• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권5호
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• pp.501-507
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• 2008

The data of crown width with 4 directions, DBH, tree height, and coordinate for sample trees were collected from 30 permanent sample plots in secondary fore st of the Maoershan Experimental Forestry Farm, Northeast China. In this paper, the competition of individual trees in stand were discussed for secondary forest by using iterative Hegyi competition index and crown overlap index that represented the competitive and cooperative interactions among neighboring trees. Active competitors of subject tree in the competition zone were selected to calculate the iterative competition index. Using the results of crown classification based on the equal crown projection area, a new distance dependent competition index called crown overlap index (COI) was developed for secondary forest. The COI performed well in describing the crown competition rather than crown competition factor (CCF). The individual-based competition index discussed in this paper will provide more precise for developing individual tree growth models for secondary forest and it can also use to adjust the stand structure for spatial optimal management.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.794-800
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the state of management and science teachers perception of science classes and clubs in secondary schools. There ware 125 participants (75 middle school teachers and 50 high school teachers) from eight metropolitan cities and local areas, and more than 80% of the participants had managed science classes or clubs. Results found that a significant number of science teachers felt it necessary to manage science classes and/or clubs in secondary schools. They believed the classes and/or clubs to be beneficial in the activation of students' interest in science, even though they might not be effective ways of improving scientific achievement. In addition, it was found that secondary science teachers desire financial support, in-service programs, and efficacious programs supporting science class and club management.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1989

Secondary schools in Korea have been faced with with several critical problems with regard to science education, with one of the most fundament problems being associated with secondary school science teacher education and in-service training. Therefore this study, which is a part of project for the improvement of science teaching in secondary schools, had its purposes to inquire into the following are as. ${\circ}$systems for science teacher education ${\circ}$curricular contents and its operations of science teacher education ${\circ}$systems for in-service teacher training and its operations ${\circ}$analyses of problems associated with science teacher education and in-service teacher training. In order to fulfill these objectives this study used methods of literature review, survey, and interviews. The major findings are as follow: ${\circ}$curricular hours of subject matter education are not sufficient for competent science teacher. opportunities for self-training in major are as are seldom given to the most of the science teachers ${\circ}$systematic organization for in-service traings is in urgert need. In addition to there-findings strategies for improving science teacher education and in-service trainings are suggested in this paper.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.78-89
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 현행 중등교사임용시험의 지구과학교육학 출제 경향을 분석함으로써 지구과학교육학 출제 개선방안을 도출하려는 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 중등교사자격증 표시과목 '지구과학'의 기본이수과목 중 '지구과학교육론'에 해당하는 중등교사임용시험 지구과학교육학 문항 분석을 위한 분석틀을 도출하였다. 지구과학교육학 문항 분석틀은 대영역, 평가영역, 평가요소 등으로 구성된다. 중등교사임용시험의 변천 과정을 시기별로 4가지 유형으로 구분하고, 본 연구에서는 중등교사임용시험 체제가 현재와 같은 2단계 전형으로 바뀐 2014학년도 부터 2018학년도까지 출제된 1차 전공시험의 지구과학교육학 문항들을 분석 대상으로 선정하였다. 연구결과에 따르면, 전체 전공 80점 중에서 지구과학교육학에는 22-24점이 배정되어 출제되어왔다. 평가영역별 출제 경향과 배점을 살펴보면, 지구과학 교수학습 영역의 출제 비중이 가장 높았으며, 이어서 지구과학 탐구, 과학사 및 과학철학 등의 순으로 출제되었다. 각 평가영역별로 출제경향을 상세하게 분석하였다. 연구결과를 토대로 향후 중등교사임용시험 지구과학교육학 출제 및 평가 개선방안과, 교사양성대학의 지구과학교육학 교육과정 개선방안을 제안하였다.

• 한국데이터정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국데이터정보과학회 2006년도 PROCEEDINGS OF JOINT CONFERENCEOF KDISS AND KDAS
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• pp.229-233
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• 2006

In teaching statistics in the secondary school, most math teachers do it and students enjoy it well before 11th grade. But, both of teachers and students feel statistics hard at 11th grade, which has been contained permutations, combinations, random variables, probability distributions, hypotheses and tests for normal distribution. In this study, we explore the efficient teaching methods of statistics for math teachers and also find many students enjoying it.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

Objectives : The pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury(SCI) may be divided into primary and secondary mechanisms of injury. The secondary mechanism involves free radical formation, excitotoxicity, inflammation and apoptotic cell death, and sets in minutes after injury and lasts for weeks or months. During this phase the spinal tissue damages are aggravated. Therefore, secondary mechanisms of injury serve as a target for the development of neuroprotective drug against SCI. The present study investigated the effect of tetramethylpyrazine(TMP), an active ingredient purified from the rhizome of Ligusticum wallichii(川芎, chuanxiong), on neuronal apoptosis in spinal cord compression injury in rats. Methods : SCI was subjected to rats by a static compression method(35 g weight, 5 mins) and TMP was treated 3 times(30 mg/kg, i.p.) during 48 hours after the SCI. Results : TMP ameliorated the tissue damage in peri-lesion of SCI and reduced TUNEL-labeled cells both in gray matter and in white matter significantly. TMP also attenuated Bax-expressed motor neurons in the ventral horn and preserved Bcl-2-expressed motor neurons. Conclusions : These results indicate that TMP plays a protective role in apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes in spinal cord injury. Moreover, it is suggested that TMP and TMP-containing chuanxiong may potentially delay or protect the secondary spinal injury.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.429-441
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• 2004

이 연구에서는 6차와 7차 교육과정에서 개발한 중 고등학교 과학 교과서에 제시된 증발과 끓음의 설명과 관련된 개념들을 분석하였다. 교과서의 설명 유형은 중학교과 고등학교, 6차와 7차 교육과정, 그리고 과목이나 단원에 따라 구분하여 설명의 다양성을 확인해 보고, 설명에 사용된 개념간의 관계를 표현한 맵을 중심으로 특징을 비교하였다. 증발과 끓음에 관련된 설명의 차이는 주로 중학교과 고등학교 사이, 그리고 화학과 지구과학 분야 사이에서 발견되었다. 증발과 끓음 현상을 설명하기 위한 주요 개념들 사이의 관련성은 부족산 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.477-485
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to identify the preferable motivation types in science-learning and to find out the relationship between these types and scientific achievement of students in the secondary school. The subjects of the study were the second grade 581 students sampled by random cluster sampling method in three middle schools and three high schools. Three motivation types in science learning were analyzed, and they were named to task-orientation, ego-orientation and work-avoidance. From our results, secondary school students preferred task-orientation and work-avoidance to ego-orientation. In the case of task-orientation, high school students, especially in male group, had much preferable tendency than that of middle school students (p<0.001). It is interpreted that, as the level of scientific content of texts or the cognitive level of students were higher, a preference for the motivation type was focused to the task-orientation, especially in male group. In the case of ego-orientation, the female group showed much preferable tendency than that of male group in middle school (p<0.05). However, the female group in high school students was not different from the other groups in this motivation type. In the case of work-avoidance, there were not only a significant difference between males and females in the middle school (p<0.001), but also difference between middle and high school students in female group (p<0.05). It showed that female group had much preferable tendency than that of male group, and this tendency was decreased to the higher grade students in secondary school. From the analysis of correlation between motivation types and scientific achievement, task-orientation and work-avoidance were correlated to the scientific achievement. Its results were interpreted that the scientific achievement could be accomplished by the external motivation stimulus as well as the scientific content of texts. The task-orientation were comparatively correlated to the intelligence quality. It means that the students having high intelligence quality showed much preferable for the task-orientation.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.131-148
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• 2023

Lunar permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) never see direct sunlight and are illuminated only by secondary illumination - light reflected from nearby topography. The ShadowCam imaging experiment onboard the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter is acquiring images of these PSRs. We characterize and discuss the nature of secondary illumination for the Shackleton PSR from ShadowCam radiance-calibrated images. We also use modeling to understand the magnitude and direction of the secondary illumination. Results from our analysis highlight the non-homogeneous, dynamic, and complex nature of PSR secondary lighting. Knowledge of the direction of the secondary illumination is crucial for reli-able interpretation of contrasts observed in ShadowCam images. This preliminary analysis of the floor of Shackleton crater from images acquired over multiple secondary illumination conditions does not reveal indications of exposed surface ice, even though temperatures are constantly below 110K.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.636-646
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• 2010

이 연구는 초 중 고등학교에서 지도해야 할 세포, 유전 영역에 대한 필수, 선택 및 비필수 개념에 대해 중등 생물 교사들의 인식을 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구에 선정된 개념은 일반 생물학과 고등학교 생물 과정에 필요한 기본개념 연구와 BSCS의 통합 권고안을 참고하여 선정한 후 생물학 전공 교수 5명의 자문을 구하여 최종 17개의 세포 영역 개념과 23개의 유전 영역의 개념을 선정하여 설문지를 제작하였다. 설문은 전국의 중등 생물 교사 146명의 응답을 바탕으로 초등학교, 중학교, 고등학교에서 지도해야할 필수, 선택, 비필수 생물 개념을 선정하였다. 연구 결과는 세포, 유전 영역에서 중등 생물 교사들은 학교급이 올라갈수록 지도해야 할 필수 개념들이 많아져야 한다고 인식하고 있었다. 과학과 교육과정 그리고 BSCS 권고안에서 제시한 개념보다 더 많은 개념을 가르쳐야 한다고 중등 생물 교사들은 인식하고 있었다.