• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.95-107
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• 2015

In order to identify long-term trends of water quality parameters in Lake Kyeongpo, Mann-Kendall test, Sen's slope estimator and linear regression were applied on data, with 15 parameters from three different sites and rainfall, monitored once in every two months from March to November during 1998~2013. Seasonal variation analysis only used Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. Analysis result showed that salinity, transparency and nutrient variables (total phosphorus, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen) were only parameters having statistically significant trend. In linear regression analysis, salinity (surface and bottom layer of all sites) and transparency (only at site 1), were figured out with statistically significant increasing trend, while in non-parametric statistical method, salinity and transparency in all sites (surface, middle, deep) were figured out with statistically significant increasing trend. Water quality parameters showing statistically significant decreasing trends were dissolved oxygen (surface layer of site 1 and bottom layer of sites 2 and 3), total phosphorus (sites 1 and 2), dissolved inorganic phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen in the linear regression analysis and, dissolved oxygen (bottom layer of all sites), total phosphorus, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen in the non-parametric method. Seasonal trend analysis result showed that salinity, turbidity, transparency and suspended solids in spring, salinity, transparency, nitrate nitrogen and suspended solids in summer and temperature, salinity, transparency and suspended solids in fall were the variables depending on the season with increasing trends. In general, rainfall during the research period showed decreasing trend. The significant reduction trends of nutrients in Lake Kyeongpo were believed to be related to lagoon restoration and water management project run by Gangneung city and under-water wear removal, but further detailed studies are needed to know the exact causes.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.56-62
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• 2001

This study is carried out to investigate the water quality changes in Busan Metropolitan streams, The results are as follows. The level of organic contaminants($BOD_{5}$ and $COD_{Mn}$) is found to be low and does not show seasonal variation in domestic waste water streams. But, the level of organic contaminants in industrial waste water streams is relatively high and seems to be seasonally variable, which is affected by other factors. The nutrient materials, such as nitrogen(as T-N, about 20mg/L) and phosphorus(as T-P about 2.0mg/L), are abundant than Nak Dong River and the general trends of contaminants level are similar to those of organic contaminants. The chronic water qualities, including organic, nutrient contaminants levels, show that the loading rates in 1998 are smaller than the past(1983, 1992). And this trend is more evident in industrial waste water streams than domestic waste water streams.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2003

This study was carried out to characterize the behavior and sources of particulate trace metal in Daegu city. TSP (Total Suspended Particulate matter) was collected by filters on High Volume Air Sampler from the four areal (reference, residential, commercial, industrial area). The moult were analyzed by AAS after preliminary treatment. The average centration trend of trace metals contained in TSP was shown as follows : Fe > Cu > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cr > Cd. The trace metals showed the highest concentration in the industrial area. This study showed the seasonal variation of trace metals. Fe and Mn showed high concentration in spring, whereas Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb showed high concentration in winter. Also this study showed the regional variation of trace metals. The order of the average concentration of trace metals was : industrial > commercial > residential > reference area. Using Mn as a reference element, the enrichment factor analysis were used for identifying the trace element contributors. The enrichment factors of Cr, Fe < 10 were considered to have a significant dust and soil source and termed nonenriched. Pb, Cd, Cu >>10 were enriched and had a significant fraction which was contributed by anthropogenic sources.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1103-1113
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• 2009

Now in the 21st century, all the industries in our world are rapidly changing, including fashion trends and customers' needs as well. Fashion textile planning is also developing towards the direction where it could satisfy the merged sensitivity and incentive of the customers through an idea. The purpose of this study is to accentuate the importance of fashion material planning in fitting conventional patterns and eco-benign fabric materials. Accordingly, this study is mainly focused on the reflection of fabric planning characteristics to show tradition containing comfort and naturalness. As mixing with established fabrics and blending with natural/functional fabrics, and conforming to the trend of the seasonal fabric, it has developed a new structure and pattern by changing the basic source of traditional patterns to a computer aided design system. Therefore, four different types of items were basically up-graded by fitting it in with traditional patterns.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.199-209
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• 1999

Before investigating the long-term variations in macrobenthic communities sampled in the Chokchon macrotidal flat in Inchon, Korea, from 1989 to 1996, we need to understand how environmental factors in the area vary. As potential governing agents of tidal flat communities, abiotic factors such as mean sea level, seawater, air temperature, and precipitation were considered. Data for these factors were collected at equal intervals from 1976 or 1980 to 1996, and were analyzed using a decomposition method. In this analysis, all the above variables showed strong seasonal nature, and yielded a significant trend and cyclical variation. Positive trends were seen in the seawater and air temperatures, and based upon this relationship, it was found that the biological sampling period of our program has been carried out during warmer periods in succession. This paper puts forth some hypotheses concerning the response of tidal flat macrobenthos communities to the changing environment including mild winters in succession.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1992.07a
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• pp.495-497
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• 1992

Hourly load forecasting has become indispensable for practical simulation of electric power system as the system become larger and more complicated. To forecast the future hourly load the cyclic behavior of electric load which follows seasonal weather, day or week and office hours is to be analyzed so that the trend of the recent behavioral change can be extrapolated for the short term. For the long term, on the other hand, the changes in the infra-structure of each electricity consumer groups should be assessed. In this paper the concept and process of hourly load forecasting for hourly load is introduced.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.501-506
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• 2004

Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) generated Enterobacteriaceae including Escherichia coli is responsible for resisting antibiotics, which is clinical problem. This study was performed to investigate the isolation rates of 111 strains having positive of VITEK ESBL test 111 ESBL-strains in each month and season and statistically to determine their patterns of antibiotic test. One hundred eleven ESBL-strains were collected among 1,688 strains of E. coli isolated from various clinical specimen of one general hospital in Busan during 2002 to 2003. Month rates of ESBL-strains were 0％ to 13.3％, while the seasonal rates were highest at autumns during two years. The resistance to ampicillin, cefazolin, azteronam, ceftriaxone, and cefepime were 100％ in 2002. In ampicillin and cefazolin the resistances were 100％ during the two years. There were significant differences of cefoxitin and piperacillin/tazobactam between the two years but not significant between specimens. Four groups were divided according to the pattern of resistance and then the highest group had 93∼100％ of the resistance to 8 drugs but not resistant to imipenem.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.287-291
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• 2000

The study was based on 1921 service period records of Nili Ravi buffaloes maintained at six dairy farms in Pakistan during the period 1978 to 1994. The mean service period was $237.57{\pm}4.5$ days in the over all data. The highest mean service period ($393.59{\pm}16.18$ days) was at MDF Rawalpindi and the lowest ($199.15{\pm}14.35$ days) was at MDF Peshawar. The difference was significant p<0.001. Late maturing buffaloes showed significantly longer service period as compared to early maturing buffaloes. Parity and seasonal effects on Service Period were studied. There was an overall trend of reduction in the length of service period with the increase in parity. The mean ($287.54{\pm}6.89$ days) service period was (highest) in parity number one and lowest in parity number eight ($107.95{\pm}19.72$ days). The difference was highly significant. In overall data significantly lower service periods were seen in buffaloes calving in spring+winter as compared to summer+fall.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.25 no.6_1
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• pp.537-543
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• 2007

Since the GPS absolute positioning with pseudorange measurements can significantly be affected by the observation error, the time series analysis of the GPS receiver clock errors was performed in this study. From the estimated receiver clock errors, the time series model is generated, and constrained back in the absolute positioning process. One of the CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Stations) network is used to analyze the behavior of the receiver clock. The dominant part of the model is the linear trend during 24 hours, and the seasonal component is also estimated. After constraining the modeled receiver clock errors, the estimated position error compared to the published coordinates is improved from ${\pm}11.4\;m\;to\;{\pm}9.5\;m$ in 3D RMS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.78-87
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• 2003

Based on the qualitative analysis regarding five dominant characteristics of fashion in the transitional period of the 21s1 century, subsequent quantitative analysis was conducted and the following results were obtained. First, it was found that 85% of the clothes analyzed showed these five characteristics. Secondly, among the five characteristics, the new-naturalism shows the most significant trend and neo-retro was also found as one of the leading features along with the new-naturalism in the transitional period of the 21 st century. However, the frequency of technicism is less than was expected. Thirdly, analysis of the distribution of fashion characteristics according to fashion designers and seasonal changes show that new-naturalism, neo-retro and hybrid spread relatively evenly among each designer. The quantitative study confined the results obtained through the qualitative study.