 하였다. 서울시의 도심재개발 사업은 1970년대 전반부터 생산과정의 분화가 이루어짐에 따라 대기업 본사가 도심으로 집중하는 상황에서 시작되었다. 또한 도심재개발은 1980년대 불황국면에 접어들면서 더욱 활발해졌는데, 이는 불황시기의 유휴자본의 문제를 도시공간을 재개발하는데 투자하여 극복하려는 논리에 근거한 것이었다. 그리고 도심재개발은 이를 전체적인 수준에서 주관하고 토지소유권의 통합, 토지수용권의 인정, 제 3개발자 인정, 재정. 세제상의 혜택, 건축규제의 완화 등 법적. 행정적 지원기관인 서울시의 정책과 맞물려 있었다. 그 결과 생활터전으로써의 도심은 업무공간으로 단순화되고, 도심인구의 空洞化現象은 더욱 심화되었다.

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멸종위기야생식물인 왕제비꽃(Viola websteri Hemsl.)의 분포특성과 개체군 구조 및 동태 (Distribution Characteristics, Population Structure and Dynamics of the Endangered Plant, Viola websteri Hemsl.)

  • 채현희;김영철;곽명해;남기흠
    • 한국환경생태학회지
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    • 제35권1호
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    • pp.48-67
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    • 2021
  • 식물 종은 주어진 환경조건과의 상호작용의 결과로 현재와 같은 특성을 나타낸다. 제비꽃속의 식물은 적응전략으로 개방화와 더불어 왕성한 영양번식체계를 선택하였거나 또는 폐쇄화를 발달시키는 전략을 선택하였다. 왕제비꽃은 제비꽃 속의 식물로 세계적으로 한반도와 중국 지린(길림)성의 동부에만 분포한다. 분포의 중심과 가장자리는 서로 다른 개체군 동태를 나타낼 것으로 예상된다. 왕제비꽃이 복합적인종자생산전략(Mixed-mating strategy)을 소유함에도 현재와 같은 제한적인 분포를 나타내는 원인을 알아볼 필요가 있다. 먼저 우리는 분포지의 식생환경을 조사하여 그 특성을 평가하였다. 식물계절학을 통해 생장특성을 알아보았다. 또한 개체군의 구조, 개방화의 결실특성, 폐쇄화의 생산성을 평가하였다. 그리고 2014년과 2018년 사이의 개체군크기 변화를 비교하였다. 분포지의 대부분은 계곡에 인접한 낙엽활엽수혼효림의 식생하부에 위치하였다. 4~5월에 자가불화합성의 개방화를 생산하였고 6~9월까지 폐쇄화를 생산하였다. 폐쇄화의 생산은 불확실한 환경변화에서 종자의 생산을 보증하기 위한 전략으로 평가되며 개방화에 비해 약 2배의 생산량을 나타내었다. 개체군의 구조는 안정적인 지역과 매우 불안정한 지역이 구분되었다. 2014년에 비해 2018년의 조사에서 개체군의 급격한 감소를 경험한 지역이 존재하였다. 이러한 큰 폭의 감소는 가장자리 개체군에서 크게 나타나는 것으로 평가되었다. 왕제비꽃 분포지는 가뭄이라는 자연적인 교란 요인과 분포지를 구성하는 기질에 따른 다양한 미소입지의 존재로 다양한 식물을 부양하였다. 이러한 불확실한 조건에서 폐쇄화를 통해 종자의 생산을 보증하고 그에 따라 자연적인 교란요인이 제거되었을 때 빠르게 유묘의 재정착과 개체군의 보충이 가능한 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고 환경요인은 모든 개체군 및 개체군 내의 모든 개체에 동일하게 작용하지 않는 것으로 추정되었다. 따라서 지역적으로 급격한 개체수의 감소에도 불구하고 완전한 소멸에 이르지 않을 것이고 환경의 변화에 따라 국지적인 소멸과 재정착이 반복될 것으로 예상되었다. 우리는 본 연구를 통해 수집된 종의 특성에 대한 정보를 바탕으로 추가적인 분포지의 조사가 필요함을 제안하였다. 또한 효과적인 보전 전략의 수립과 시행을 위해서는 보다 장기적인 개체군 동태와 개방화와 폐쇄화의 유전적 특성을 평가하는 것이 필요함을 제안하였다.

Video UGC 제작 동기와 행위 과정에 관한 이해: 구현의도이론 (Theory of Implementation Intentions)의 적용을 중심으로 (Understanding User Motivations and Behavioral Process in Creating Video UGC: Focus on Theory of Implementation Intentions)

  • 김형진;송세민;이호근
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.125-148
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    • 2009
  • UGC(User Generated Contents) is emerging as the center of e-business in the web 2.0 era. The trend reflects changing roles of users in production and consumption of contents on websites and helps us to understand new strategies of websites such as web portals and social network websites. Nowadays, we consume contents created by other non-professional users for both utilitarian (e.g., knowledge) and hedonic values (e.g., fun). Also, contents produced by ourselves (e.g., photo, video) are posted on websites so that our friends, family, and even the public can consume those contents. This means that non-professionals, who used to be passive audience in the past, are now creating contents and share their UGCs with others in the Web. Accessible media, tools, and applications have also reduced difficulty and complexity in the process of creating contents. Realizing that users create plenty of materials which are very interesting to other people, media companies (i.e., web portals and social networking websites) are adjusting their strategies and business models accordingly. Increased demand of UGC may lead to website visits which are the source of benefits from advertising. Therefore, they put more efforts into making their websites open platforms where UGCs can be created and shared among users without technical and methodological difficulties. Many websites have increasingly adopted new technologies such as RSS and openAPI. Some have even changed the structure of web pages so that UGC can be seen several times to more visitors. This mainstream of UGCs on websites indicates that acquiring more UGCs and supporting participating users have become important things to media companies. Although those companies need to understand why general users have shown increasing interest in creating and posting contents and what is important to them in the process of productions, few research results exist in this area to address these issues. Also, behavioral process in creating video UGCs has not been explored enough for the public to fully understand it. With a solid theoretical background (i.e., theory of implementation intentions), parts of our proposed research model mirror the process of user behaviors in creating video contents, which consist of intention to upload, intention to edit, edit, and upload. In addition, in order to explain how those behavioral intentions are developed, we investigated influences of antecedents from three motivational perspectives (i.e., intrinsic, editing software-oriented, and website's network effect-oriented). First, from the intrinsic motivation perspective, we studied the roles of self-expression, enjoyment, and social attention in forming intention to edit with preferred editing software or in forming intention to upload video contents to preferred websites. Second, we explored the roles of editing software for non-professionals to edit video contents, in terms of how it makes production process easier and how it is useful in the process. Finally, from the website characteristic-oriented perspective, we investigated the role of a website's network externality as an antecedent of users' intention to upload to preferred websites. The rationale is that posting UGCs on websites are basically social-oriented behaviors; thus, users prefer a website with the high level of network externality for contents uploading. This study adopted a longitudinal research design; we emailed recipients twice with different questionnaires. Guided by invitation email including a link to web survey page, respondents answered most of questions except edit and upload at the first survey. They were asked to provide information about UGC editing software they mainly used and preferred website to upload edited contents, and then asked to answer related questions. For example, before answering questions regarding network externality, they individually had to declare the name of the website to which they would be willing to upload. At the end of the first survey, we asked if they agreed to participate in the corresponding survey in a month. During twenty days, 333 complete responses were gathered in the first survey. One month later, we emailed those recipients to ask for participation in the second survey. 185 of the 333 recipients (about 56 percentages) answered in the second survey. Personalized questionnaires were provided for them to remind the names of editing software and website that they reported in the first survey. They answered the degree of editing with the software and the degree of uploading video contents to the website for the past one month. To all recipients of the two surveys, exchange tickets for books (about 5,000~10,000 Korean Won) were provided according to the frequency of participations. PLS analysis shows that user behaviors in creating video contents are well explained by the theory of implementation intentions. In fact, intention to upload significantly influences intention to edit in the process of accomplishing the goal behavior, upload. These relationships show the behavioral process that has been unclear in users' creating video contents for uploading and also highlight important roles of editing in the process. Regarding the intrinsic motivations, the results illustrated that users are likely to edit their own video contents in order to express their own intrinsic traits such as thoughts and feelings. Also, their intention to upload contents in preferred website is formed because they want to attract much attention from others through contents reflecting themselves. This result well corresponds to the roles of the website characteristic, namely, network externality. Based on the PLS results, the network effect of a website has significant influence on users' intention to upload to the preferred website. This indicates that users with social attention motivations are likely to upload their video UGCs to a website whose network size is big enough to realize their motivations easily. Finally, regarding editing software characteristic-oriented motivations, making exclusively-provided editing software more user-friendly (i.e., easy of use, usefulness) plays an important role in leading to users' intention to edit. Our research contributes to both academic scholars and professionals. For researchers, our results show that the theory of implementation intentions is well applied to the video UGC context and very useful to explain the relationship between implementation intentions and goal behaviors. With the theory, this study theoretically and empirically confirmed that editing is a different and important behavior from uploading behavior, and we tested the behavioral process of ordinary users in creating video UGCs, focusing on significant motivational factors in each step. In addition, parts of our research model are also rooted in the solid theoretical background such as the technology acceptance model and the theory of network externality to explain the effects of UGC-related motivations. For practitioners, our results suggest that media companies need to restructure their websites so that users' needs for social interaction through UGC (e.g., self-expression, social attention) are well met. Also, we emphasize strategic importance of the network size of websites in leading non-professionals to upload video contents to the websites. Those websites need to find a way to utilize the network effects for acquiring more UGCs. Finally, we suggest that some ways to improve editing software be considered as a way to increase edit behavior which is a very important process leading to UGC uploading.

해수면 난류수 유동방향 탐지를 위한 지구통계학적 분석기법 적용 (Application of Geostatistical Analysis Method to Detect the Direction of Sea Surface Warm Flows)

  • 최현우;김현욱
    • 한국지리정보학회지
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.168-178
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    • 2006
  • 최근 울진원자력 발전소에 대량의 해파리가 유입되어 냉각용수 공급을 위한 취수구를 막고 발전장애를 일으키는데, 이에 대한 사전 방지 대책 중 하나로 해양생물 대량유입의 감시 및 예보의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 자체 이동 능력이 약한 보름달 물해파리와 같은 해양생물체에 대해서는 해수유동이 중요한 유입 요소로 작용하며, 울진주변해역에서 표층 해류방향이 북서향일 때에는 대마난류를 타고 올라온 해파리가 발전소 쪽으로 이동하여 피해를 주게 된다. 난류수의 유동방향 탐지를 위해 울진해역 $25km{\times}25km$ 공간범위를 설정하여 NOAA 해수면온도 관측자료를 수집하였다. 통계적 분석을 위해 수온자료는 GIS point 데이터로 만들고 ArcGIS의 geostatistical analyst를 사용하였으며, 수온 point 데이터에 대해 방향성 반베리오그램(directional semivariogram) 계산과 이방성(anisotropy)으로 해수면 난류수 유동방향을 탐지하였다. 이러한 실험적 결과는 발전소 취수구에 해양생물 대량유입을 감시하는 요소기술로 해파리유입 조기경보시스템 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

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Evaluation of Fertilizing Ability using Frozen Thawed Sperm in the Longtooth Grouper, Epinephelus bruneus

  • Oh, Seong-Rip;Lee, Chi-Hoon;Kang, Hyeong-Cheol;Song, Young-Bo;Kim, Hyung-Bae;Lee, Young-Don
    • 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.345-351
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    • 2013
  • This study examines the effects on fertilization rate (FR), hatching rate (HR), and normal individual rate after artificial fertilization using frozen thawed sperm according to the cryoprotectant (DMSO) concentration and the period of cryopreserved sperm of longtooth grouper, Epinephelus bruneus. Performing artificial fertilization using frozen-thawed sperm, after freezing the sperm at different DMSO concentration of 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0% respectively, FR were (DMSO 5.0%: $99.5{\pm}0.8%$, DMSO 7.5%: $99.5{\pm}0.7%$, and DMSO 10.0%: $99.6{\pm}0.6%$). The results are not significantly different from the control fresh sperm (100%). HR also (DMSO 5.0%: $96.2{\pm}2.3%$, DMSO 7.5%: $95.3{\pm}3.6%$, 10.0%: $96.6{\pm}1.8%$) were not significantly different in each group. The normal individual rate after hatching using with control fresh sperm ($98.4%{\pm}0.5$) and DMSO concentration level of 5.0% ($97.8{\pm}0.1%$) were not significantly different. However, with 7.5% ($97.2{\pm}0.6%$) and 10.0% DMSO concentrations ($95.9{\pm}0.2%$) are lower than the normal individual rate after hatching observed in the control and 5.0% DMSO. Performing artificial fertilization using frozen-thawed sperm at different frozen period (2 days, 2 years, and 3 years), 10% DMSO FR and HR of 3 years (FR; $66.8{\pm}1.8%$, HR: $82.0{\pm}12.9%$) and 2 years (FR; $78.5{\pm}14.8%$, HR: $79.3{\pm}0.6%$) cryopreserved sperm were lower than control (FR; 100%, HR: $91.1{\pm}3.6%$) and 2 days cryopreserved sperm (FR; $99.6{\pm}0.6%$, HR: $96.6{\pm}1.8%$). These results suggest suitable DMSO concentration ranges of cryopreservation sperm for E. bruneus is 5 to 10% and with 2 to 3 years cryopreservation period, cryopreservation sperm can be useful for seed production.

Influences of Phytoncide Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Profiles, Diarrhea Scores and Fecal Microflora Shedding in Weaning Pigs

  • Zhang, S.;Jung, J.H.;Kim, H.S.;Kim, B.Y.;Kim, In-Ho
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제25권9호
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    • pp.1309-1315
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    • 2012
  • A total of 140 weaning pigs ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc, BW = $6.47{\pm}0.86$ kg) were used in a 5-wk growth trail to determine the effects of phytoncide supplementation on growth performance, nutrient apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), blood profiles, diarrhea scores and fecal microflora shedding. Pigs were assigned randomly by BW into 5 treatments, dietary treatments were: i) NC, basal diet; ii) PC, NC+0.05% tylosin; iii) EO, NC+0.1% essential oil; iv) PP, NC+0.2% PP (phytoncide with 2% citric acid), and v) PA, NC+0.2% PA (phytoncide). Each treatment had 7 replicate pens with 4 pigs per pen. All pigs were housed in pens with a self-feeder and nipple drinker to allow ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the experimental period. During 0 to 2 wks, supplementation with essential oil and PA decreased (p<0.05) G/F compared with the other treatments. During 2 to 5 wks, supplementation with PA led to a higher (p<0.05) G/F than the other treatments. At 2 wk, ATTD of dry matter (DM) and gross energy (GE) in EO treatment were decreased (p<0.05) compared with NC treatment. Dietary PC treatment improved (p<0.05) ATTD of DM and E compared with the CON group, and PA and PP treatments showed a higher (p<0.05) ATTD of E than that in NC treatment. Pigs fed phytoncide (PA and PP) had a greater (p<0.05) ATTD of DM than those of NC and EO treatments at 5 wk. Moreover, supplementation with phytoncide elevated (p<0.05) the concentration of immunoglobulin (IgG) in blood at 2 wk. The inclusion of EO, PP and PA treatments showed a greater (p<0.05) amount of fecal Lactobacillus compared with CON group. However, no difference (p>0.05) was observed in diarrhea scores among treatments. In conclusion, phytoncide can elevate feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, and improve the fecal Lactobacillus counts in weaning pigs. Our results indicated that the phytoncide could be used as a good antibiotics alternative in weaning pigs.

Behavioral Aspects of Captive Alpine Musk Deer during Non-mating Season: Gender Differences and Monthly Patterns

  • Meng, Xiuxiang;Zhao, Changjie;Hui, Cenyi;Luan, Xiaofeng
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제24권5호
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    • pp.707-712
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    • 2011
  • The objective of the present study was to determine gender-related and month-related behavioral differences in captive alpine musk deer. The study was conducted at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm (XMDF) of Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve in Gansu Province of western China. The integrated method of focal sampling and all occurrence recording was utilized to quantify the behavioural patterns of 45 captive alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) during non-mating season (from August $1^{st}$ to October $25^{th}$), and the behavioural durations of 12 behavioural patterns such as standing-gazing were recorded. The behavioural modes were compared to explore the potential differences between females and males, and the monthly behavioural modes for males and females were analyzed. Our results showed that the captive female deer in XMDF could compensate the energy lost in pregnancy, parturition and lactation through improving its ingestive efficiency. In order to be more sensitive to the changing environment, females expressed more standing-gazing (SG: $67.38{\pm}12.69\;s$) and moving (MO; $27.41{\pm}5.02\;s$), but less bedding (BE: $42.32{\pm}11.35\;s$) than male deer (SG: $56.43{\pm}9.19\;s$; MO: $19.23{\pm}4.64\;s$; BE: $96.14{\pm}15.71\;s$). Furthermore, females perform more affinitive interaction (AI: $7.89{\pm}4.81\;s$) but less ano-genital sniffing (AS: $0.24{\pm}0.13\;s$) and agonistic behaviour (CI: $0.57{\pm}0.26\;s$) than males (AI: $1.45{\pm}1.09\;s$; AS: $0.45{\pm}0.29\;s$; CI: $1.42{\pm}0.67\;s$). The females expressed ingestion more in October ($132.31{\pm}27.47\;s$) than in August ($28.80{\pm}18.44\;s$) and September ($45.1{\pm}10.84\;s$), and the males performed Ano-genital sniffing (AS: $1.79{\pm}1.14\;s$) and self-directed behaviour (SD: $12.61{\pm}5.03\;s$) significantly more in October than in August (AS: 0 s; SD: $0.62{\pm}0.17\;s$) and September (AS: $0.02{\pm}0.01\;s$; SD: $0.17{\pm}0.15\;s$). Moreover, male musk deer increased the intension of ano-genital sniffing, agonistic behaviour and tail rubbing behaviour, which were related to sexual activities.