• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.08a
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• pp.1-20
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• 1999

In Japan, geophysical exploration methods have been widely applied to civil engineering and construction fields for a long time. In particular, seismic refraction has long played a significant role in geotechnical site investigations for tunnels, dams and landslides. However, our growing interest on the social and natural environment makes the methods available and its application fields diversify. Digital technologies such as personal computer have revolutionized our ability to acquire large volumes of data rapidly, and to produce more reliable results for subsurface image. Also, color graphics easily visualizes survey results In a more understandable manner, These days geophysical methods are essential to assessing grouting effects, predicting the front of tunnel cutting face, monitoring the movement, pollution and purification process of groundwater. Now three-dimensional exploration techniques have developed for the site characterization in civil engineering and construction needs.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.4 s.179
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• pp.369-384
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• 2006

Korean Peninsula, located on the southeastern part of Eurasian plate, belongs to the intraplate region. The characteristics of intraplate earthquake show the low and rare seismicity and the sparse and irregular distribution of epicenters comparing to interplate earthquake. To evaluate the exact seismic activity in intraplate region, long-term seismic data including historical earthquake data should be archived. Fortunately the long-term historical earthquake records about 2,000 years are available in Korea Peninsula. By the analysis of this historical and instrumental earthquake data, seismic activity was very high in 16-18 centuries and is more active at the Yellow sea area than East sea area. Comparing to the high seismic activity of the north-eastern China in 16-18 centuries, it is inferred that seismic activity in two regions shows close relationship. Also general trend of epicenter distribution shows the SE-NW direction. In Korea Peninsula, the first seismic station was installed at Incheon in 1905 and 5 additional seismic stations were installed till 1943. There was no seismic station from 1945 to 1962, but a World Wide Standardized Seismograph was installed at Seoul in 1963. In 1990, Korean Meteorological Adminstration(KMA) had established centralized modem seismic network in real-time, consisted of 12 stations. After that time, many institutes tried to expand their own seismic networks in Korea Peninsula. Now KMA operates 35 velocity-type seismic stations and 75 accelerometers and Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources operates 32 and 16 stations, respectively. Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety and Korea Electric Power Research Institute operate 4 and 13 stations, consisted of velocity-type and accelerometer. In and around the Korean Peninsula, 27 intraplate earthquake mechanisms since 1936 were analyzed to understand the regional stress orientation and tectonics. These earthquakes are largest ones in this century and may represent the characteristics of earthquake in this region. Focal mechanism of these earthquakes show predominant strike-slip faulting with small amount of thrust components. The average P-axis is almost horizontal ENE-WSW. In north-eastern China, strike-slip faulting is dominant and nearly horizontal average P-axis in ENE-WSW is very similar with the Korean Peninsula. On the other hand, in the eastern part of East Sea, thrust faulting is dominant and average P-axis is horizontal with ESE-WNW. This indicate that not only the subducting Pacific Plate in east but also the indenting Indian Plate controls earthquake mechanism in the far east of the Eurasian Plate. Crustal velocity model is very important to determine the hypocenters of the local earthquakes. But the crust model in and around Korean Peninsula is not clear till now, because the sufficient seismic data could not accumulated. To solve this problem, reflection and refraction seismic survey and seismic wave analysis method were simultaneously applied to two long cross-section traversing the southern Korean Peninsula since 2002. This survey should be continuously conducted.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2008

We present a method for interpreting seismic records with arrivals and waveforms having characteristics which could be generated by extremely inhomogeneous velocity structures, such as non-typical oceanic crust, decollement at subduction zones, and seamounts in oceanic regions, by comparing them with synthetic waveforms. Recent extensive refraction and wide-angle reflection surveys in oceanic regions have provided us with a huge number of high-resolution and high-quality seismic records containing characteristic arrivals and waveforms, besides first arrivals and major reflected phases such as PmP. Some characteristic waveforms, with significant later reflected phases or anomalous amplitude decay with offset distance, are difficult to interpret using only a conventional interpretation method such as the traveltime tomographic inversion method. We find the best process for investigating such characteristic phases is to use an interactive interpretation method to compare observed data with synthetic waveforms, and calculate raypaths and traveltimes. This approach enables us to construct a reasonable structural model that includes all of the major characteristics of the observed waveforms. We present results here with some actual observed examples that might be of great help in the interpretation of such problematic phases. Our approach to the analysis of waveform characteristics is endorsed as an innovative method for constructing high-resolution and high-quality crustal structure models, not only in oceanic regions, but also in the continental regions.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.25-48
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• 2004

Structures show the phehomena of deformation and lowering of function with time-lapse by artificial environments and changes of geotechnical conditions or accumulation of initial deformation elements. This study aims the structural assessment of cultural property, Chum-Sung-Dae, located in Kyeongju city, Korea. It was built about 1,300 years ago, and has undergone deformation and ground-subsidence with time-lapse. Non-destructive evaluation techniques were applied to the Chum-Sung-Dae, to protect it from survey Because of this reason, 3D precise laser scanning surveying system was applied to measure the exact size of Chum-Sung-Dae, displacement and declining angles. Geophysical exploration also was applied to study the subsurface distribution of geotechnical parameters or physical properties. Natural frequencies were measured from real and model of Chum-Sung-Dae to study the dynamic characteristics of vibration and/or earthquake load and stiffness of structures.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.295-306
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• 2012

In this study, the Singal fault zone in the Gyeonggi massif is identified in the Kiheung area. Geotechnical investigations were carried out to locate and characterize of the Singal fault zone in the Kiheung reservoir area. The N-S striking Shingal fault is known to be a Riedel-type strike-slip fault within the Choogaryung rift. Along the fault zone, 62 bore holes were drilled and electrical resistivity survey of about 11km, and vibroseis seismic refraction and reflection survey of about 500m were done. From the result of investigations, it is found that the fault zone, consisting mainly of gouge and breccia, has maximum width of 300 meters with anastomosing geometry of secondary fractures developed subparallel to the fault zone. We interpret these geometric features to be the result of structural development of flower-structure type at the restraining band of strike-slip fault. However, there are uncertainties of this interpretation because there are virtually no outcrops in the area. Further investigation to understand geometric features and linkage style of the fault zone.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.289-302
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• 2020

To determine the shallow subsurface structure and sliding surface of land creeping in 2016 at Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, geophysical surveys (electric resistivity, and refraction seismic methods, borehole televiewer) and slope stability analysis were conducted. The subsurface structure delineated with borehole lithologies and seismic velocity structures provided the information that the sediment layer on the top of the slope was rather as thick as 20 m and the underlying weathered rock (anorthosite) was thinner than 1 m. Based on the tension cracks observed during the geological mapping, televiewer scanning was performed at the borehole BH-2 and detected the intensive fracture zones at the ground-water level, associated with the slip weak zones mapped in dipole-dipole electrical resistivity section. Downslope sliding and slightly upward pushing at the apex of high resistive bedrock explains the curved slip plane of the land creeping. Such a convex structure might play a role of natural toe abutment for preventing the downward development of slip weak zones. In slope stability analysis, the safety factors of the slip weak zone are calculated with varying the groundwater levels for dry and rainy seasons and the downslope is founded to be unstable with safety factor of 0.89 due to fully saturated material in rainy season.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.525-534
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• 2014

Environmental problems typically occurring in abandoned mine lands (AML) include: contaminated and acidic surface water and groundwater; stockpiled waste rock and mill tailings; and ground subsidences due to mining operations. This study examines the effectiveness of various geophysical techniques for mapping potential hazard and contaminated zones. Four AML sites with sedimentation contamination problems, acid mine drainage (AMD) channels, ground subsidence, manmade liner leakage, and buried mine tailings, were selected to examine the applicability of various geophysical methods to the identification of the different types of mine hazards. Geophysical results were correlated to borehole data (core samples, well logs, tomographic profiles, etc.) and water sample data (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and heavy metal contents). Zones of low electrical resistivity (ER) corresponded to areas contaminated by heavy metals, especially contamination by Cu, Pb, and Zn. The main pathways of AMD leachate were successfully mapped using ER methods (low anomaly peaks), self-potential (SP) curves (negative peaks), and ground penetrating radar (GPR) at shallow penetration depths. Mine cavities were well located based on composite interpretations of ER, seismic tomography, and well-log records; mine cavity locations were also observed in drill core data and using borehole image processing systems (BIPS). Damaged zones in buried manmade liners (used to block descending leachate) were precisely detected by ER mapping, and buried rock waste and tailings piles were characterized by low-velocity zones in seismic refraction data and high-resistivity zones in the ER data.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2008

The analysis of wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction data plays an important role in lithospheric-scale crustal structure study. However, it is extremely difficult to develop an appropriate velocity structure model directly from the observed data, and we have to improve the structure model step by step, because the crustal structure analysis is an intrinsically non-linear problem. There are several subjective processes in wide-angle crustal structure modelling, such as phase identification and trial-and-error forward modelling. Because these subjective processes in wide-angle data analysis reduce the uniqueness and credibility of the resultant models, it is important to reduce subjectivity in the analysis procedure. From this point of view, we describe two software tools, PASTEUP and MODELING, to be used for developing crustal structure models. PASTEUP is an interactive application that facilitates the plotting of record sections, analysis of wide-angle seismic data, and picking of phases. PASTEUP is equipped with various filters and analysis functions to enhance signal-to-noise ratio and to help phase identification. MODELING is an interactive application for editing velocity models, and ray-tracing. Synthetic traveltimes computed by the MODELING application can be directly compared with the observed waveforms in the PASTEUP application. This reduces subjectivity in crustal structure modelling because traveltime picking, which is one of the most subjective process in the crustal structure analysis, is not required. MODELING can convert an editable layered structure model into two-way traveltimes which can be compared with time-sections of Multi Channel Seismic (MCS) reflection data. Direct comparison between the structure model of wide-angle data with the reflection data will give the model more credibility. In addition, both PASTEUP and MODELING are efficient tools for handling a large dataset. These software tools help us develop more plausible lithospheric-scale structure models using wide-angle seismic data.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2007

In this study, we propose a joint inversion method, using genetic algorithms, to estimate an S-wave velocity structure for deep sedimentary layers from receiver functions and surface-wave phase velocity observed at several sites. The method takes layer continuity over a target area into consideration by assuming that each layer has uniform physical properties, especially an S-wave velocity, at all the sites in a target area in order to invert datasets acquired at different sites simultaneously. Numerical experiments with synthetic data indicate that the proposed method is effective in reducing uncertainty in deep structure parameters when modelling only surface-wave dispersion data over a limited period range. We then apply the method to receiver functions derived from earthquake records at one site and two datasets of Rayleigh-wave phase velocity obtained from microtremor array surveys performed in central Tokyo, Japan. The estimated subsurface structure is in good agreement with the results of previous seismic refraction surveys and deep borehole data. We also conclude that the proposed method can provide a more accurate and reliable model than individual inversions of either receiver function data only or surface-wave dispersion data only.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2000

Subsurface structure of the Bomun basin was studied along three survey tracks of Line-1, Line-2, and Line-3 using geomagnetic, radioactive, and seismic refraction methods. Abrupt changes found at 2.55 km west and 1.6 km east in the profile of magnetic anomaly along Line-1 are correlated with geologic boundary of the basin. Profiles of radioactive intensity also represent abrupt changes at 2.55 km west of Line-1 and at 1.9 km of Line-2. Cretaceous basement rock has relatively high magnetic anomaly of $200\;{\sim}\;500\;nT$ while sedimentary rocks of the Bomun basin have relatively low magnetic anomaly of $-100\;{\sim}\;+100\;nT$. Radioactive intensity also represents charateristic differences between Cretaceous basement and sedimentary rocks of the Bomun basin. Rocks of Cretaceous basement have lower radioactive intensity than the rocks of the Bomun basin. Magnetic anomaly of of the Bomun basin represents lowest anomaly in western part and increases gradullay toward east. This phenomenon is interpreted as a half graben structure dipping westward. Black shale known by previous studies near the western boundary has high magnetic anomalies and low radioactive intensity. This phenomenon provide a possibility of volcanic rock rather than black shale near the western boundary of the basin along Line-1. Sedimentary layers having velocities of 455 m/s, 1904 m/s, and 2662 m/s are developed to have westward dipping of $2.3^{\circ}$ in the central area of the Bomun basin. The result is consistent with a half-graben model dipping westward which were derieved from magnetic anomaly data.