• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제26권4A호
• /
• pp.647-657
• /
• 2006

허용응력설계법과 극한한계 상태 설계법에 근거한 케이블과 보강형을 갖는 PSC 사장교의 예를 통해서 통계학적 확률분포를 고려한 확률론적인 위험성을 평가하였다. 사용성 한계상태 및 극한 한계상태에서의 케이블요소의 파괴확률과 거더의 최대 정모멘트. 부모멘트 발생단면, 그리고 최대전단력의 작용단면에서 각각의 요소 파괴 확률을 설계변수의 응답면에서 검토하였다. 응답면 기법(RSM)은 복잡한 다자유도 구조물에서 MCS를 사용하여 얻을 수 없는 상대적으로 매우 작은 파괴 확률값을 얻기 위해 사용이 가능할 뿐만 아니라, FOSM으로 쉽게 얻을 수 없는 한계상태방정식의 미분형태에도 성공적으로 적용이 가능 하다. 케이블과 보강형으로 구성된 병렬저항구조를 시스템 해석을 위해 각각 직렬구조로 연결하여 전체구조물의 체계신뢰성을 평가하고, 제안된 붕괴모드조합 예측값과 비교분석하였다. 제안된 붕괴모드의 조합에 의한 파괴확률검토는 조건부 파괴에 대한 동일한 발생확률을 구하며, 순열방법보다 개선된 시간비용과 효율성을 제공하며, 상하한계파괴확률을 구하는 체계 신뢰성해석에서 검토되지 않는 요소파괴의 조합에 의한 시스템의 위험성 검토를 제공한다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.57-81
• /
• 2008

Knowledge is an essential strategic weapon for sustaining competitive advantage and is the key determinant for organizational growth. When knowledge is shared and disseminated throughout the organization, it increases an organization's value by providing the ability to respond to new and unusual situations. The growing importance of knowledge as a critical resource has forced executives to pay attention to their organizational knowledge. Organizations are increasingly undertaking knowledge management initiatives and making significant investments. Knowledge sourcing is considered as the first important step in effective knowledge management. Most firms continue to make an effort to realize the benefits of knowledge management by using various knowledge sources effectively. Appropriate knowledge sourcing strategies enable organizations to create, acquire, and access knowledge in a timely manner by reducing search and transfer costs, which result in better firm performance. In response, the knowledge management literature has devoted substantial attention to the analysis of knowledge sourcing strategies. Many studies have categorized knowledge sourcing strategies into intemal- and external-oriented. Internal-oriented sourcing strategy attempts to increase firm performance by integrating knowledge within the boundary of the firm. On the contrary, external-oriented strategy attempts to bring knowledge in from outside sources via either acquisition or imitation, and then to transfer that knowledge across to the organization. However, the extant literature on knowledge sourcing strategies focuses primarily on large organizations. Although many studies have clearly highlighted major differences between large and small firms and the need to adopt different strategies for different firm sizes, scant attention has been given to analyzing how knowledge sourcing strategies affect firm performance in small firms and what are the differences between small and large firms in the patterns of knowledge sourcing strategies adoption. This study attempts to advance the current literature by examining the impact of knowledge sourcing strategies on small firm performance from a holistic perspective. By drawing on knowledge based theory from organization science and complementarity theory from the economics literature, this paper is motivated by the following questions: (1) what are the adoption patterns of different knowledge sourcing strategies in small firms (i,e., what sourcing strategies should be adopted and which sourcing strategies work well together in small firms)?; and (2) what are the performance implications of these adoption patterns? In order to answer the questions, this study developed three hypotheses. First hypothesis based on knowledge based theory is that internal-oriented knowledge sourcing is positively associated with small firm performance. Second hypothesis developed on the basis of knowledge based theory is that external-oriented knowledge sourcing is positively associated with small firm performance. The third one based on complementarity theory is that pursuing both internal- and external-oriented knowledge sourcing simultaneously is negatively or less positively associated with small firm performance. As a sampling frame, 700 firms were identified from the Annual Corporation Report in Korea. Survey questionnaires were mailed to owners or executives who were most erudite about the firm s knowledge sourcing strategies and performance. A total of 188 companies replied, yielding a response rate of 26.8%. Due to incomplete data, 12 responses were eliminated, leaving 176 responses for the final analysis. Since all independent variables were measured using continuous variables, supermodularity function was used to test the hypotheses based on the cross partial derivative of payoff function. The results indicated no significant impact of internal-oriented sourcing strategies while positive impact of external-oriented sourcing strategy on small firm performance. This intriguing result could be explained on the basis of various resource and capital constraints of small firms. Small firms typically have restricted financial and human resources. They do not have enough assets to always develop knowledge internally. Another possible explanation is competency traps or core rigidities. Building up a knowledge base based on internal knowledge creates core competences, but at the same time, excessive internal focused knowledge exploration leads to behaviors blind to other knowledge. Interestingly, this study found that Internal- and external-oriented knowledge sourcing strategies had a substitutive relationship, which was inconsistent with previous studies that suggested complementary relationship between them. This result might be explained using organizational identification theory. Internal organizational members may perceive external knowledge as a threat, and tend to ignore knowledge from external sources because they prefer to maintain their own knowledge, legitimacy, and homogeneous attitudes. Therefore, integrating knowledge from internal and external sources might not be effective, resulting in failure of improvements of firm performance. Another possible explanation is small firms resource and capital constraints and lack of management expertise and absorptive capacity. Although the integration of different knowledge sources is critical, high levels of knowledge sourcing in many areas are quite expensive and so are often unrealistic for small enterprises. This study provides several implications for research as well as practice. First this study extends the existing knowledge by examining the substitutability (and complementarity) of knowledge sourcing strategies. Most prior studies have tended to investigate the independent effects of these strategies on performance without considering their combined impacts. Furthermore, this study tests complementarity based on the productivity approach that has been considered as a definitive test method for complementarity. Second, this study sheds new light on knowledge management research by identifying the relationship between knowledge sourcing strategies and small firm performance. Most current literature has insisted complementary relationship between knowledge sourcing strategies on the basis of data from large firms. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, this study identifies substitutive relationship between knowledge sourcing strategies using data from small firms. Third, implications for practice highlight that managers of small firms should focus on knowledge sourcing from external-oriented strategies. Moreover, adoption of both sourcing strategies simultaneousiy impedes small firm performance.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 2012

본 연구는 원유의 실시간 휴대용품질측정 시스템 개발을 위한 기초 연구로서 원유 시료의 온도에 따른 가시광선-근적외선 스펙트럼을 측정하였으며, 다양한 수학적 전처리방법을 적용하여 유성분 예측모델을 개발하였다. 스펙트럼 측정은 원유 시료 180개에 대해 스펙트럼의 수학적 전처리 방법으로 평활화, 정규화, MSC, 1차 및 2차 미분을 사용하였고 예측모델은 부분최소자승법을 이용하였다. 유성분을 분석한 결과 함량 범위와 평균은 지방이 각각 2.44~6.42%, 4.05%, 단백질은 각각 2.44~4.28%, 3.35%, 무지고형분은 각각 7.85~9.57%, 8.76%로 나타났다. 또한 유당의 함량 범위와 평균은 각각 3.93~5.24%, 4.74%였으며 요소태질소의 경우에는 각각 4.6~15.1 mg/dl, 10.27 mg/dl로 대부분 권장 기준을 만족하였다. 원유 시료의 온도에 따른 스펙트럼은 1,400~2,500 nm에서 큰 차이를 보였으며 온도가 상승함에 따라 흡광도가 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 원유 시료의 온도에 따른 유성분 예측모델을 400~2,500 nm의 영역에서 개발하였으며 예측성능은 지방과 무지고형분의 경우 온도변화와 무관하였다. 단백질과 유당, 요소태질소의 예측성능은 온도가 낮을수록 급격히 감소하여 스펙트럼 측정 시 원유 시료의 온도를 $40^{\circ}C$로 유지하는 것이 필요함을 알 수 있다. $40^{\circ}C$의 원유 스펙트럼에 대해 수학적 전처리를 수행한 결과 평활화를 수행하여 측정 장치 자체의 노이즈를 감소시킬 수 있었고 정규화를 수행하여 기준선을 일치시킬 수 있었다. 또한 MSC를 수행하여 빛의 산란에 의한 영향을 제거하여 스펙트럼간의 차이를 감소시킬 수 있었고 1차 및 2차 미분을 수행한 결과 기준선 일치와 기존 스펙트럼에서 나타나지 않았던 파장영역에 대한 분석이 가능함을 알수 있다. 다중회귀분석의 stepwise 방법을 이용하여 최적 파장영역을 선정하고 유성분 예측모델을 개발한 결과 요소태질소를 제외하고 대부분 근적외선 영역에서 우수한 상관관계를 보여주었다. 지방과 단백질은 원시 스펙트럼의 검증부 결정계수가 각각 0.93, 0.92에서 정규화를 수행한 결과 각각 0.98, 0.92로 원시 스펙트럼의 결과가 우수하여 큰 개선이 없었으나 RPD는 각각 4.10, 3.41에서 5.47, 3.73으로 높아져 정밀도가 향상됨을 알 수 있다. 무지고형분과 유당의 예측모델은 원시 스펙트럼의 경우 각각 0.82, 0.75로 예측모델로 사용하기에는 어려웠으나 각각 평활화와 MSC를 수행하였을 때 검증부 결정계수가 0.90, 0.80으로 크게 개선되어 유성분 예측모델의 신뢰성 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 요소태질소의 경우 가시광선 영역에서 가장 우수한 상관관계를 보여주었으나 검증부 결정계수, 오차, RPD가 각각 0.61, 1.56%, 1.58로 다른 성분에 비해 매우 낮게 나타났다. 이를 개선하기 위해 수학적 전처리를 수행하였으나 크게 개선되지 않았으므로 요소태질소의 신뢰성 있는 모델을 개발하기 위해서는 부분최소자승법 외에 다양한 알고리즘의 적용이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제66권2호
• /
• pp.93-97
• /
• 2009

연구배경: Belotecan (Camtobell, CKD-602, Chongkundang Pharm., Korea)은 camptothecin의 치환체로 topoisomerase I 효소를 억제하여 항암효과를 나타내는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 2차 항암화학요법에 치료제로써 Belotecan 의 효과, 생존율 및 부작용에 대해 연구하였다. 방 법: 이에 소세포폐암에서 etoposide와 platinum을 사용한 1차 항암화학요법에서 실패한 49명의 환자들을 대상으로 2차 항암화학요법에 Belotecan을 투약하였다. 결 과: 전체 반응률은 25%였으며, 11명의 환자에서 partial response를 보였다. 또한 1차 항암화학요법 이후 90일 이내에 재발한 군과 90일 이상 경과한 군간에 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 전체 환자의 중심생존기간은 10.3개월(290일)이었고, 비반응군에서는 186일(95% CI; 67-305)로 반응군의 471일(95% CI; 234-568)에 비해 생존기간의 감소 유의하게 있음을 확인하였다(p=0.07). 결 론: 2차 항암화학요법의 치료제로써 Belotecan의 효능과 부작용에 대해서는 향후 무작위 비교 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.851-870
• /
• 2000

The major goals of periodontal therapy is the functional regeneration of periodontal supporting structures already destructed by periodontal disease as well as the reduction of signs and symptoms of progressive periodontal disease. There have been many efforts to develop materials and therapeutic methods to promote periodontal wound healing. There have been increasing interest on the chitosan made by chitin. Chitin is second only to cellulose as the most abundant natural biopolymer. It is a structural component of the exoskeleton of invertebrates(e.g., shrimp, crabs, lobsters), of the cell wall of fungi, and of the cuticle of insects. Chitosan is a derivative of chitin made by deacetylation of side chains. Many experiments using chitosan in various animal models have proven its beneficial effects. The aim of this study is to evaluate the osteogenesis of chitosan on the calvarial critical size defect in Sprague Dawley rats. An 8 mm surgical defect was produced with a trephine bur in the area of the midsagittal suture. The rats were divided into two groups: Untreated control group versus experimental group with 50mg of soluble chitosan gel. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after surgical procedure. The specimens were examined by histologic, histomorphometric and radiodensitometric analyses. The results are as follows: 1. The length of newly formed bone in the defects was $102.91{\pm}25.46{\mu}m$, $219.46{\pm}97.81{\mu}m$ at the 2 weeks, $130.95{\pm}39.24{\mu}m$, $212.39{\pm}89.22{\mu}m$ at the 4 weeks, $181.53{\pm}76.35{\mu}m$ and $257.12{\pm}51.22{\mu}m$ at the 8 weeks in the control group and experimental group respectively. At all periods, the means of experimental group was greater than those of control group. But, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. 2. The area of newly formed bone in the defects was $2962.06{\pm}1284.48{\mu}m^2$, $5194.88{\pm}1247.88{\mu}m^2$ at the 2 weeks, $5103.25{\pm}1375.88{\mu}m^2$, $7751.43{\pm}2228.20{\mu}m^2$ at the 4 weeks and $8046.20{\pm}818.99{\mu}m^2$, $15578.57{\pm}5606.55{\mu}m^2$ at the 8 weeks in the control group and experimental group respectively. At all periods, the means of experimental group was greater than those of control group. The experimental group showed statistically significant difference to the control group at the 2 and 8 weeks. 3. The density of newly formed bone in the defects was $14.26{\pm}6.33%$, $27.91{\pm}6.65%$ at the 2 weeks, $20.06{\pm}9.07%$, $27.86{\pm}8.20%$ at the 4 weeks and $22.99{\pm}3.76%$, $32.17{\pm}6.38%$ at the 8 weeks in the control group and experimental group respectively. At all periods, the means of experimental group was greater than those of control group. The experimental group showed statistically significant difference to the control group at the 2 and 8 weeks. These results suggest that the use of chitosan on the calvarial defects in rats has significant effect on the regeneration of bone tissue in itself

• 새물리
• /
• 제68권12호
• /
• pp.1281-1287
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 $Al_xGa_{1-x}N$ 박막을 유기금속 화학증착법(metal organic chemical vapor deposition, MOCVD) 을 이용하여 사파이어 (0001) 기판 위에 성장하였다. 성장된 박막의 결정구조를 조사하기 위하여 엑스선 회절 (X-ray diffraction, XRD) 패턴을 이용하였고, 박막의 표면 상태를 관찰하기 위하여 원자간력 현미경(atomic force microscopy, AFM)을 사용하였다. 또한 박막의 화학성분과 결합상태는 엑스선 광전자 분광분석기(X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 박막의 광학적 특성인 유사유전함수는 분광학적 타원편광분석법(spectroscopic ellipsometry, SE)을 사용하여 실온에서 2.0 ~ 8.7 eV 포톤에너지 범위에서 측정되었다. 타원편광분석법으로 조사된 데이터들을 통해 얻은 유사유전함수 스펙트럼 $<{\varepsilon}(E)>=<{\varepsilon}_1(E)>+i<{\varepsilon}_2(E)>$에 나타난 $E_0$, $E_1$, 그리고 $E_2$ 와 같은 임계점 구조에 대하여 연구하였고, 각각의 임계점 피크들은 획득된 유사유전함수의 데이터를 이차 미분한 이계도함수 $d^2<{\varepsilon}(E)>/dE^2$ 를 이용하여 구하였다. 특히, x = 0.18과 x = 0.29 사이에 위치한 샘플(x = 0.18, 0.21, 0.25, 0.29)들은 Al의 조성이 증가함에 따라 임계점 피크들이 변화(blue-shift)한다는 것을 관측하였고, 이를 다른 문헌들과 비교 분석하였다.