• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.305-312
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• 2007

It is crucial to develop a miniaturized cultivation method for large and rapid screening of high-yielding mutants of monacolin-K, a powerful anti-hypercholesterolemic secondary metabolite biosynthesized by the fungal cells of Monascus ruber. In order to investigate as many strains as possible in a short time, a miniaturized fermentation method especially suitable for the cultivation of the filamentous Monascus mutants was developed using $50m{\ell}$ culture-tube ($7m{\ell}$ of working volume) instead of the traditional $250m{\ell}$ flask ($50m{\ell}$ of working volume). Generally, in filamentous fungal cell fermentations, morphologies in growth and production cultures should be maintained as thick filamentous and compact-pelleted (usually less than 1 mm in diameter) forms, respectively, for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in final production cultures. In this study, we intended to induce the respective optimal morphologies in the miniaturized culture system for the purpose of rapid screening of overproducers. Miniaturized growth culture system was successfully developed due to the mass production of spores in the statistically optimized solid medium. When large amounts of spores were inoculated into the growth cultures, and brown rice flour (20 g/L) was also supplemented to the growth medium, dense filamentous morphologies were successfully induced in the growth cultures performed with the 50 ml culture tubes. It was implied that the amounts of spores inoculated into the growth tube-cultures and the growth medium components should be the key factors for the induction of the filamentous forms in the growth fermentations. Furthermore, in order to statistically optimize production medium, multiple experiments based on Plackett-Burman design and response surface method (RSM) were carried out, resulting in more than 2 fold enhanced production of monacolin-K in the final production cultures with the optimized production medium. Notably, under the production culture conditions with the statistically optimized medium, optimal pellet sizes below 1 mm in diameter were reproducibly induced, in contrast to the thick and viscous filamentous morphologies observed in the previous production cultures.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.232-237
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• 2003

Benzyladenopuyine (BA) commonly used for soybean sprout production is of high price. The study was carried out to determine the effect of BA treatment time during seed imbibition on growth and development of soybean sprouts and to analyse its treatment cost. The soybean seeds of 4 cultivars were soaked in 4 ppm BA solution during the first 5.5 hour imbibition (EFHI), the second 5.5 hour imbibition (SFHI) immediately after 0.5 hour aeration, or whole 11.0 hour imbibition (WFHI) intervened by aeration. On the 6th day after culture, the soybean sprouts were classified into 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length; ＞ 7cm, 4 to 7cm, ＜ 4 cm and not germinated, and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Water absorption of the seeds was sharply reduced after it was almost done for the first 5.5 hours. The percentage of sprouts with hypocotyls of longer than 4cm was higher in FFHI treatment than in the other two ones. Regardless of BA imbibition time and periods, the lateral roots were not observed. WFHI treatment showed shorter hypocotyl and root lengths but thicker hypocotyl and hook diameters than FFHI and SFHI treatments. All component fresh and dry weights except cotyledon fresh weight were nearly same. Treatment cost of BA was the lowest in SFHI treatment. It is concluded that BA treatment during SFHI is the best time because its treatment time did not affect sprout growth but its treatment cost.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate antioxidant component content during maturity for judgement of optimum harvest time in black soybean. For high-functional black soybean production, accumulation pattern of isoflavone and saponin contents and anti oxidative activity according to maturity stage were investigated. Varieties used in this experiment were Ilpumgemojeongkong and heukcheongkong, which are the recommended black soybean in Korea. Isoflavone and saponin contents during maturity period in black soybean was the highest at $6{\sim}7$ days earlier than general harvesting time. It was indicated that optimum harvesting time for high quality soybean were $3{\sim}7$ days earlier than harvesting time for higher yield. As a result of investigation about accumulation pattern of antioxidant components by maturity stages in seed, total isoflavone content was the highest at 61 DAF in Ilpumgeomjeongkong and at 77 DAF in Heukcheongkong. Contents of total saponin were the highest at 61 DAF and at 71 DAF, respectively. In case of leaf, total isoflavone content was the highest at 55 DAF in Ilpumgeomjeongkong and Heukcheongkong. Contents of total saponin were the highest at 18 DAF and at $55{\sim}71$ DAF, respectively. It showed that black soybean's leaf could be developed as a new health food material, owing to high contents of antioxidant components and biological activity and it's suitable harvest time was at $R_7$.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.595-598
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• 2009

A new yellow gerbera (Gerbera hybrida Hort.) cultivar "Golden Time" was developed from a cross between '99-ga-2' and '99-na-7-6', followed by seedling and line selections at the Flower Research Institute, Gyeongnam Agricultural Research and Extension Services (ARES) in 2007. Detailed characteristics of the new cultivar were evaluated from 2004 to 2007. "Golden Time" has semi-double type large flowers in a good harmony with yellow (RHS, 17-B) ray floret and brown center. It has good, stable flower shape and strong peduncles, and its vase life was 12.3 days. The average flower yield of "Golden Time" was about 49.5 stems per plant/year in greenhouse trails during 2004 and 2007. This cultivar was registered to the Korea Seed and Variety Service (KSVS) for commercialization in 2009. Year-round production of this cultivar is possible in the greenhouse condition throughout the Korean climate.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.196-201
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• 2015

This study was conducted to seek optimum sowing time and pinching height for tender shoots production of moloheiya (Corchorus olitorius L.), which is a subtropical leaf vegetables, under an unheated greenhouse in the south of Korea. Seeds of moloheiya did not germinate at all at $10^{\circ}C$, but germinated well at $18{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ with 95.5~98.5% germination rate. Germination rate was 75.0% at $15^{\circ}C$, but germination speed was very low. The pods of moloheiya sown before April 28 was matured after late-August, but those sown after May 7 was not matured in that year. In tender shoot production and harvest frequency, treatment sown on April 14 was most plentiful among sowing time treatments, and showed marketable yield increase by 14~42% compared to other sowing times. Mean-while, pinching at 100cm high from soil surface was more effective than other heights for increment of branches and tender shoot. All above suggest that it was suitable to sow seed on mid-April and to pinch at 100cm high from soil surface for increment of tender shoots in the south of Korea.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.295-310
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• 1993

As a part for the development of effective mass production techniqne of the puffer, Takifugu rubripes. seedfish, an investigation was carried out in 1989. 1991 and 1992 to determine the optimum starting feeding time of rotifers as a starting food for the fish larvae, and to find out the influences of the light intensitiy and LD cycles on the Artemia consumption by the larvae. The optimum starting time of feeding with rotifer. Brachionus Plicatilis was 2nd to 5th day from hatching resulting in survival of $96.5\~90.0\%$. Optimum light conditions for maximum feeding for fish larvae with Artemia were 1000 lux in 6mm, 600 lux in 8mm, and 200 lux in total length of 10-12 mm larvae. Relationship between total length (X: mm) of fish (6-12 mm in total length) and light intensity (Y: lux) for maximum feeding was:Y=2200-200X (r=-1.000). Relationship between days from hatching (X) and total length (Y: mm) of puffer fry was :Y=1.6427+0.2540X(r=0.9814) for 3 to 36 days after hatching, Y=-33.1452+1.1867X(r= 0.9854) for 36 to 68 days after hatching. Survival rate for 68 days after hatching was $24.1\%$ and the range of water temperature during this period was $21.25\pm1.67^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.37-47
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• 2004

In Korea, over three hundreds of the coal mines were closed or abandoned due to the depression of the mining industry since the late 1980s. Many of them locate in the steep mountain valleys and the coal mine wastes had been disposed without a proper treatment From these mines, enormous amounts of coal mine overburdens have been abandoned in the slopes and the ample amounts of acid mine drainage (AMD) from either portal or overburdens have been discharging directly to the streams, causing the detrimental effects on soil and water qualities. Objectives of this research were to reclaim the coal mine overburdens using the lime waste cake from the soda ash production by stabilizing the overburden slopes, introducing the vegetation alleviate the environmental problems caused by the closed coal mines. The percentages of the grass distribution ratio (%) and the surface coverage ($\textrm{cm}^2$) in each treatment plot were determined during June to August after seed spraying grasses such as orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L), Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and Eulalia (Miscanthus sinensis Anderss) at the end of May. The grasses covered only 15.5 % of the coal overburden plot at the early stage but the coverage was increased with time to 33% in August. Growth of such grasses was enhanced with the combined treatments of lime waste and topsoil resulting in the increased surface coverage by the grasses. The Increment of the surface coverage from June to August was higher with lime waste treatments. The distribution percentages and surface coverage were highest when the lime wastes were treated at 25 % of the lime requirement. This might be related with the high salt contents in the hire wastes. Results demonstrated that the amounts of lime wastes at 25% of the lime requirement were sufficient for neutralizing the acidic coal overburden and introducing the re-vegetation. Either layering between the coal waste and topsoil or mixing with coal overburdens could be adopted as the lime waste treatment method. The combined treatment of lime wastes and topsoil was recommended for re-vegetation in the coal overburden slopes. The lime wastes from the soda ash production might have a potential to be recycled for the reclamation of the abandoned coal mines to alleviate the environmental problems associated with coal mine waste.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.297-305
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• 2008

A series of experiments were conducted to suggest efficient in vitro germination conditions to improve germination rate and aseptic seedling production in chicory and garland chrysanthemum. For this purpose, various levels of NaOCl concentration and soaking treatment time combinations were tasted. Fifteen minutes of soaking treatment with 5% NaOCl solution significantly improved germination and seedling formation percentages and prevented contamination in both chicory 'Precole' and 'Chiavari' and garland chrysanthemum 'Okiku 3'. There was no significant difference in germination response between MS and 1/2 MS medium compositions, but germination and seedling formation were delayed as sucrose concentration increased. Although petri-dish among various culture containers gave rise to improved germination responses in chicory 'Precole', there was no significant difference in germination responses among culture container types in chicory 'Chiavari' and garland chrysanthemum 'Okiku 3'. The ultrasonic treatment stimulated germination and seedling formation in both chicory cultivars but there was no effect in garland chrysanthemum 'Okiku 3'. The results suggested 15 minutes with 5% NaOCl for seed sterilization, 1/2 MS medium with no sucrose and petri-dish as proper medium composition and culture container, and 120 minutes with 5% NaOCl solution of ultrasonic treatment as promoting method for in vitro germination in chicory and garland chrysanthemum.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2002

Human activities greatly affect the environment causing its degradation. Urban development and road networks construction cause main impacts on ecosystems and particularly on vegetation cover: road constructions induce complete degradation of the vegetation cover and often leaves a hare land, sometimes without even a soil cover. Reconstitution of vegetation cover is necessary to limit superficial erosion and land slipping on the road, towards a reintegration of the site in the neighbouring landscape. Many approaches have been studied over the last 30 years aiming at this reconstitution of vegetation cover. At frost, the main purpose of land reclamation was to create a new ecosystem. At this time, the environment created was rather a "garden" with a new soil adapted to the plantation of "decorative" species. Then, in early 90′s many studies on the restoration ecology concept rather focused on adapting the vegetation to the existing conditions on the site, as in a side road embankment for example. Nowadays, we notice a large tendency towards the use of such adapted native species instead of industrially produced seeds. In southern France, our team have led research on the potentials of those local species for their use in revegetation processes with hydro-seeding. We therefore developed an approach combining the use of different types of species: Industrially produced, native and wild cultivated species. This method integrates the benefits of using available low costing seeds that are already used on large scale projects with better adapted species, issued form the cultivation of native species and seed production for their use on smaller scale and more costly but more effective results. The use of wild cultivated species seeds was developed in order to limit the cost and reduce harsh natural seed withdrawal in the natural environment In the case of the use of native species. Besides, the use of such seeds allowed a larger geographical scale of use than with local native seeds. In addition, our team began two years ago a research project in Lebanon aiming at the Introduction and development of the revegetation techniques in Lebanon. In fact, this country bared since 20 years the consequences of urban pressure on its environment especially by the development of quarries and road networks. Therefore, pioneer work is necessary to aim at the adaptation of these techniques to the local environment.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2015

The conservation project to protect an endangered fish, Gobiobotia naktongensis was executed against declining the gene diversity of the fish after the construction of Youngju Dam in a sand-bed stream (Naeseongcheon Stream). We tried to move the populations of G. naktongensis from submerged planned sites to alternative habitats, bred artificially and augmented the juveniles to optimal habitat, and monitored the results of the restoration implementation. No entity of G. naktongensis was confirmed at the planned submerged sites despite attempting to capture more than 8 times and eventually the movement to alternative habitat could not be implemented. About 40 individuals of G. naktongensis were captured in the Naeseongcheon Stream and a total of 5,000 individuals were artificially spawned up. The population of juvenile inherited the genetic diversity from the brood stock. The bred juveniles were discharged at the selected optimal site that had a habit condition what was similar to their natural habitat. The micro-dispersion around the discharging area was found at the early stages of the augmentation. The re-capturing rate of discharged juveniles was reduced as time passed. The discharged juveniles seemed to adapt to the natural environment of Naeseongcheon Stream. The observation of their high abdominal distension and excrement demonstrated that the juveniles fed successfully in the discharging area. Therefore, securement of genetic homogeneity and enhancement of restoration population of G. naktongensis in upstream and downstream of Youngju Dam site from the artificial seed producing seemed to be primarily successful and long-term monitoring and analysis of the effect was expected to be necessary.