• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2013

The outbreak of the First and the Second World Wars cast great shadow across the Europe including mathematical society. The IMU led by French mathematicians after the First World War ceased to exist because it was used politically. As Europe ran into the Second World War, all the international mathematical activities were ceased. Prominent mathematicians were put into camp by Nazi or moved to the United States of America. After the war, European mathematicians did not have capacity to represent the international mathematical society anymore. This led Stone and other American mathematicians to form the new IMU, which was independent of political ideology. This paper studies the birth process of the new IMU after the War and some major events that happened to ICM in 1950s.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate developmental and estrogenic activity of bisphenol A (BPA) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) to the second generation of Sprague-Dawley rats ingested during gestational or lactational periods. Rats were given BPA 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BBP 100mg/kg of pregnancy or lactation periods. Maternal body weight and neonatal body weight were recorded. The rats were sacrificed on day 21 after birth. Reproductive organs of dam and neonate were utilized for receptor binding assay. The plasma concentrations of BPA and MBep, one of the major metabolites of BBP were analyzed with HPLC. The co-administration of BPA and BBP induced slow weight gain compared with single administration in dams. Also, such mixture induced low neonatal body weights in next generation. The dams treated with BPA and BBP during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver and spleen. The dams exposed during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes not only in liver and spleen but also in kidney, uterus and ovary. The F1 female rats exposed during lactation periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver, spleen, ovary. The F1 male rats showed significant organ weight changes in liver, kidney, epididymis, vesicular glands, prostate. However, no clear synergistic effects of BPA and BBP were noted. There was no significantly different ER$\alpha$ expression pattern between control and treated groups. However, ER$\alpha$ expression were increased in F1 male testis and female uterus. PI male showed distinct ER$\alpha$ expression, especially in the group of lactational combined exposure. Synergistic ER$\alpha$ expression was found by combined treatment of BPA and BBP. We could not find any evidences of synergistic effects on BPA and/or BBP combined administration on dams and their fetuses, except in ER$\alpha$ expression of F1 male.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1978.06a
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• pp.8.2-8
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• 1978

This paper was designed to investigate the causes of child hearing loss which is essential to language development especialy in young childhood. Accurate history taking, precise otolaryngological examination and impedence audiometry were performed on 185 hard of hearing children under age 5 during last 8 months and investigated its causes. The results were as follows: 1. Infections diseases were the most common causes of sensorineural hearing loss (44/123cases, 30.1%), and mother's condition during pregnancy the second, and birth injury or head trauma the third. 2. Acute or chronic ear ear diseases were the most common causes of counductive hearing loss (32/62, 51.6%), frequent URI the second (19/62, .30.6%), and adenoid vegetation the third (7/62, 11.3%). 3. The majority of causes of child hearing loss under age 5 was exogenous (179/185 cases, 96.8%), and the minority was endogenous (6/185 cases, 3.2%).

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.93-96
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• 2016

This retrospective study evaluated the effect of age at first calving on the productive and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cattle. Data were collected on 2,297 lactations from 19 dairy farms, including dates of birth, insemination, pregnancy, calving, and lactation and milk production (305-day milk yield at first lactation and lifetime milk yield). Lactation data were grouped based on age at first calving into the early (< 24 months, n = 414), moderate (24 ${\leq}$ and ${\leq}$ 28 months, n = 1,268), and late (> 28 months, n = 615) groups. The 305-day milk yield at first lactation was higher (p < 0.005) in the late group (8,461.9 kg) than in the early (8,130.8 kg) and moderate (8,261.9 kg) groups. Lifetime days in milk were shorter (p < 0.01) in the early group (1,045.7) than in the moderate (1,143.1) and late (1,110.7) groups, whereas the lifetime milk yield was higher (p < 0.05) in the moderate group (34,171.8 kg) than in the early group (31,791.6 kg). The second calving interval (days) differed (p < 0.0001) between the early (416.9), moderate (438.9), and late (455.3) groups. The culling rate at the first and second lactations tended to be higher (p = 0.08) in the early group (31.2%) than in the moderate group (26.0%), whereas it was intermediate in the late group (29.3%). In conclusion, dairy heifers aged 24-28 months at first calving showed a higher productive performance through an increased lifetime milk yield and a decreased culling rate.

• BMB Reports
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2019

Our previous study found that two novel cancer-related genes, PRR11 and SKA2, constituted a classic gene pair that was regulated by p53 and NF-Y in lung cancer. However, their role and regulatory mechanism in breast cancer remain elusive. In this study, we found that the expression levels of PRR11 and SKA2 were upregulated and have a negative prognotic value in breast cancer. Loss-of-function experiments showed that RNAi-mediated knockdown of PRR11 and/or SKA2 inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Mechanistic experiments revealed that knockdown of PRR11 and/or SKA2 caused dysregulation of several downstream genes, including CDK6, TPM3, and USP12, etc. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that wild type p53 significantly repressed the PRR11-SKA2 bidirectional promoter activity, but not NF-Y. Interestingly, NF-Y was only essential for and correlated with the expression of PRR11, but not SKA2. Consistently, adriamycin-induced (ADR) activation of endogenous p53 also caused significant repression of the PRR11 and SKA2 gene pair expression. Notably, breast cancer patients with lower expression levels of either PRR11 or SKA2, along with wild type p53, exhibited better disease-free survival compared to others with p53 mutations and/or higher expression levels of either PRR11 or SKA2. Collectively, our study indicates that the PRR11 and SKA2 transcription unit might be an oncogenic contributor and might serve as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target in breast cancer.

• The Critical Review of Religion and Culture
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• no.22
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• pp.15-50
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• 2012

This paper consists of two parts. The first part presents a review of academic studies on the concept of religion in Western countries; why the subject matters and how it has been discussed and evaluated. The second part contains a self-reflection of the conceptual analyses of religion from the Korean point of view; how we evaluate "their" studies and an attempt to understand the more than one hundred years of reception of the concept of religion in Korea. The idea of religion is an important part of the modern "map" that Korean society was obliged to accept in the middle of its crisis during the second half of the nineteenth century. Examining this process and the context of its reception can help to understand our intellectual and religious heritage. In this vein, it is of primary importance to consider how the modern concept of "Jonggyo" is different from the traditional concept of "Gyo".

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.147-158
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• 2000

In this study, we characterized the seasonal variation of rainrate fields in the Han river basin using the WGR multi-dimensional precipitation model (Waymire, Gupta, and Rodriguez-Iturbe, 1984) by estimating and comparing the parameters derived for each month and for the plain area, the mountain area and overall basin, respectively. The first-and second-order statistics derived from observed point gauge data were used to estimate the model parameters based on the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell algorithm of optimization. As a result of the study, we can find that the higher rainfall amount during summer is mainly due to the arrival rate of rain bands, mean number of cells per cluster potential center, and raincell intensity. However, other parameters controlling the mean number of rain cells per cluster, the cellular birth rate, and the mean cell age are found invariant to the rainfall amounts. In the application to the downstream plain area and upstream mountain area of the Han river basin, we found that the number of storms in the mountain area was estimated a little higher than that in the plain area, but the cell intensity in the mountain area a little lower than that in the plain area. Thus, in the mountain area more frequent but less intense storms can be expected due to the orographic effect, but the total amount of rainfall in a given period seems to remain the same.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.288-301
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify association between maternal depression and multiple contextual factors in 1,519 mothers in Korea who participated in the 2009 Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC). Methods: The second wave data which was a comprehensive longitudinal data set with a nationally representative birth cohort was analyzed using SAS 9.3 software. Kessler depression scale was used for this study. Results: Of the mothers, 23.0% reported being mild to moderate depression and 4.5% of the mothers reported severe depression. The factors influencing maternal depression include; mother's self-efficacy, mother's marital conflict, mother's social support, infant's and toddler's emotionality, mother's smoking and infant's feeding & eating of daily routine. These variables explained 39.5% of maternal depression. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the identified factors for maternal depression should be included in an intervention program to reduce the risk of depression.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.337-340
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• 1996

The role of endogenous somatostatin on lactation in rats was examined by passive immuno-neutralization of Wistar rats. In one study, the rats were given either immunoglobulin raised in sheep against somatostatin, or non-specific sheep immunoglobulins by daily s.c. injection from parturition through the first two weeks of lactation. The growth of the pups was recorded by weighting every second day, and the milk yield calculated from the pup weight and weight gain. Immunoneutralization of maternal somatostatin during pregnancy had a slight effect (p < 0.05) on the mean birth weight of the pups but no subsequent effect on postnatal growth rate of the pups or milk yield ($25.32{\pm}0.88g/day$) compared with young control rats given normal sheep serum ($25.55{\pm}1.04g/day$). Similarly, passive immunization against somatostatin during lactation ($21.96{\pm}1.57g/day$) also did not affect milk yields compared with controls ($24.85{\pm}1.03g/day$). These data do not support a significant role for endogenous somatostatin in regulating milk production in lactating rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.571-583
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• 2018

'Dress of the Year' by the UK Fashion Museum in Bath suggested an ideal role for a fashion museum and created fashion history along with the development of fashion journalism. A case study and literature research identified the characteristics of this scheme in terms of roles and functions for a fashion museum and defined them as: suggestion of collection cases, data construction for fashion research, and contribution to fashion critique. First, it suggested a good case of collection process. The 'Dress of the Year' creates a museum identity with a collection selected by designated journalist reviewer every year in order to maintain and strengthen a virtuous cycle. Second, it contributed to the accumulation of data for fashion research. The vast amount of data accumulated for more than 50 years became a fashion history that shows the change of fashion trends with a value of public confidence. It presented the possibilities of fashion research in various perspectives. Third, it contributed to the development of fashion criticism. The development of fashion journalism was conducted on the initiative of 'Dress of the Year' as well as contributed to the birth and growth of fashion journalists.