• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.393-405
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• 2018

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are representative air pollutants due to their detrimental effects on human health and their role in formation of secondary organic aerosols. Assessments and monitoring programs of VOCs using periodic grab sampling like Tedlar bags, canisters, and sorbent traps provide limited information, often with delay times of days or weeks. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is an emerging analytical technique for the real-time quantification of VOCs in air. It relies on chemical ionization of the VOCs molecules in air introduced into helium carrier gas using $H_3O^+$, $NO^+$, and $O_2{^+}$ precursor ions. Real-time monitoring method of 60 VOCs in the ambient air was developed using TO-15 standard gas mixture. Calibration curves, method detection limit, and quantitation reproducibility of the target compounds were tested. Dynamic dilution system was used to dilute standard gas from 0.174 ppbv to 100 ppbv, where calibration curves showed good linearity with $r^2$> 0.95 in all target analytes. Limit of detection (LOD) all compounds were sub ppbv, and some halogenated compounds showed pptv levels. Seven consecutive analyses of target compounds showed good repeatability with relative standard deviation of less than 10%. One day monitoring of VOCs in ambient air was conducted in Geoje. Average concentration of target VOCs in Geoje were relatively lower than other regions, among which formaldehyde showed the highest concentration ($15.4{\pm}5.78ppbv$). SIFT-MS provided good temporal resolution data (1 data per 3.2 minute), which can be used for identifying ephemeral short-term event. It is expected that SIFT-MS will be a versatile monitoring platform for VOCs in ambient air.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.374-382
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• 2009

Steam generator(SG) tube, as a barrier isolating primary to the secondary coolant system of nuclear power plants(NPP), must maintain the structural integrity far the public safety and its efficient power generation capacity. And SG tubes bearing defects must be timely detected and taken repair measures if needed. For the accomplishment of these objectives, SG tubes have been periodically examined by eddy current testing(ECT) on the basis of administrative notices and intensified SG management program(SGMP). Stress corrosion cracking(SCC) on the SG tubes is not easily detected and even missed since it has lower signal amplitude and other disturbing factors against its detection. However once SCC is developed, that can cause detrimental affects to the SG tubes due to its rapid propagation rate. Accordingly SCC is categorized as prime damage mechanism challenging the soundness of the SG tubes. In this study, reproduced EDM notch specimens are examined for the detectability and quantitative characterization of the axial ODSCC by +PT MRPC probe, containing pancake, +PT and shielded pancake coils apart in a single plane around the circumference. The results of this study are assumed to be applicable fur providing key information of engineering evaluation of SCC and improvement of confidence level of ECT on SG tubes.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.630-636
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• 2002

After The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, The text researches of pathologic change to the liver disease concluded the next, 1, The category of liver-disease(肝病) include the Symptoms of abnormality due to vital energy and blood motion, emotion and intention, muscular and reproductive function, and legions around descending liver channel. 2. In the theory that Liver-Yang energy(肝陽氣) is always overproducing, Liver-Yin blood(肝陰血) is always lacking, pathologic characteristics for liver disease is functional change of malfunction of the use of body(體用失調), So nourishing the liver and kidney is used for the principal aspects of a disease. regulating and calm the liver is used for the secondary aspects of a disease as the treatment plan, 3. If malfunctioning of the functions of dispersion and discharge(疏泄), Iiver-energy(肝氣) is becoming degected, So overproduct and overflow of ascent and exhalation of liver-yang(肝陽) is becoming blood are ascending following energy. complete usage of Yin-blood(陰血) is responsible for some kinds of mass formed by blood stasis in the early stage of pathogenesis of liver disease syndrome of the energy system as the progession of disease extravasated blood is forming. the pathologic characteristics is appeared loss of control of the vital energy and blood(體用失調) at the liver disease. 4. Sthenia-syndrome of liver(肝實證) and liver-heat syndrome(肝熱證) is appered that overproducing and overflow of dispersion(疏泄太過) and discharge is responsible for overfunctioning of liver disease or some kinds of heat syndrome such as liver fire(肝火), Sthenia of liver-yang(肝陽上亢), the syndromes of sthenic liver heat(肝實熱) are appered. deficiency of the liver(肝虛證) and cold syndrome of liver(肝寒證) is classified pathologic characteristics of cold and heat, deficiency and excess that regression of sensory, motor, mental due to lack of dispersion and discharge(疏泄不及), or intruding of the cold miasma, are degected. 5. The liver is close relation of physiologic function and internal organ such as spleen, stomach, lung, heart, kidney, gall bladder by the meridian channels, because of property of wind Zang, rapid progession is classified by phthologic charateristics.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.6 s.181
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• pp.629-641
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• 2006

The Standing Buddha Statue in the Gwanchoksa temple consists of medium to coarse grained biotite granodiorite with dark grey color, and it has a week gneissosity along the pegmatite veins. The results of magnetic susceptibility and geochemical patterns of the host rock of Standing Buddha Statue and the basement rock suggest that both values are formed from the co-genetic magma with the same differentiation process. The CIAs of the basement rock and the Standing Buddha Statue are calculated to 51.43 and 50.86, and the WPIs are estimated 4.52 and 8.95, respectively. So the weathering potential from the host rock of Standing Buddha Statue and basement rock prove to be high. The Standing Buddha Statue is terribly damaged with physical weathering from deterioration and exfoliation, and are scattered with secondary pollutant and precipitate. Basement rock is also in danger of ground collapse because of irregularly developed discontinuity system. Most surface of Standing Buddha Statue is seriously discolored into yellowish brown and dark gray, or black precipitates are also formed. Moreover, it is heavily covered with crustose lichen, fungi and algae, or moss are also found. In order to control the influential factors with the complex deterioration of Standing Buddha Statue, it is needed to rearrange a site environments, and conservation scientific management is required to protect it from covering lichens, exfoliations and fractures.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.24
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• pp.25-48
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• 2011

The fantastic has had various semantic layers between 'the Marvelous' and 'the Uncanny', these has been assorted by historical and synchronic aspects. The Marvelous has been harmonious and abundant world of fantasy which includes metaphysical system and all tradition of magical fence. The Uncanny has been a subversive fantasy world which shows absurdity and negative truths of this very world by modern consciousness. In comics, because of the media features, it is more useful the fantastic than the realistic. However, the relationship about comic and fantasy has rarely discussed in detail. So we has wanted to understand the specificities of affiliation with the Marvelous and with the Uncanny. Then it has been necessary to check the works of You, Sijin the comic book writer, for we ought to know how the affiliations with fantasy could influence each works' styles, and themes. You, Sijin started her works with sensibility of uncanny, but she tried to develop the theme "uptight" and devoted to establish "the Secondary World" stably. However, at Shin Meoung Ki(神明記) fantasy world overwhelmed the theme. After that, in The Closer and On, she crashed down the uptight feeing and made new self-consciousness by mixed fantasy style. The Closer and On has been the turning point of writer You, Sijin. Since than her works has showed a propensity for the Uncanny.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

The rare earth oxide wastes consisting of major 8 nuclides Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd, are generated during the salt waste treatment of PyroGreen process. The final form of the rare earth is generated as the oxide state. In this study, six candidate glasses were developed to evaluate the feasibility for vitrifying the rare earth oxide wastes within the borosilicate glass system. The solubilities of the mixture of the rare earth oxide waste showed less than 25wt% at $1,200^{\circ}C$, less than 30wt% at $1,300^{\circ}C$, respectively. It means that solubility is increased with the temperature increment. The liquidus temperature of the homogeneous glass with 20wt% waste loading was determined as less than $950^{\circ}C$. In more than solubility of rare earth oxides glass, formation of rare earth-oxide-silicate crystal in glass-ceramic occurred as the secondary phase. As their viscosity at melting temperature $1,200{\sim}1,300^{\circ}C$ was less than 100 poise, electrical conductivity was higher than 1 S/cm, 20~25wt% waste loading glasses with good surface homogeneity are judged to have good operability in cold crucible induction melter. Other physicochemical properties of the developed glasses are going to be experimented in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.355-363
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• 1995

It has been well known that the intracellular calcium concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ in living cell is very sensitive to live or to survive, but the transmembrane system of calcium ion, especially mechanism of calcium ion movement in unexcitable state has been little elucidated. Though many proposed theories for calcium ion transport have been reported, it is still unclear that how could the sustained maintenance in cytosolic calcium level be done in cell. Since one of possible mechanisms of calcium transport may be related to the acetylcholine receptor-linked calcium channel, author performed experiment to elucidate this mechanism of calcium influx related to cholinergic receptor in ml muscarinic receptor-transfected RBL-2H3 cell-line. 1) The effects of carbachol both on calcium ion influx and on the secretion of hexosaminidase were respectively observed in the manner of time-related or concentration-dependent pattern in this model. 2) The effects of several metal cations on calcium transport were shown in carbachol-induced cell-line. 3) Atropine was administered to examine the relationship between cholinergic receptor and calcium ion influx in this model. 4) PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) or PTx (Pertussis toxin) was respectively administered to examine the secondary mediator which involved pathway of calcium ion movement in carbachol-induced cell-line. The results of this experiments were as follows; 1) Carbachol significantly stimulated both the calcium influx and the secretion of hexosaminidase in the manner of the concentration-dependent pattern. 2) Atropine potently blocked the effects of carbachol in concentration-response manner. 3) Administered metal cations inhibited the calcium influx in carbachol-stimulated this model to the concentration-related pattern. 4) PMA did not inhibit carbachol-induced secretion of hexosaminidase, but blocked the calcium influx in this cell-line. 5) The suppression of carbachol-induced hexosaminidase secretion was shown in PTx-treated cell -line.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.275-282
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• 2004

We completed the light curves of the contact binary CK Boo for 13 nights from June to July in 2004 using the 1-m reflector and BVR filters at Mt. Lemmon Optical Astronomy Observatory, and determined four new times of minimum light (three timings for primary eclipse, one for secondary). With contact mode of the 1998-version Wilson-Devinney binary model, we analyzed our BVR light curves and Rucinski & Lu (1999)'s radial-velocity ones. As a result, we found CK boo to be A-type over-contact binary ($f=84\%$) with the low mass ratio (q=0.11) and orbital inclination ($i=65^{\circ}$). Absolute dimensions of the system are determined from our new solution; $M_1=1.42Me{\odot},\;M_2=0.15M{\odot},\;R_1=1.47R{\odot},\;R_2=0.59M{\odot}$ and the distance to it is derived as about 129pc. Our distance is well consistent with that ($157{\pm}33pc$) from the Hipparcos trigonometric parallax within the limit of the error yielded by the latter.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.283-294
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• 2004

New BV RI photometric observations of the contact binary AH Tau were performed with the 61 cm reflector and a 2K CCD camera at the Sobaeksan Optical Astronomy Observatory during seven nights from September to December, 2001. A total of 144 times of minima observed up to date, including three times of minima obtained from our observation, were analyzed. It is found that the orbital period of AH Tau has varied in a cyclic way superposed on a secular period decrease. The rate of the secular period decrease is calculated to be $1^s$ .04 per century, implying that a mass of about $3.8{\times}10^{-8}M{\odot}/yr$ from the more massive primary flows into the secondary if a conservative mass transfer is assumed. Assuming that the sinusoidal period variation is produced by a light-time effect due to an unseen third body, the resultant semi-amplitude, period, and eccentricity for the deduced light-time orbit are obtained as 35.4 years, 0.014 day and 0.52, respectively. The mass of the third-body is calculated as a tout $0.24M{\odot}$ when the third body is assumed to be coplanar with AH Tau system.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.329-342
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• 2004

In this paper, we present preliminary feasibility studies on three types of solar observation payloads for future Korean Science and Technology Satellite (STSAT) programs. The three candidates are (1) an UV imaging telescope, (2) an UV spectrograph, and (3) an X-ray spectrometer. In the case of UV imaging telescope, the most important constraint seems to be the control stability of a satellite in order to obtain a reasonably good spatial resolution. Considering that the current pointing stability estimated from the data of the Far ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (FIMS) onboard the Korean STSAT-1, is around 1 arc minutes/sec, we think that it is hard to obtain a spatial resolution sufficient for scientific research by such an UV Imaging Telescope. For solar imaging missions, we realize that an image stabilization system, which is composed of a small guide telescope with limb sensor and a servo controller of secondary mirror, is quite essential for a very good pointing stability of about 0.1 arcsec. An UV spectrograph covering the solar full disk seems to be a good choice in that there is no risk due to poor pointing stability as well as that it can provide us with valuable UV spectral irradiance data valuable for studying their effects on the Earth's atmosphere and satellites. The heritage of the FIMS can be a great advantage of developing the UV spectrograph. Its main disadvantage is that two major missions are in operation or scheduled. Our preliminary investigations show that an X-ray spectrometer for the full disk Sun seems to be the best choice among the three candidates. The reasons are : (1) high temporal and spectral X-ray data are very essential for studying the acceleration process of energetic particles associated with solar flares, (2) we have a good heritage of X-ray detectors including a rocket-borne X-ray detector, (3) in the case of developing countries such as India and Czech, solar X-ray spectrometers were selected as their early stage satellite missions due to their poor pointing stabilities, and (4) there is no planned major mission after currently operating Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) mission. Finally, we present a preliminary design of a solar X-ray spectrometer covering soft X-ray (2 keV) to gamma ray (10 MeV).