• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.7 s.209
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• pp.37-51
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of caregiving behaviors of adult children and the main factors influencing the caregiving behaviors of adult children. This research was based on a survey conducted with 620 adults, from 30 to 59 years old, living in the Seoul metropolitan area, with at least one living parent. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS/WIN including frequencies, t-test, one-way ANOVA and regression analysis. no results were as follows. First, the level of caregiving behaviors of adult children varied with background variables, such as birth ranking and job for the children-related variables, and age of mother, income level and type of living for the parents-related variables. Second, the level of caregiving behaviors of adult children varied with the degree of emotional solidarity between the adult children and their parents. Third, the caregiving behaviors were significantly different according to gender as gender played an important role in differentiating the motives for caregiving behaviors.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.271-276
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• 2016

Pregnancy-associated gastric cancer is extremely rare. In many cases, it is diagnosed at an advanced stage because the symptoms during pregnancy are generally overlooked. We report three cases of gastric cancer during pregnancy with various outcomes. The first case included a patient with stage IV gastric cancer who received palliative chemotherapy. This patient had a preterm birth and died 7 months after diagnosis. The second case received neoadjuvant chemotherapy during pregnancy and a total gastrectomy was performed after delivery. She then received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. This patient developed pulmonary metastasis and died of recurrence 41 months after surgery. In the third case, a distal subtotal gastrectomy was performed at week 14 of pregnancy, with no complications. The patient received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. She is currently without recurrence 14 months after surgery. In patients with pregnancy-associated gastric cancer, treatment decisions are predominantly influenced by clinical stage and gestational age at diagnosis.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.43-54
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• 2006

In the history of fashion, the category of knitted items was traditionally associated with ordinary clothing products like undergarments and socks. However, in a mere century Chanel has changed that idea by bringing into fashion consciousness items such as sports sweaters, jerseys, and suits, and so it has been necessary to upgrade this notion. As the needs of the times and new inventions have an inseparable relationship, knit fashion was also born with a close relationship with the zeitgeist of the time - the feminine movement, the rise of sports fashion and the world war - adapting itself up to the present time through continuous changes. Most brands are elevating knit from a mere decoration into a collection piece in a large number of collections every year. The number of brands that cannot exist without knit is increasing, such as Sonia Rykiel, Missoni, and so on. This essay is written with the purpose to study the birth, growth and future potential of knit items. The first stage concentrates on the age of knit's appearance (1910s-1930s). Contingent upon the collection of further data, this essay will be continued through the second stage (the 1960s - 1970s) and the third stage (after the 1980s).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.433-440
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• 1996

This study was carried out using a questionnaire in order to investigate factors affecting the status and the method of infant feeding in Incheon area. The subjects were 126 monthers of infants ranging from 3 months to 18 months. The results are : the percentages of those feeding colostrum and breast milk has decreased in comparison with the previous results. But the percentage of breast-feeding gets higher in a case where colostrum or breast milk is first fed after delivery. Also frequency and birth order of child plays a part : the more frequently monthers try to feed breast milk in the earliest period of feeding, the more they keep breast-feeding, and the latter-born(the second-born or the third born) children get more chances to be breast-fed than the first-born. Another noticeable factor is what babies feed on during hospitalization. if they get fed more breast milk than infant formula while they are in hospital, they tend to keep feeding on breast milk after they come back home. Breast-feeding group have good knowledge and information abut the importance of breast-feeding. The data shows that they believe the superiority of breast milk.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.842-849
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• 2005

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to establish a nursing intervention data base to improve maternal attachment. Method: The first group of mothers( control group), experienced their first physical contact with their infants after being discharged from the hospital. The second group (experimental group) practiced early initial mother-infant postpartum contact known as the most sensitive period for founding maternal-infancy attachment. The subjects of this study gave birth to normal infants at M hospital from Aug.25 to Sept.30, 2004. During the same time, data was collected through direct observation, with instruments designed by Cropley et al., to assess the behaviors of normal attachment. The statistical methods for data analysis were percentage, mean, standard deviation and t-test with an SPSS program. Result: The group practicing initial mother-infant contact, showed a higher degree of physical and functional bonding than the group experiencing the first contact after discharge from the :10spital (control group)(p<.0l). The group practicing initial mother-infant contact, showed higher degrees of bonding attachment assessments than the group experiencing their first initial contact after their discharge from the hospital(p<.01). Conclusion: The group practicing early mother-infant contact, showed more maternal-infant interaction than the group experiencing their initial contact after their discharge from the hospital. These results show that maternal attachment behavior increases according with an early initial mother-infant contact.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 1998

Changes in the human voice occur between infancy and old age and reflect a myriad of biological changes that influence the size, shape, and physical properties of the larynx. The human larynx is located near the base of the neck and attached inferiorly to the trachea and opens superiorly into the pharynx. The larynx by the third month of fetal life has the same features recognizable at birth. The fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration generally becomes higher in early age, lower in middle age, and higher in old age. These decreases in Fo undoubtedly result from a combination of factors, consisting of modest increase in length and mass of the muscle and connective tissues of the vocal fold. But the level of the larynx in the neck may be closely connected with Fo directly, high larynx in related with high pitch and low larynx with low pitch. The purpose of this study is to determine the developmental level difference from child to adult larynx using conventional radiography, and the change of speaking fundamental frequency from second decade to sixth decade.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.121-131
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• 2017

Although the educational facility are an important considerations on a social equity standpoint, educational environment in rural areas has been continuously deteriorated by numerous social problems such as decreasing birth rate and increasing of local school closing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accessibility of educational environment in rural areas on village level. First, we evaluate physical accessibility based on legally defined commuting distance. Second, the implication of village population of potential accessibility is analyzed. Lastly, the facility centrality index of each village is estimated for assessing the relations of educational accessibility. The main results of this study are as follows; (1) The accessibility of most villages in Pyeongchang-gun is vulnerable that 81.10% for elementary school, 73.17% for middle school, and 82.32% for high school, respectively; (2) The average commuting distance per student considering estimated number of students for each educational facilities indicated 2.75km for elementary school, 4.37km for middle school, and 5.79km for high school; (3) the facility centrality index is highly correlated to educational facilities but not to village population.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.51-66
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• 2001

This study attempted to examine the changing patterns of marital love constructs among married men and women in Korea. It is based on our prior research that showed each of the 3 dimensions of marital love(intimacy, passion, and commitment derived from Stermberg’s Triangular Theory of Love) shaped U pattern as the marriage continued. We analyzed 1687 respondents’answers by principal axis factoring with contextual point of view including individual, familial, and socio-cultural development. The results are as follows. First, the love constructs of Korean men and women in their marriage show different qualitative patterns as the marriage continued. Second, intimacy is the most powerful indicator of love, coming out the first factor in all the stages of marital relationships. Third we can see marital stability from the locus of commitment with other components of love and it could be apply to marital educational program for promoting marital stability. Forth, passion is found separated behavioral from perceived dimension except the first marital stage. As conclusion, it need to analyze with family life cycle. birth and marriage cohort groups for examining closely the causes of this qualitative changes in marital relationships.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 2014

Guided by the exchange model, altruistic model, intergenerational solidarity theory, and cultural contexts, this study explored the determinants of financial intergenerational transfers between older parents and adult children in South Korea. We examined 18,820 parent-child dyads by using random-effects models on the first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) data. Findings showed that downward financial intergenerational transfers were consistent with the self-interest exchange model but upward transfers did not support microeconomic theories. Family solidarity theory was generally supported by downward transfers but geographical proximity was not positively associated with upward transfers. Lastly, cultural contextual variables such as marital status, birth order, and sex of a child were found to be significant. Parents tended to both provide and receive more financial support from unmarried children than from married children. Within the same marital status, the hierarchy existed in order of the first-born son, the second or later sons, and daughters when it came to downward financial transfers. Regarding upward financial transfers, the preference in order was more complicated. The findings of this study help in understanding the intergenerational financial transfers in the Korean context.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.90-103
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• 1992

본 연구는 중국의 3개지역 (Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanghai)에서 한 자녀가족정책이 둘째 및 셋째 아이의 출산에 미치는 영향을 헤져드(Hazard) 모델을 이용하여 분석하고 있다. 특히, 그 정책효과의 도시와 농촌간의 격차, 현재자녀의 성구조에 따른 격차의 연구에 중점을 두고 있다. 연구자료는 1985년에 완료된 제 1단계 중국의 출산력 심층조사 (In-Depth Fertility Survey in China)를 이용하였다. 이 분석은 해져드 모델에서 각 시점의 한 자녀정책 전인지 후인지를 나타내는 시간에 따른 변동변수(time-varying variable)를 설명변수중의 하나로 포함시키고 그와 더불어 그 변수와 도시/농촌 주거여부를 나타내는 변수와의 혼합변수 (Interactive term) 및 현존자녀의 성구조와의 혼합변수를 포함하므로써 가능하게 된다. 또한, 자녀의 사망력이 차후 출산력에 미치는 영향을 비슷한 방법으로 분석하였다. 연구결과로는 첫째, 둘째 및 셋째 아이를 출산할 확률에 있어서 도시와 농촌격차가 한 자녀정책 실시 이후 더욱 커졌다는 사실이다. 이러한 결과는 부모가 생각하는 자녀의 가치가 도시에서 더 많이 저하했음을 제시하거나 정부의 한 자녀정책이 도시에서 더욱더 엄격히 집행되고 있음을 시사하고 있다. 둘째, Hebei와 Shanghai에서는 남아가 없는 부부가 남아를 가진 부부보다 둘째 또는 셋째아이를 가질 확률이 훨씬 높게 나타났다. 한편, Shanghai에서는 한 자녀정책 이후 둘째아이의 출산률이 첫째아이의 성에 관계없이 매우 낮았다. 이는 전통적으로 내려오는 남아선호 성향이 아직 농촌지역에서는 강하게 영향을 미치고 있지만 도시지역에서는 강력한 정책집행이 이를 억누르고 있음을 시사하고 있다. 하지만 Shanghai에서도 첫째아이가 사망한 경우 그 아이가 남아였으면 죽은아이가 여아이였을 경우보다 둘째아이의 출산이 훨씬 더 빠르게 나타나고 있음을 볼 때 도시에서도 여전히 남아선호 성향이 잠재하고 있음을 간접적으로 보여주고 있다.