• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.62-72
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• 1997

This study was conducted to find out the hydroseeding timing of several herbaceous plants for the slope revegetation works. Four native plants and five introduced grasses were used for this experiment and were seeded on the cut slopes by hands in April, May, June, September and October. To identify the best seeding timing, germination percentage, ground covering rate, number of tillers and plant heights were investigated. There were wide differences in germination and ground covering rates of native plants are lower than those of cool-season foreign grasses and they show different germination rates according to seeding timing. Among them, Arundinella hirta var. ciliata shows the most apparent germinatin pattern according to seeding timing. 2. Seeding timing : Native plants tend to germinate well in May and June and cool-season foreign grasses in May and September. But Native plants show extremely low germination rates in autumn, so it is necessary to adjust the seeding rates when seeding in autumn. When seeding in May, it will be possible to use native plants-seed-mixture without using introduced foreign grasses. In sum, the best seeding timing of cool-season foreign grasses are May and September, and warm-season foreign grass is May and June. The best seeding timing of native plants seem to be in May and June.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.63-71
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• 2010

This study was performed to evaluate the planting properties and root potential of planting block with mixing seeding of herbaceous plants and cool-season grasses in CSG blocks manufactured by cemented sand and materials (CSG) in order to develop environmentally friendly CSG block applied revegetation. Five types of CSG mix designs with cement contents were determined, and the mechanical properties of CSG materials were studied experimentally. To analyze growth properties of plants within CSG block, germination ratio, visual cover, plant height and root potential were measured in four weeks and eight weeks after seeding. The germination regardless mixture seeding of plants and CSG mixproportions started within 4 ~ 7 days after seeding and the germination ratio were in the range of 60 ~ 65 %. The visual cover of kinds of plants evaluated by visual rating system were in the range of 6 ~ 8 in case of seeding the species of cool-season grasses and were in the range of 4 ~ 6 in case of seeding the species of herbaceous plants in four weeks after seeding. The root potential of CSG block with the species of cool-season grasses and herbaceous plants were in the range of $5.7{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}7.7{\times}10^{-3}$ MPa and $2.3{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}6.7{\times}10^{-3}$ MPa in eight weeks after seeding, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 1997

This study was conducted to find out the hydroseeding timing of woody plants. Five native plants were used for this experiment and were seeded on the cut slopes by hands in April, May, June, September and October. In order to identify the best seeding time, germination percentage, ground cover rate and plant height were investigated. There was a difference in germination percentage and ground cover rate depending on the seeding time. The results are summerized as follows 1. Characteristics of germination : Seeding was best carried out in spring(May, June) or autumn(September). In spring, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya shows quick germination and rapid growing which can be compared with herbaceous plants using in the hydroseeding. As for Pinus thunbergii, there was little difference in germinatin according to different seeding timing. But Evodia daniellii, Parthenocis년 tricuspidata and Alnus hirsuta seem to need seed treatments to improve the seed germination. 2. Ground cover rate : The most rapid growing plant is Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and the next is Amorpha fruticosa. The other plants show extreamly low ground cover rate, so they seem to be surpressed by herbaceous plants which will be mixed for erosion control. 3. Plant height : On 8 weeks later after seeding, the Lespedeza cyrtobotrya which was seeded in June recorded 17.1cm plant height. It will be enouch height to compete with herbaceous plants. As the Parthenocissus tricuspjdata seeded in May shows 27cm plant length, it can be used more frequently on seeding works if the seed germination were improved. In sum, seeding is best carried out in May. When deciding seeding rate for the purpose of hydroseeding, it will be necessary to adjust the woody plants germination percentage according to seeding timing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.112-120
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• 2010

This study was carried out to develop the environmental friendly restoration technique for various disturbed slopes using native plants seed chips. As the result of the separated seeding using the developed seed chips of native plant combination, average germination rate and survival rate of trees, shrubs, and herbs were higher than those of the direct seeding, as 79~70%, 83~73%, and 59~53% or so, respectively. Also, the germination rates and the survival rates of trees, shrubs, and herbs in the separated seeding by the native plants seed chips were 10~15 times higher than those of the direct seeding. Numbers of plants survived were at least 10 times of that of the simple seeding. The native plants seed chip technique is more efficient in soil slopes compared with stone slopes. The application of the native plants seed chip technique makes the restoration stabilized through the herbs dominant vegetation to the woody dominant 1 within 3 years, and the Landscapes also changed from herbs to variously combined herbs and woody. The technique using native plants seed chips that can be applicable to various disturbed slops is more efficient than conventional restoration techniques in the respect of economics and landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2015

Pennisetum aloperculoides is a key revegetation species mixed with other plants species and used for revegetating cut-slopes. The purpose of this research is to identify the effects of mixed seeding of revegetation plants on cut-slope revegetation with respect to the quantity of Pennisetum aloperculoides seeds. The coverage ratio and appearance frequency of Pennisetum aloperculoides, and other revegetation species were measured to assess the cut-slope revegetation. We divided Pennisetum treatments into four groups with different Pennisetum seed quantities of $0g/m^2$, $5g/m^2$, $10g/m^2$, and $15g/m^2$. For each treatment group, we mixed identical quantities of seeds from herbaceous flowers (bird's-boot trefoil, aster, chrysanthemums, golden coreopsis and china pink), cool-season turfgrasses, and woody plants (korean lespedeza, indigo and silk tree). The increase in the quantity of the Pennisetum seeds resulted in the higher coverage ratio for Pennisetum, but in the lower coverage ratio for herbaceous flowers, cool-season turfgrasses, and woody plants. We observed a short-term succession process in which the dominant species shifted in the following order: the initial species Pennisetum, herbaceous flowers, and then lastly woody plants. In case of the appearance frequency, we also observed the higher appearance frequency for Pennisetum and the lower appearance frequency for the other plants due to the increase in the quantity of Pennisetum seeds. Pennisetum, bird's-foot trefoil and china pink showed the tendency to decrease the appearance frequency from one month after seeding while cool-season turfgrasses became extinct due to summer drought. In the woody plants, the appearance frequencies of korean lespedeza and indigo were high due to the decrease in quantity of Pennisetum seeds. The silk trees were damaged from winter frost and none emerged at all in 2013 (the following year after the seeding). Korean lespedeza and indigo appeared to have the short-term rapid dominance over other treated revegetation plants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.141-150
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• 1998

This study was conducted to find out the possibility of seeding of Zoysia japonica and woody plants for the revegetation of rock-exposed-cutslopes by Natural Topsoil Restoration Methods (NTRM). The 5cm thick layer of artificial soil was attached at rock-exposed cutslopes for the growth of Zoysia japonica and native woody plants by NTRM. The main results were summarized as follows. 1. Artificial soil attached at rock-exposed-slopes by NTRM was not eroded until recovered by Zoysia japonica and native woody plants. It shows extremely low soil erodibility. 2. One year later after seeding, woody plants show 100% ground coverage. But, in early stage, they grew more quickly at northwest slopes than at southeast slopes. 3. In seeding of Zoysia japonica, it grew more quickly at southeast slopes than at northwest slopes. Also, it grew better at lower part of the slopes than at middle part of the slopes. 4. After one year from seeding, the height of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigo/era pseudo-tinctoria were longer than any other plants. The next were Albizzia julibrissin, Lespedeza cuneata and wild flowers. The tree height of Rhus chinensis shows 28cm length, so it has enough possibility to be used for roadside revegetation works. 5. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigo/era pseudo-tinctoria show different importance values according to slope aspect. But, they show tendency to outweigh the other plants at all slope-aspects. 6. Most of the plants seeded by NTRM were germinated well and they covered rock-exposed-slopes so quickly and effectively. Thus it leads to conclusion that the revegetation methods used in this experiment was a very effective methods to recover rock-exposed-slopes by seeding of zoysia japonica and native woody plants.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.147-151
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to clarify the relation of survival rates of seedling plants under grown orchardgrass populations and control by the difference cutting frequency. The orchardgrass populations investigated in this study have passed for 10 years after establishment. Cutting frequencies were 3, 4 and 5 times in a year. This experiment was conducted from April to October, 1989 at the experimental field of Institute of Agricultural Development, Yonsei University. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The survival rates of seedling plants decreased by the days after sowing. The final survival rates of seedling plants were 7.8%, 38.9% and 33.8% in 3, 4 and 5 cuttings, respectively. 2. Relative light intensity indicated highly possitive correlation with relative survival rates of seedling plants and negative correlation with plant length of orchardgrass populations in 4 and 5 cuttings. 3. The frequency distribution of survival seedling plants at 177 days after sowing were showed high values in seeding spots near the adjacent plants of 3 cutings, but in the middle of seeding spots between adjacent plants of 4 .and 5 cuttings, respectively. 4. The plant length of seedling became longer towards the seeding spots near the adjacent plants but the number of tillers increased slightly up to the middle of seeding spots between adjacent plants in all cutting frequencies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

This research was initiated to investigate the revegetation characteristics under the seeding amount treatments of cool-season turfgrasses on the disturbed slope. 4 different seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses (0.0 $g/m^2$, 1.5 $g/m^2$, 3.0 $g/m^2$, 6.0 $g/m^2$) with the same seeding amounts of native woody (Rhus chinensis, Albizzia julibrissin) and herbaceous plants (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena) were treated with 3 replications on the experimental disturbed slope. Data such as soil hardness (mm), moisture content (%), surface coverage rate (%), the number of each germinating plant and plant height were analyzed. There were no statistic differences observed in the soil hardness and the soil moisture content while a significant difference was observed in the surface coverage rates. The surface coverage rates were higher in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots compared to the rest two plots of cool-season turfgrasses. However, the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants was relatively low in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots of high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses. This result indicated that high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses could decrease the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants. We concluded that 1.5 g~3.0 $g/m^2$ seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses was optimum level for the balanced emergence of cool-season turfgrasses, native woody and herbaceous plants in the viewpoint of the ecological disturbed slope revegetation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2016

The preaent study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixed seeding of three wheat variwties, 'Anzunbaengimil', 'Jokyoung', and 'Sooan', on agricultural characteristics and quality of plants to select the most suitable mixed seeding ratio. We observed that the yield of plants obtained from the mixed seeding combinations was higher than those obtained from single seeding of the three varieties. The yield was high, especially for the combinations 'Sooan' and 'Anzunbaengimil' (80 and 20%, respectively) and 'Sooan' and 'Jokyoung' (90 and 10%, respectively). The protein content of the seedlings obtained from the above two combinations was higher than in the seedling of 'Sooan'. Based on our results, we suggest that mixed seeding of wheat varieties is more effective than single seeding in improving the yield and quality of plants obtained from mixed seeding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 2016

The purpose of the research is to identify the optimal seeding quantity of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria as leguminous woody plants for the cut-slope revegetation. To investigate the coverage ratio and appearance frequency, we divided Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria into five treatment groups with various quantities of $0.0g/m^2$, $1.0g/m^2$, $2.4g/m^2$, $3.8g/m^2$, and $5.2g/m^2$. For each treatment group, we mixed the identical quantities of herbaceous flowers (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena and Pennisetum alopecuroides) seeds and cool-season turfgrasses (Festuca arundinacea and Poa pratensis) seeds. In this result, as the seeding quantity of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria increased in the spray, the coverage ratio for leguminous woody plants appeared to increase whereas the coverage ratio decreased in herbaceous flowers and cool-season turfgrasses. However, when the seeding quantity of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria exceeded $3.8g/m^2$ in the spray, the coverage ratio of leguminous woody plants rather decreased compared to four treatment groups less than $3.8g/m^2$ seeding ratio. Based on the longitudinal data of coverage ratio in five treatment groups, we observed the gradual process of a short-term succession in which the dominant species shifted in the following order: First, cool-season turfgrasses; Second, herbaceous flowers; Third, leguminous woody plants. Comparing the appearance frequency of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya appeared more frequent in 2014 whereas Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria appeared to be relatively more frequent in 2015. As a result, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria was discovered to be a dominant species among woody plants. In this study, we observed that the optimal seeding quantity of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria was $2.4g/m^2{\sim}3.8g/m^2$. Moreover, the coverage ratio of 29.1%~35.4% and appearance frequency of 4.6plants~5.8plants were found in the condition of optimal seeding quantity.