• The Korean Nurse
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.48-65
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• 1990

The government has adopted a policy to introduce Home Health Care Program, and has established a three stage plan to implement it. The three stage plan is : First, to amend Article 54 (Nurses for Different Types of Services) of the Regulations for Implementing the Law of Medical Services; Second, to tryout the new system through pilot projects established in public hospitals and clinics; and third, to implement at all hospitals and equivalent medical institutions. In accordance with the plan, the Regulation has been amend and it was promulgated on January 9,1990, thus establishing a legal ground for implementing the policy. Subsequently, however, the Medical Association raised its objection to the policy, causing a delay in moving into the second stage of the plan. Under these circumstances, a study was conducted by collecting and evaluating the opinions of physicians, nurses, non-medical personnel and patients on the need and expected result from the home health care for the purpose of help facilitating the implementation of the new system. As a result of this study, it was revealed that: 1. Except the physicians, absolute majority of all other three groups - nurses, non-medical personnel and patients -gave positive answers to all 11 items related to the need for establishing a program for Home Health Care. Among the physicians, the opinions on the need for the new services were different depending on their field of specialty, and those who have been treating long term patients were more positive in supporting the new system. 2. The respondents in all four groups held very positive view for the effectiveness and the expected result of the program. The composite total of scores for all of 17 items, however, re-veals that the physicians were least positive for the- effectiveness of the new system. The people in all four groups held high expectation on the system on the ground that: it will help continued medical care after the discharge from hospitals; that it will alleviate physical and economic burden of patient's family; that it will offer nursing services at home for the patients who are suffering from chronic disease, for those early discharge from hospital, or those who are without family members to look after the patients at home. 3. Opinions were different between patients( who will receive services) and nurses (who will provide services) on the types of services home visiting nurses should offer. The patients wanted "education on how to take care patients at home", "making arrangement to be admitted into hospital when need arises", "IV injection", "checking blood pressure", and "administering medications." On the other hand, nurses believed that they can offer all 16 types of services except "Controlling pain of patients", 4. For the question of "what types of patients are suitable for Home Health Care Program; " the physicians, the nurses and non-medical personnel all gave high score on the cases of "patients of chronic disease", "patients of old age", "terminal cases", and the "patients who require long-term stay in hospital". 5. On the question of who should control Home Health Care Program, only physicians proposed that it should be done through hospitals, while remaining three groups recommended that it should be done through public institutions such as public health center. 6. On the question of home health care fee, the respondents in all four groups believed that the most desireable way is to charge a fixed amount of visiting fee plus treatment service fee and cost of material. 7. In the case when the Home Health Care Program is to be operated through hospitals, it is recommended that a new section be created in the out-patient department for an exclusive handling of the services, instead of assigning it to an existing section. 8. For the qualification of the nurses for-home visiting, the majority of respondents recommended that they should be "registered nurses who have had clinical experiences and who have attended training courses for home health care". 9. On the question of if the program should be implemented; 74.0% of physicians, 87.5% of non-medical personnel, and 93.0% of nurses surveyed expressed positive support. 10. Among the respondents, 74.5% of -physicians, 81.3% of non-medical personnel and 90.9% of nurses said that they would refer patients' to home health care. 11. To the question addressed to patients if they would take advantage of home health care; 82.7% said they would if the fee is applicable to the Health Insurance, and 86.9% said they would follow advises of physicians in case they were decided for early discharge from hospitals. 12. While 93.5% of nurses surveyed had heard about the Home Health Care Program, only 38.6% of physicians surveyed, 50.9% of non-medical personnel, and 35.7% of patients surveyed had heard about the program. In view of above findings, the following measures are deemed prerequisite for an effective implementation of Home Health Care Program. 1. The fee for home health care to be included in the public health insurance. 2. Clearly define the types and scope of services to be offered in the Home Health Care Program. 3. Develop special programs for training nurses who will be assigned to the Home Health Care Program. 4. Train those nurses by consigning them at hospitals and educational institutions. 5. Government conducts publicity campaign toward the public and the hospitals so that the hospitals support the program and patients take advantage of them. 6. Systematic and effective publicity and educational programs for home heath care must be developed and exercises for the people of medical professions in hospitals as well as patients and their families. 7. Establish and operate pilot projects for home health care, to evaluate and refine their programs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1109-1120
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• 2009

This study develops a fitted torso type basic pattern for men by utilizing 3D body scan data. Recent fashion trends are reflected in the development of the pattern. The subjects were 15 men in their 20's, who wear size 95 (M size). Body scan data was obtained through a 3D whole body scanner (WB4, Cyberware, USA), and a body surface development figure for developing male fitted torso type basic pattern was attained through the use of Rapid Form 2006 as well as Auto CAD 2006 programs. The results are as follows: A body surface development figure through body surface segment method showed high exactitude in an error range of 100$\pm$1%. In addition, it occurred in an error range of 100:1:3% because of the hard scanning conditions in the incline of the shoulder and armpit areas. However, the body surface development figure as well as the direct measurement results can be used as basic data for the given patternmaking since the error range falls into 100$\pm$3%. Dart amounts obtained from the average cross section were center back 2.2cm (24.3%), back armpit point 3.8cm (41.8%), front armpit point 3.0cm (33.9%). As shown the jacket pattern, the biggest dart amount was portioned out at the back armpit point. The drafting equations for the development pattern acquired are as follows; Full width=C/2+5cm, back length=height/4-1cm, armhole depth=(C/10+12cm)+3cm, back width=2C/10+2cm, front width=2C/10. The development pattern was a fitted torso basic pattern that was composed of 3 pieces, so it would be very useful in developing shirt or jacket patterns. According to the results of the evaluation of the developed pattern appearance, it obtained higher scores of over 3.5 points in almost items, meaning that the developed pattern is appropriate for a male fitted torso type basic pattern. It suggests a possibility of patternmaking from a body surface development figure in 2-D to prototype.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.37-50
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• 2015

Objective : In order to understand the scale of medicinal expenditure in the Korean medicine, an analysis has been made of Korean National Health Account and statistic archives used to estimate the Korean National Health Account and also of such archives as are contributory to learn the scale of total health expenditures in the Korean medicine. Method : From the Korean National Health Account archives, an analysis has been made of National health insurance statistic annual reports, National health insurance non-payment items, Korean Economic Census (The Service Industy Survey), and Korea Health Panel data. Moreover, in order to know the sales of overall Korean medicine clinics, relevant data have been utilized and cited from investigations into National tax statistics, Korean medicine medical institutions and Korean medicines used, and current states of medicinal herbs and Korean medicine industry. Results : It is found that the average scale of each section of the medical expenditures archives in the Korean medicine in 2012 was KRW 3.5638 billion and that the average medical expenditures in the Korean medicine derived from Total Health Expenditure, The Service Industy Survey, National tax statistic, and Korean medicine industry are approximately KRW 3.3901, 3.4796, 3.7218 and 3.9634 billion. And the average expenditures derived from National health insurance patients and Korea Health Panel data are 2.5162 and 2.2292 billion won and those from the users and consumers of Korean medicines and herbs are 5.6,461 billion won. In order to verify the appropriateness of estimated medical expenditures in the Korean medicine included in the archives, an analysis has been made of uninsured costs which come from the aggregate sales amount surveyed minus health insurance treatment expenditures and it is found that the ratio of insured costs against total health expenditures in 2006 was 50.67% and 41.92% in 2012 and that the ratio based on National tax statistics and The Service Industy Survey was 52.19% and 49.28% in 2006 and 50.54% and 50.64% in 2012 and that the ratio of uninsured costs against Korean medicines and herbs and Korean medicine industry was 37.5% and 58.27% in 2013. Conclusion : It calls for the improvement of the accuracy of an investigation into Total Health Expenditure which comprise the actual conditions of health insurance and Korea Health Panel, the development of statistic schemes for understanding and classifying medical expenditures of all the Korean medicine medicinal institutions like medicinal clinics, and enhanced methods for independent panels to comprehensively collect and analyze the number of sampled Korean medicine medical institutions.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.73-85
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of the urinary incontinence and it's relating factors in women. The target population is 327 community dwelling women in the age of 30-70 years old at 6 cities in Korea. The data were collected from August, 1996 to December. 1996 with interview using structured questionaire composing of items of general characteristics, obstetric characteristics, disease characteristics, situation of experiencing urinary incontinence, discomfort due to urinary incontinence, and depression. The data were analysed with $SPSS/PC^+$ program, T-test, $x^2$ test, and ANOVA test. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1) The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women is 37.7%(130/327). 2) The mean duration of experiencing the urinary incontinence was 75.9 months and the 60% of the respondents experienced a few frequency of urinary incontinence and the most common amount of urinary incontinence(91.5%) was somewhat small expressed as 'wetting their clothes'. 3) The common factors related to the urinary incontinence were coughing, sneezing, laughing aloudly, and the activities of need for hurry. 4) The most common situations of discomforts associated with urinary incontinence were having long journey, exercise, playing, and social meeting. 5) The incidence of urinary incontinence was significantly higher in woman who had more children, older age of last delivery, more vaginal delivaries, and less c-section. 6) The incidence of urinary incontinence was not affected with the disease characteristics of the respondents, however it was higher when the women had the physical problems of constipation, abdominal laparatomy and episode of urinary catheterization than who had not. 7) The most common symptom of urinary incontinence was the frequent urine(43.1%), and the next was the urgent urine(12.3), delayed urine(9.2%). 8) 90.7% of the epsodic urinary incontinence were not treated at al, however, they wanted to try the herb medicine(41.5%), Kegel exercise(27.7%), and biofeedback(10.0%). 9) The level of Depression in the group of urinary incontinence was higher than that of non incontinence group significantly. In conclusion, as urinary incontinence in women proved severe health problem, health care providers need to develop and provide nursing intervention of urinary incontinence such as pelvic muscle exercise with bio-feedback and psychological care.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.268-279
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• 2008

This study is aimed at typifying the crossing structure and inquiring into the characteristics of vegetation distribution by type targeting Dorimcheon(stream), Banghakcheon(stream), Seongnaecheon(stream) and some sections of Yangjaecheon(stream) in Seoul through the establishment of basic data for restoring vegetation in urban stream. This research classified the crossing structure into 56 slope types and 31 vertical types in combination with the three items, such as bank slope(vertical style, slope style) of bank, absence or presence of waterside, and revetment structure. This research derived nine slope types including SB1 (revetment of low water level-revetment with vegetation, and revetment of high water level-nature riverside) including SG5(revetment of low water-concrete, and revetment of high water level-riprap work), and three vertical types, such as VH4(bank revetment-wet masonry), and VH7(bank revetment - concrete )from the target survey areas. Among these, both revetment of low water level and high water level were found to be distributed on the longest section as the type of SG7 and VG7 structured in concrete. As a result of inquiry and analysis of micro topography structure and vegetation structure of eight major types, this research could find out the influence of crossing structure on plant vegetation according to the characteristic by typified item, but there appeared no distinct characteristic of vegetation distribution by crossing structure.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.149-160
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• 2011

This study developed a HSI for the creatures in Hongcheon River in order to analyze the conditions proper for habitats. For the index, the investigator identified a total of seven items encompassing hydraulic characteristics such as flow velocity and water depth, and water quality characteristics such as water temperature, BOD, DO, TN, and TP. The subject river was simulated, inspected, and revised with a two-dimensional river model (RMA-2) and water quality model (QUAL2E). Using GIS, the developed index was divided by section by reflecting river characteristics and compared and analyzed with the statistics. The river was divided into a total of 29 reaches by reflecting the basic characteristics and the features of the hydraulic coefficient on the cross-sections of the river. According to the analysis results, the fish scored the highest mean of the overall habitat suitability index of 0.769 at reach 27. Each of the variables had the following mean values: 0.122 m/s for flow velocity, 0.782m for water depth, $14.3^{\circ}C$ for water temperature, 0.68 mg/l for BOD, 10.3 mg/l for DO, 2.4 mg/l for TN, and 0.0121mg/l for TP.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.540-562
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• 2014

Although the impact of technological partner selection on the success of technological alliance is critical, little attention has been paid to the area of technological alliance partner selection criteria and the relationship between partner selection criteria and success factors of alliance. This study bridges this gap by understanding previous studies of general alliance partner selection criteria such as marketing, international, logistics and production alliances. I drew technological alliance partner selection criteria using AHP method with 12 experts who are currently in charge of technological alliance activities at Korean Venture Companies. This study found 4 criteria such as 'task-related', 'partner-related', 'learning-related', 'risk-related' criteria with 14 items and the relative importance of technological alliance partner selection showed as follows: 'risk-related', 'learning-related', 'partner-related', 'task-related' criteria. In order to test the relationship between technological partner selection criteria and performance, I used 215 survey data of Korean Venture Companies. The results showed that 'partner-related' and 'task-related' criteria had strong positive impacts on the success of technological alliance. Further, I put 4 moderating variables into the study model in order to see their moderating effects. However, no moderating variable showed significant effects. In conclusion section, I discussed the findings and implications of this study and directions for future studies.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.48-67
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• 2006

The aim of the study was to examine levels of satisfaction with health care in North Korea and to identify factors associated with it using a convenience sample of North Korean refugees in China. Data from the 2004 Survey of Health Seeking Behavior of North Korean Households conducted by the Center for Refugee and Disaster Response, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health were used. The study subjects were 273 North Korean refugees whose length of stay in China was less than 3 months. Factor analysis was used to extract factor dimensions from the 12 satisfaction items. Bivariate (t test and ANOVA) and multiple regression analyses were used in examining factors associated with satisfaction with health care use in North Korea Overall, satisfaction level was low ($2.36{\pm}0.36$, score range: 1-5). Of the three-factor dimensions, physician skills scored the highest $(2.93{\pm}0.36)$, followed by drug availability $(2.51{\pm}0.07)$ and general cleanliness $(1.66{\pm}0.55)$. In the multiple regression analysis, having a usual source of care was significantly associated with patient satisfaction. Respondents who identified primary care (section) doctors as their usual source of care tended to be less satisfied than those with the city or county hospital as their usual source of care. County residents tended to report a lower degree of satisfaction with general cleanliness than city residents. Among socioeconomic characteristics, the number of household assets positively predicted satisfaction with drug availability. North Korean residents appear to be dissatisfied with their medical care. It may reflect some inadequacies in the North's universal health care system to meet the healthcare needs of its people.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.411-422
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• 2000

Considering the rapid change of modern nursing knowledge, it is necessary to make changes in the curriculum of nursing education periodically according to the patient-nursing needs and the students' needs. This means that nursing education has to provide opportunities for the development of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Also, as the students of the RN-BSN program being all registered nurses, the education program for them is planned differently from the general undergraduate program. This study was conducted to establish the scope of educational contents of pediatric nursing in RN-BSN program. The contents of the pediatric nursing curriculum and its necessity was identified and reviewed. From June 5 to June 30 2000, data were collected from 309 RN-BSN students in 5 nursing schools. The questionnaire used for this study was developed by their researchers and the Korean Nursing Association and consisted of items according to the curriculum contents of pediatric nursing. The data were analyzed through frequency and percentages and was analyzed using SPSSWIN 10.0 programs. The results were as follows: 1.In the section surveying on the credits of pediatric theory and clinical practice, 3 out of 5 schools had 2 credits in theory (60.0%), and 2 credits for clinical practice in 2 schools, and 2 credits were given to the elective practice in 2 other schools. 2. In analyzing the degree of demand for lecture and clinical practice, 52.1% of students preferred lectures to be given by professors and 53.7% preferred their level of undergraduate knowledge updated and finally most of the students (81.9%) didn't want to do the clinical practice. 3.The students weighted the importance of current curriculum contents as follows : sex education of adolescence(60.8%), high-risk infant(59.5%), sex education of school age children(59.2%), the handicapped children (55.7%), health assessment(52.4%), children with pneumonia(51.5%), children with asthma (47.1%), children with burns(41.1%). In conclusion, there is a need for research to measure the degree of education satisfaction and needs in RN-BSN students and to improve the curriculum contents in pediatric nursing.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.263-274
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine a monitoring method, management zones, and maintenance strategies for water friendly facilities in urban streams after the completion of ecological restoration projects. Maintenance monitoring items are composed of 'use space& facilities', 'trails& bike roads', 'access', and 'boards'. The evaluation standards of water friendly facilities are 'maintenance conditions', 'safety', and 'usage level' which are rated as 'good', 'moderate', and 'poor'. Through a field survey and evaluation of 15 stream sections in Jeonjucheon,the management levels of each water friendly facility are determined as 'priority maintenance', 'general maintenance', 'maintain/remove', and 'remove'. Based on the evaluation results, management zones and maintenance strategies are proposed for each stream section. As a results, the stream sections of J2, J3, J4, and J9 which have 5 to 9 facilities with 'priority maintenance' are determined as 'intensive management zone'. The stream sections of J5, J6, J7, J8, J11, and J14 which have 1 to 3 facilities with 'priority maintenance' are determined as 'regular management zone'. The stream sections of J1, J10, J12, J13, and J15 which have no facilities with 'priority maintenance' are determined as 'minimum management zone'. The process of monitoring & evaluation system and determining management zones can be applied to establish a systematic maintenance plan for water friendly facilities by participation of governance in the future.