• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1144-1149
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• 2011

The occurrence of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) advance growth has been noticed in the deciduous oak forest being adjacent to the mature Korean pine plantation. the korean pine seedlings in the forest were regenerated naturally from harvested and transported Korean pine seeds and cones by rodents, mainly red squirrels. Mongolian oak (Quercus bariabilis), which formed dominant overstory, had close-to-normal distributions of height, diameter and age classes. Korean pine, which dominated the understory, had the reverse J-shaped height, diameter and age distributions that are expected of a shade tolerant species. Growing in the summer shade of the oak, Korean pine seedling had slow, but steady height growth during the past four decades. Total biomass of Korean pine seedling ranged from $2,835-8,541kg\;ha^{-1}$ and biomass allocation of Korean pine seedling was follows : stem (with bark) > foliage > branches > roots. Korean pine seedlings allocated more biomass to foliage and branches compare to planted Korean pine. The smaller root/shoot ratio of Korean pine seedling in the site is to believed to be result of competition for light. Contents of N and K for Korean pine seedling were greatest in foliage follow by branches, stem ad roots, while content of P was greater in the order of foliage > roots > stem > branches.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 2007

Effects of dimethipin on ${\alpha}$-amylase activity of barley seeds were investigated. In the treatments of $1{\mu}M\;and\;10{\mu}M$ dimethipin, the indexes of germination were reduced to 17% and 24 % respectively. After seed germination, dimethipin was added to germinated seedlings and then the seedlings were kept to measure seedling length under illumination for 7 days. In control, the length of seedling was 5.7 cm, but in the treatments of $1{\mu}M$ dimethipin and $10{\mu}M$ dimethipin, seedling lengths were 5.5 cm and 1.2 cm respectively. In the relationship between dimethipin concentrations and ${\alpha}$-amylase activities, there was a linear curve. The more dimethipin was added to the seeds, the more ${\alpha}$-amylase activities were inhibited. In the treatments of $1{\mu}M$ dimethipin and $10{\mu}M$ dimethipin, ${\alpha}$-amylase activities were reduced to 33% and 71% respectively. Dimethipin also inhibited ${\alpha}$-amylase activities increased by gibberellin and the content of soluble protein. Therefore, it could be suggested that dimethipin might inhibit directly the activities of hydrolysis enzymes including ${\alpha}$-amylase or the expression of ${\alpha}$-amylase genes as germination and seedling growth were severely disturbed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 2022

The experimental fish transplanted from China in 2015 was used after seedling production and cultivated. Breeding management for experiment was carried out from October 2020 to February 2021. Also, it succeeded in inducing artificial maturation three to four months earlier than wild broodstock and secured good quality fertilized eggs. The average size of fertilized eggs was 1.22 mm, at 20℃ Blastodisc (15 minutes post-fertilization), 2 cell (50 minutes), 4 cell (1 hours), 8 cell (2 hours), 16 cell (2 hours and 30 minutes), 32 cell (2 hours and 50 minutes), morula (3 hours), blastula (8 hours), gastrula (15 hours), skull formation (20 hours), organ formation (30 hours) and hatching yolk larvae stage (35 hours). The total length of the just hatched larvae were 2.50 ± 2 mm, and then gain growth of 42.5 mm by 60 days, reaching 45 ± 5 mm.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.402-409
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• 2017

We performed seed germination tests to investigate the effects of seed sowing orientation on germination viability on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) sprouts. Specifically, we assessed the influence of seed sowing orientation on germination rate, seedling weight, and seedling length, as well as the seedling vigor index. The seeds were sown in oak tree sawdust at 3.0 cm depth. Four seed orientations were tested: vertical with the hypocotyl end down, vertical with the hypocotyl end up, horizontal with the hypocotyl end down, and horizontal with the hypocotyl end up. The mean seed germination percentages of the four seed orientations were significantly different (p < 0.01) and ranged from 25 to 91.7%. The vertical orientation with hypocotyl-end-down and hypocotyl-end-up orientations showed the highest (91.7%) and lowest (25%) germination rates, respectively. The vertical orientation with the hypocotyl end down produced the heaviest (4.9 g) seedlings and the longest hypocotyls (4.65 cm). This orientation also produced the longest true leaf + epycotyl (2.15 cm) and had the highest seedling vigor index (197.1). The seedlings had a straight growth pattern, whereas seedlings from seeds sown with the hypocotyl up had an awkward plumular hook shape. Taken together, to produce peanut sprouts, we recommend placing the seeds vertically with the hypocotyl end down because this orientation leads to a high germination rate, high biomass production, and high overall seedling quality.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.171-175
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• 2010

This study was carried out to find the effect on growing media and proper time for water supply in rice seedling stages. Plant height of rice seedling for SIPAN-BRL among current several growing medias was higher in Chuchungbyeo than Ilpumbyeo, and that of root length was higher in check among used growing medias. Fresh and dry weight of shoot and root of two rice cultivar. Water time to absorption on each treatment of growing media concentration took similarly in SIPAN-BNH and check were similar. But 500 minutes did in 100ppm and did 370 and 470minute in 300 and 500ppm, respectively. Wilting time of rice seedling was appeared highly at 300ppm of SIPAN-BRL in Chuchungbyeo and 100ppm of SIPAN-BRL in Ilpumbyeo, while it prolonged at 300ppm in Chuchungbyeo and 500ppm in Ilpumbyeo, respectively. Water content at wilting stage was appeared highly at SIPAN-BRL 500ppm in both Chuchungbyo and Ilpumbyeo, while SIPAN-BNL was high in 300ppm of Chuchung-byeo and Ilpumbyeo, respectively. Plant and root length of SIPAN-BNL treated with 300ppm in 10day-rice seedling were highly appeared, while dry weight of shoot was high at 300ppm SIPAN-BNL.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2011

The study was performed to evaluate rice seed germination, seedling emergence and seedling establishment under different coating materials such as iron powder, silicate powder and silicate coverage after direct seeding. There were differences among coating materials as follows; 1. In seedling establishment there was the highest in untreated control> silicate-coated seeds and silicate coverage>iron-coated seeds. In case of untreated control this result due to laboratory experiment unlike field conditions where has been constraints in bird damages, seed dry under strong sunlight and buoyance after rainy and/or irrigation. 2. Thus, there was the highest in untreated control>silicate-coated seeds>silicate coverage>iron-coated seeds, respectively. 3. Total fresh weight(shoots and roots) of the seedling was also highest in untreated control>silicate-coated seeds and silicate coverage> iron-coated seeds.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2023

Mulberry exhibits unique characteristics and functionalities across various components, including the roots, branches, leaves, and fruits. However, despite numerous studies on mulberry, research on this plant at the seedling stage is insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the suitability for seedling cultivation and antioxidant effects of four Korean mulberry cultivars, namely, Daesim, Suhong, Simgang, and Cheongsu. In terms of seed weight, germination rate, and growth rate, Daesim was the most suitable cultivar for seedling production. Polyphenol and flavonoid content analysis showed that all cultivars, except for Cheongsu, showed the highest phenolic content at the 2-week seedling stage. Similarly, antioxidant assays using 2,2'-azino-di-3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals revealed that the antioxidant effect of all cultivars, except for Cheongsu, increased with cultivation at 2- 4- and 6-week. However, mulberry seedlings had a slower reaction rate against DPPH radical removal than mulberry leaves. In addition, ABTS radical scavenging activity showed a different correlation with polyphenol content. This phenomenon may be due to the different polyphenol compositions between mulberry leaves and seedlings. The results of this study suggest that mulberry seedlings exhibit different bioactivities from mulberry leaves, and component analysis is required in further research.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.487-498
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• 1992

To study the effects of different nursing methods and transplanting on the growth of rice plant (Oriza sativa L.) in southern region of Korea, Kumo-byeo, Palgong-byeo and Dongjinbyeo were transplanted from April 20 to July 20 at an interval of 15 days with 8 days old seedling (infant seedling) and 25 days old box-seedling for machine transplanting, and 45 days old conventional seedling. Threshold transplanting date in southern region of Korea were June 26 for 8 days old seedling, July 1 for 25 days old seedling and] July 11 for 45 days old seedling for Kumo-byeo, and June 21, June 30, July 10 for Palgong-byeo, June 10, June 24, July 5 for Dongjin-byeo, respectively. Yield has no uniform tendency according to the transplanting date. However, yield were greater in the order of 8 days old seedling >25 days old seedling> 45 days old seedling in Kuma-byeo and 25 days old seedling (equation omitted)8 days old seedling (equation omitted)45 days old seedling in Palgong-byeo, 45 days old seedling(equation omitted)25 days old seedling(equation omitted) 8 days old seedling in Dongjin-byeo. The optimum accumulated air temperature during yield productive stage around heading (40 days from 10 days before heading to 30 days after heading) for high yield were 1,003$^{\circ}C$ for 8 days old seedling, 1,014$^{\circ}C$ for 25 days old seedling and 1,027$^{\circ}C$ for 45 days old seedling in Kumo-byeo. And they were 1,018$^{\circ}C$, 1,015$^{\circ}C$, 1,086$^{\circ}C$ in Palgong-byeo and 998$^{\circ}C$, 984$^{\circ}C$, 949$^{\circ}C$ in Dongjin-byeo, respectively. Earlier transplanting with 8 days old seedling showed higher ratio of broken rice and green kerneled rice in Kuma-byeo, and late transplanting after July 5 showed significant high rate of green kerneled rice. Palgong-byeo and Dongjin-byeo also showed high rate of green kerneled rice at transplanting after July 5.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.629-636
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• 1995

This study was carried out to clarify the proper nitrogen application methods under the different seedling density in puddled-soil drill seeding of rice. Seedling density was adjusted as 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150ea/$m^2$ just after emergence and nitrogen was applied with five methods including conventional respectively. The maximum tillering stage was shorten as the seedling density was increase but decreased the percentage of productive tillers. Lodging was occurred serverely as the seedling was more than 120ea/$m^2$, when nitrogen was applied at panicle initiation stage. Grain yield wasn't significantly different among seedling densities when it was more than 60ea/$m^2$, but the density of 30ea/$m^2$ was decreased. It wasn't significantly different among the nitrogen application methods when it was more than 90ea/m, but was higher at early application of tillering fertilizer (T$_2$) than conventional method when the seedling density was less than 60ea/$m^2$. Supposing that the yield of reseeding is the same as optimum seedling density, minimum seedling density needs for reseeding would be less than 55 ea/$m^2$ as the aspect of income allowed for managing expense.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2000

This study was conducted to evaluate the drought tolerance of Japonica and Indica rice cultivars during germinating and seedling stages by using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution. Each 5 cultivars of Japonica and Indica were cultured from 14 days after seeding(DAS) to 21 DAS using the PEG solution in a moderate water potential (-0.63 MPa). The lengths of radicle and plumule during the germinating stage were inhibitied by the PEG treatment to about 50% and 85%, respectively. The application of PEG to the seedling of two rice types caused to inhibit the plant height and leaf age about 23 % and 10%, respectively. Shoot and root dry weights by PEG treatment were inhibited more severely in Japonica than those in Indica. The difference on delaying of leaf area expansion between both rice types was not found with treatment of PEG, while the leaf color was increased in both Japonica and Indica by 19.9% and 9.2%, respectively. The average photosynthetic ability was inhibited more in Japonica to 36.0% than did Indica to 27.9%. The stomatal conductance was severely affected by PEG treatment, and the degree was varied in both rice types, ranged with 80-85% in Japonica and 29.3-81.6% in Indica. These results indicate there is little relationship between seed germination and seedling growth under the stress of low water potential.