• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.679-684
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• 2007

Purpose: DMH(1,2-dimethylhydrazine) has been known to induce vascular neoplasm such as malignant endothelioma in animal experiment, through induction of abnormal proliferation of HUVECs. In our previous studies, 11 types of PKC isoenzymes were determined by RT-PCR and the expression of $PKC{\alpha}$, and ${\mu}$ was more prominent than other PKC isoenzymes in the DMH-treated group. However, this result was not based on objective assessment. In this study, we further evaluated the role of $PKC{\alpha}$ on the DMH-induced abnormal proliferation of HUVECs by two different methods to identify its presence with high relevance in objective view. $PKC{\mu}$ will be investigated in further study. Methods: The study was conducted with the cultured HUVECs group(control) and the $0.75{\times}10^{-9}M$ DMH-treated group. After processing protein extraction in 0 and 24 hour, extracted protein was treated of quantitative test through BCA protein assay. In the western blot analysis, electrophoresis was performed in the order of gel preparation, sample preparation, and gel running. Electrotransfer to nitrocellulose membrane and reaction with antibody were done. Detection of $PKC{\alpha}$ was achieved through "Gel Image Analysis System". In the fluorescence immunocytochemical analysis, the grading of radiance of the intracellular $PKC{\alpha}$ particles was detected with confocal microscope after treating with primary and fluorescent secondary antibody in 0 and 24 hours. Results: The Western blot analysis showed increased $PKC{\alpha}$ expression from the specimen obtained in 24 hour of the DMH treatment group when compared to those in control group. Under confocal fluorescence microscope, the emitting radiance in the DMH treated group was brighter at 24 hours as well. Conclusion: We believe that $PKC{\alpha}$ plays a role in DMH-induced abnormal proliferation of the vascular endothelium, which may provide insights in understanding the vascular neoplasm.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2003

슬래그는 철분함량이 높아 자원으로의 활용이 가능하나 시장상황에 따라 매립되는 등 재활용이 활발히 이루어지지 않은 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 슬래그의 재활용이 즘 더 용이하도록 슬래그 내에 존재하는 철분 회수의 중요한 방법인 자력선별 방안에 대하여 고찰하였다. 수재 슬래그, 수냉 전로 슬래그, 공냉 전로 슬래그를 시료로 사용하였고 자장의 세기, 드럼의 회전속도, 슬래그의 투입량에 따른 철분 회수량에 대하여 조사하였다. 철분함량이 적은 수재슬래그는 피더의 진동수 및 드럼의 회전수가 느릴수록 회수율이 증가하였으며 0.5mm 이상의 입도에서 자력선별시 고품위의 철분을 얻을 수 있었다. 수냉의 전로 슬래그의 경우 피더의 진동수가 빠를수록, 드럼의 회전수가 느릴수록 회수율이 증가하는 것으로 조사되었고 입도의 크기가 작아질수록 입도별 회수율이 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 공냉의 전로 슬래그는 피더의 진동수가 낮은 경우 드럼의 회전수가 감소할수록, 높은 경우는 드럼의 회전수가 증가할수록 회수율이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 자력선별시 자장의 세기를 증가시키면 회수율은 증가하나 금속철 이외의 철 화합물의 혼입이 많아져 품위가 낮아지는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1998

카올리나이트에 의한 세슘-137 및 스트론튬-90 흡착에 대한 지하수의 주요 양이온 ($Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Na^+$ 및 음이온 ($SO_4{^{2-}}$, $HCO_3{^-}$)의 영향을 그리고 pH의 영향을 뱃치실험을 통하여 알아보았다. 세슘 및 스트론튬 흡착에 대한 지하수 양이온들의 농도, 전하, 이온반경사이의 상대적인 영향을 알아보기 위하여 통계적 방법으로 디자인된 3차원적인 Kd 모델링 방법이 시도되었다. 모델링결과 흡착에 미치는 정도는 양이온의 수화반경이 가장 큰 영향을 미치며, 그다음 이온들의 전하, 농도의 순서임이 밝혀졌다. pH변화에 따른 카올리나이트의 제타전위를 측정하고 amphoteric 반응측면에서 Cs, Sr 흡착 특성을 설명하였다. 카올리나이트의 Cs 및 Sr 흡착에 대한 경쟁양이온들의 이온강도가 pH 보다는 더 큰 영향을 미친다. 탄산수소이온의 농도는 스트론튬의 흡착거동에 상당한 영향을 미친다. 이는 탄산수소이온 ($HCO_3{^-}$)의 농도변화에 다른 pH의 변화에 기인하는 것 뿐만아니라, WATWQ4F 프로그램을 이용한 열역학적 계산에 의하면 Strontianite ($SrCO_3$)의 침전에 의한 것으로 해석된다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.682-692
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• 2008

Fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) were collected and analyzed from November 2005 through August 2007 in Chuncheon, Korea to investigate the characteristics of $PM_{2.5}$ and its ionic constituents. The average $PM_{2.5}$ concentration during the study period was $39{\mu}g/m^3$, which is almost two times higher than the annual US NAAQS $PM_{2.5}$ standard of $15{\mu}g/m^3$. $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were higher in spring and winter than in summer and fall. During spring, Asian Dust events dramatically enhanced $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations, and long-range transport of $PM_{2.5}$ emitted in industrial area of China often occurred during winter based on trajectory analysis. Contribution of $PM_{2.5}$ to $PM_{10}$ concentrations ranged from $72{\mu}g/m^3$ during Asian Dust events to $457{\mu}g/m^3$, indicating that a large portion of $PM_{2.5{\sim}10}$ was transported from China during Asian Dust events. Among the major ionic constituents ${SO_4}^{2-}$ showed the highest concentration, followed by ${NH_4}^+$, ${NO_3}^-$ and ${NO_2}^-$. Chuncheon appeared to be ${NH_4}^+$ rich environment, indicating that $(NH_4)_{2}SO_4$ and ${NH_4}{NO_3}$ were the predominant forms of ${NO_3}^-$ and ${SO_4}^2$ in $PM_{2.5}$. Haze has frequently occurred in Chuncheon since So-Yang dam was constructed in 1973. Haze events were observed on 23 days during sampling period, and the average $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was approximately 1.6 times higher during haze events than during non-haze events. This result suggests that haze enhances the secondary aerosol formation because the aerosol spontaneously absorbs water to form a saturated salt solution, deriving a significant increase in the mass of the particle.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.329-342
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• 2004

In this paper, we present preliminary feasibility studies on three types of solar observation payloads for future Korean Science and Technology Satellite (STSAT) programs. The three candidates are (1) an UV imaging telescope, (2) an UV spectrograph, and (3) an X-ray spectrometer. In the case of UV imaging telescope, the most important constraint seems to be the control stability of a satellite in order to obtain a reasonably good spatial resolution. Considering that the current pointing stability estimated from the data of the Far ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (FIMS) onboard the Korean STSAT-1, is around 1 arc minutes/sec, we think that it is hard to obtain a spatial resolution sufficient for scientific research by such an UV Imaging Telescope. For solar imaging missions, we realize that an image stabilization system, which is composed of a small guide telescope with limb sensor and a servo controller of secondary mirror, is quite essential for a very good pointing stability of about 0.1 arcsec. An UV spectrograph covering the solar full disk seems to be a good choice in that there is no risk due to poor pointing stability as well as that it can provide us with valuable UV spectral irradiance data valuable for studying their effects on the Earth's atmosphere and satellites. The heritage of the FIMS can be a great advantage of developing the UV spectrograph. Its main disadvantage is that two major missions are in operation or scheduled. Our preliminary investigations show that an X-ray spectrometer for the full disk Sun seems to be the best choice among the three candidates. The reasons are : (1) high temporal and spectral X-ray data are very essential for studying the acceleration process of energetic particles associated with solar flares, (2) we have a good heritage of X-ray detectors including a rocket-borne X-ray detector, (3) in the case of developing countries such as India and Czech, solar X-ray spectrometers were selected as their early stage satellite missions due to their poor pointing stabilities, and (4) there is no planned major mission after currently operating Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) mission. Finally, we present a preliminary design of a solar X-ray spectrometer covering soft X-ray (2 keV) to gamma ray (10 MeV).

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.706-714
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• 2020

전 세계 90 %의 인구가 WHO의 연평균 미세먼지 노출 기준(10 ㎍/㎥)을 초과한 공기를 흡입하고 있다. 전 세계적으로 육상뿐만 아니라 해양에서 발생하는 질소산화물에 대한 규제를 통해 2차 오염물질, 초미세먼지 저감에 대해 노력하고 있으며 국내에서는 선박에서 미세먼지 발생의 주요한 원인인 황 함유량 저감과 환경친화적 선박의 개발 및 보급 등을 통해 깨끗한 해양환경 조성을 위한 노력을 하고 있다. 디젤엔진 유해 배출가스 저감을 위한 기술 중 압력 손실이 적고 높은 집진 효율 및 NOx의 제거와 유지 관리의 장점이 많은 전기 집진기의 수요와 중요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 총톤수 999톤급 선박의 2,427 kW 선박용 디젤엔진의 미세먼지 저감을 목적으로 개발된 전기 집진기를 예지보전단계에서 고장모드영향분석을 통해 장비 품질을 높여 선박 내에서의 내구연한을 높이고자 위험 우선순위 도출하였다. 위험 우선순위는 고장모드 241(poor dust capture efficiency)이 RPN 180으로 가장 높았다. Collecting electrode에서 가장 많은 고위험 고장모드를 검출하여 집중관리 부품으로 관리해야 할 필요가 있었으며 원인으로 진동과 핀 풀림으로 인한 유격 불량이 가장 많이 검출되었다. 핀 풀림 역시 근본적으로는 선체 또는 장비에서 발생하는 진동이 원인이 되어 발생할 수 있는 사항이기 때문에 핀 풀림이 발생하는 개소에 보완이 필요하겠다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2010

수용성 유기 및 무기성분은 대기 에어로졸 입자의 중요한 구성성분들이며 간접적으로 기후에 영향을 미치는 구름응결핵으로 작용한다. 유기 및 원소탄소(organic and elemental carbon, OC 및 EC) 및 수용성 유기탄소(water soluble OC, WSOC) 및 이온성분농도를 조사하기 위하여 광주지역에서 24시간 기준의 미세입자($PM_{2.5}$)를 측정하였다. 측정기간 중 $PM_{2.5}$ 수용성 분율의 주요성분인 WSOC, $NO_3^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$ 및 $NH_4^+$의 평균농도는 각각 2.11, 5.73, 3.51 및 $3.31{\mu}g/m^3$ 이었으며, $PM_{2.5}$ 농도의 12.0(2.9~23.9%), 21.0(12.9~37.6%), 11.6(2.5~25.9%), 및 11.7%(3.8~18.6%)를 차지하였다. 총 수용성 성분(유기+무기) 중 WSOC 화합물이 차지하는 분율은 평균 17.6%(5.4~35.9%)이었다. EC 추적자 기법을 이용해 평가한 2차 OC 및 WSOC 농도는 각각 평균적으로 0.78 및 $0.34{\mu}g/m^3$이었으며, 전체 OC 및 WSOC 중의 평균 17.9%(범위: 0~44.4%) 및 평균 11.2%(범위: 0~51.4%)를 차지하였다. 광주지역 겨울철에 측정한 $SO_4^{2-}$ 입자는 국지적인 기상산화반응보다는 장거리 이동 또는 수용액 변환과정에 의한 영향, 구름 내 변환과정 등이 황산염 입자 생성에 중요하게 작용했을 것으로 판단한다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2007

This study aimed to investigate the hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dechlorinating ability of sediment microbes collected from a natural canal receiving secondary effluents from an industrial estate and nearby factories. Nine sites along the stream and one in the estuary in the Gulf of Thailand into which the canal spills were specified and sampling for sediment and water. Preliminary analysis of the sediments showed that the first four sites nearest to the discharging location were contaminated by HCB within the range of 0.18 to 1.25 ppm. Apart from that, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene which has never been commercially produced or used in any manufacturing processes except for the transformation from higher chlorinated benzene was also identified in the range of 0.16 to 0.24 ppm. This suggested a possibility of sporadically HCB contamination in this stream. Of more important, people in the community along this canal earn their living by coastal fishery; hence, posing a risk of spreading HCB and its less chlorinated congeners via food chain from caught marine creatures to human. As a result, there is an urgent need to understand the behavior of HCB dechlorination in this stream sediment which can lead to a clean-up action in the future. Serum bottles with sediment slurries (sediment to water ratio of 1:1 (v/v) and filtered to remove particles larger than 0.7 mm) from each site were inoculated with 2 mg/l of HCB, kept anaerobically in the dark at room temperature without any nourishment, and analyzed for HCB and its less-chlorinated congeners every 6 days. Total chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, and volatile suspended solids were in the range of 21,492-73,584, 158,100-518,100 and 6,000-32,700 mg/l, respectively. It was found that all sediment slurries began to dechlorinate HCB in 12 to 30 days and the HCB was completely removed within 42 to 60 days or so. On the other hand, there was no HCB dechlorination occurred in the controlled set which was sterilized by autoclaving prior to the addition of HCB. This implies that the HCB transformation was solely due to microorganisms' activities. HCB was dechlorinated principally via pentachlolobenzene to 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene and terminated at 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene which is the major pathway as reported by many researchers. Dichlorobenzene has not been detected in any samples within the dechlorination period of 60 days. The results indicate that the microbial matrix in the sediment of this stream has an outstanding capability to dechlorinate HCB. Existing substrates and nutrients which mainly sorbed onto the solid phase and the typical temperature in Thailand were sufficient and suitable to promote the activities of these HCB-dechlorinating microbes.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.241-250
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to estimate air quality trends in the study area by surveying monthly and seasonal concentration trends. To do this, the mass concentration of $PM_{10}$ samples and the metals, ions, and total carbon in the $PM_{10}$ were analyzed. The mean concentration of $PM_{10}$ was $33.9{\mu}g/m^3$. The composition of $PM_{10}$ was 39.2% ionic species, 5.1% metallic species, and 26.6% carbonic species (EC and OC). Ionic species, especially sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate, were the most abundant in the $PM_{10}$ and had a high correlation coefficient with $PM_{10}$. Seasonal variation of $PM_{10}$ showed a similar pattern to those of ionic and metallic species. with high concentration during the winter and spring seasons. $PM_{10}$ showed high correlation with the ionic species $NO_3{^-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$. In addition, $NH_4{^+}$ was highly correlated with $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$. We obtained four factors through factor analysis and determined the pollution sources using the United States Environmental Protection Agency(U.S. EPA) pollution profile. The first factor accounted for 51.1% of $PM_{10}$ from complex sources, that is, soil, motor vehicles, and secondary particles: the second factor indicated marine sources; the third factor, industry-related sources; and the last factor, heating-related sources. However, the pollution profile used in this study may be somewhat different from the actual situation in Korea because it was from US EPA. Therefore, to more accurately estimate the pollutants present, it is necessary to create a pollution profile for Korea.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.377-381
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• 2005

We tried to extract bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) from the freeze-dried bovine cortical bone (FBCB) for bone graft, which were defatted with chloroform-methanol for 20 days, freeze-dried at $-80^{\circ}C$ for 7 days and sterilized by ethylene oxide gas. Two kg of FBCB were pulverized in a wheel mill to $0.5-2.0mm^3$ cubic in size. The bone particles were demineralized in 0.6N HCI for 10 days at chloroform-methanol$4^{\circ}C$ and defatted with chloroform-methanol for 6 hours at room temperature, which was going to be defatting and demineralized cortical bone (DDM). For extracting BMP, DDM was agitated continuously through 72 hours with magnetic stirrer at $4^{\circ}C$ into 12 times of volume of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) solution containing proteinase inhibitors to protect BMP such as 2mM N-ethylaleimide, 1mM iodoacetic acid, 1mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and a sterilizer, 1mM sodium azide. The extraction procedure was repeated for three times. All extracted solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 30 min and then, the supernatant was dialyzed with 12 times of volume of deionized water at $4^{\circ}C$ for 24-72 hours, which cut off below 6,000-8,000 molecular weight. The dialyzed specimen contained crude-BMP was centrifuged, freeze-dried, and weighted. Through these processing, we could obtained $84.9\%$ as FBCB, $17.8\%$ as DDM and $0.71\%$ as crude-BMP from the wet cortical bone without cancellous bone, marrow and muscles. The crude-BMP were obtained $68.3\%$ from the first extraction, $29.6\%$ from secondary and $2.1\%$ from tertiary, respectively. It was suggested that high yield of crude-BMP migth be explained by three-time repetition of the extraction processing for crude-BMP with Gdn-Hcl sol.