• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.399-402
• /
• 1996

Endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy (ETS) has recently become estabilished as a successful treatment for severe palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis. Descriptions have been published of neurolytic, operative and alternative endoscopic procedures involving thermocoagulation, laser coagulation, or or nonvideo-assisted ganglionectomy using equipment not widely available, with low morbidity and excellent results. All methods have advantage and disadvantages. A 19-year-old male who suffered from severe hyperhidrosis on face, palms and axillary areas, has been initially treated with stellate ganglion block in other pain clinic. He was transfered to our pain clinic for endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy. The patient was intubated left side 34 Fr. double lumen tube and positioned left semi-lateral position for right sympathectomy. Right side pneumothorax was created by clamping the ipsilateral side of the double lumen tube and aspiration of air. 11-mm trocar was introduced through incision at the third intercostal space in anterior axillary line, and then additional two 11-mm and 5-mm trocar was introduced through second and fifth intercostal space in mid axillary line. The lung was gently retracted and the parietal pleura over the heads of the appropriate ribs excised using 5-mm sharp insulated coagulating microprocesss. The T4, T3, and T2 ganglions, as well as accompanying rami communicantes, and other branchs arising from upper thoracic nerves to the brachial plexus and surrounding tissues were carefully dissected, coagulated. During sympathectomy, skin temperature of middle was continuously monitored. Elevation of palmar skin temperature intraoperatively indicated an adequate sympathectomy with a definite therapeutic effect. A No. 28 Fr. thoracotomy tube was introduced through a troca under video guidance, placed under water seal after the lung was reinflated. the controlateral side was performed same procedure. After bilateral sympathectomy, chest tubes were removed, and then, he was discharged 2 days after operation with great satisfaction. The ETS provides a well-tolerated, cost-effective alternative to thoracic sympathectomy for primary hyperhidrosis and sympathetic mediated neuropathic pain disorder. And T2 ganglion is considered the key ganglion for the treatment of primary hyperhidrosis. The low incidence of compensatory sweating may by explained by the limited extent of the sympathectomy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.113-122
• /
• 1992

It is well known that chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla secrete catecholamine in response to sympathetic nerve activation and the influx of $Ca^{2+}$ through the voltage dependent $Ca^{2+}$ channels (VDCC) in the cell membrane do a major role in this secretory process. In this study, we explored the effect of divalent cations on VDCC of rat chromaffin cells. Rat (Sprague-Dawley rat, 150-250 gm) chromaffin cells were isolated and cultured. Standard giga seal, whole cell recording techniques were employed to study $Ca^{2+}$ current with external and internal solutions that could effectively isolate VDCC currents $(NMG\;in\;external\;and\;TEA\;and\;Cs^{2+}\;in\;internal\;solution)$. The voltage dependence and the inactivation time course of VDCC in our cells were identical to those of bovine chromaffin cells. A persistent inward current was first activated by depolarizing step pulse from the holding potential (H.P.) of -80 mV to -40 mV, increased to maximum amplitude at around +10 mV, and became smaller with progressively higher depolarizing pulses to reverse at around +60 mV. The inactivation time constant $(\tau)$, fitted from the long duration test potential (2 sec) was $1295.2{\pm}126.8$ msec $(n=20,\;1\;day\;of\;culture,\;mean\;{\pm}S.E.M.)$ and the kinetic parameters were not altered along the culture duration. Nicardipine $(10\;{\mu}M)$ blocked the current almost completely. Among treated divalent cations such as $Cd^{2+},\;Co^{2+},\;Ni^{2+},\;Zn^{2+}\;and\;,Mn^{2+},\;Cd^{2+}$ was the most potent blocker on VDCC. When the depolarizing step pulse from -80 mV to 10 mV was applied, the equilibrium dissociation constant $(K_d)$ of $Cd^{2+}\;was\;39\;{\mu}M,\;K_d\;of\;Co^{2+}\;was\;100\;{\mu}M\;and\;K_d\;of\;Ni^{2+}];was];780{\mu}M.$ The principal findings of this study are as follows. First, the majority of $Ca^{2+}$ channels in rat chromaffin cells are well classified to L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel in the view of kinetics and pharmacology. Second, all divalent cations tested could block the $Ca^{2+}$ current and the most potent blocker among the tested was $Cd^{2+}$.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.550-554
• /
• 2001

'Fuyu' persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) were seal-packaged in $60{\mu}m$ polyethylene (PE) film bags with various $O_2$ and $CO_2$ combinations (0% $O_2$+5% $CO_2$, 2% $O_2$+5% $CO_2$, 2% $O_2$+8% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$+5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$+10% $CO_2$), and in vacuum and air. They were then stored at $-0.5^{\circ}C$ for 95 days. Changes in fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids, Hunter L and a values, $CO_2$ concentrations, and marketability were investigated at 20-day intervals. A combination of 2% $O_2$ and 5% $CO_2$ as well as the vacuum treatment were effective in maintaining firmness, soluble solids, marketability, and Hunter a value of 'Fuyu' fruits. On the other hand, the treatment of 2% $O_2$ combined with 8% $CO_2$ and vacuum treatment were effective in maintaining fresh weight and Hunter L and a values. The highest marketable quality was maintained when the fruits were vacuum-sealed, although fruits softened severely in the area where two fruits contacted with each other.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.382-388
• /
• 2002

Compomer is composed of matrix and filler : matrix is made of the combination of resins and polycarboxylic molecules that are light-cured, and a filler is a glass component which is capable of ion-release. The resin content of compomers produces polymerization shrinkage which can adversely affect marginal adaptation. Pretreatment is a fundamental step which is treated with conditioner or primer in the use of these materials. Microleakage of restorative materials has been investigated mostly by dye penetration method. Dye penetration method was not quantitative and not measured repeatedly. Fluid filtration method, introduced and developed by Pashley's group, has been extensively used for 20 years for research purpose to understand the physiology of dentin, as well as the effects of various restorative treatments on dentin permeability. It permits quantitative, nondestructive measurment of microleakage in a longitudinal manner. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change of dentin permeability according to the process of compomer restoration. In this study. Cl V cavities were prepared on buccal surface of thirty extracted human molars. The prepared cavities were etched by 37% phosphoric acid. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was treated with following materials Group 1 : Prime & Bond NT/Dyract AP, Group2： Single Bond/F2000 compomer, Group 3 : Syntac Single Component/Compoglass. The bonding agent and compomer were applied for each group following manufacturers information. Dentin permeability of each group was measured at each process by fluid filtration method; Step 1 : preparation(smear layer). Step 2 : etching(smear layer removal), Step 3 : applying the bonding agent, Step 4 : filling the compomer. Dentin permeability was expressed by hydraulic conductance ($\mu\textrm{l}$ min$^{-1}$cm$H_2O$$^{-1}$). The data were analysed statistically using One-way ANOVA and Sheffe's method. The results were as follows : 1. Dentin permeability differences between each process were significant except between step 1 and step 2(p<0.01). 2. Dentin permeability after removal of smear layer was highly increased(p<0.01). 3. In most case, decrease of dentin permeability was obtained by applying bonding agent(p<0.01). 4. Dentin permeability differences among the experimental groups were not significant(p>0.05). 5. None of compomers used in this study showed perfect seal at the interface.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.55 no.4 s.94
• /
• pp.38-48
• /
• 2005

This study is consider·ed about the relation or costume among Parhae, ancient Japan and Tang and the culture of this time commonly was influenced by Tang;s culture. The recorded items, which were exchanged from Parhae to Tang and ancient Japan, are the pelt of marten, seal, bear and tiger skin or Ammowhaha(암모화) Gu(구) and so on. Other items from Tang and ancient Japan to Parhae are various clothes and material like silk and so on. This Parhae's clothes made with leather obtained through hunting were the main product of Parhae and had been greatly famous in Tang and ancient Japan. At that time, Tang and ancient Japan had been only dependent on the agricultural life but had not been accustomed to the hunting life, and thereupon, the people in Tang and Nara Era had difficulties to get leather clothes. Accordingly, the leather products stood for the rich, and the people who purchased the leather products from Parhae were recognized as the rich. On the other hand, The prince and the royal family in Parhae were dispatched to Tang as Sooktwui(숙위). They paid a tribute to Tang and In return for it, Tang gave to Sookwui as well as to Parhae's envoys various items and clothes such as Po(포), belt(대), gold and silver Eodae(어대) and textile like a type of silk. These clothes were considered as the formal uniform like Kwanbok(관복) of Parhae. Specially, the time when Sookwui was sent to Tang rot-responded with the time when Tang gave formal uniform to Parhae's envoys. Therefore, we can confirm that the sending of Sookwui influenced to form uniform system of Parhae. In this exchange relation, there were several duplicated items showed, for example Po(포)-belt(대), Eui set(의일습), Eoeui(어의), Jobok(조복), Go(고). These items in Parhae were appeared in process of exchanging from Tang to Japan and from Tang to Parhae. At that time, the exchanges between Tang and Parhae were frequently active much more than those between Tang and Japan, and the acceptance of the culture from Tang was easier in Parhae than Japan in consideration of the geographical location. Therefore, those clothes could be understood as the items already used in Parhae and affected from Tang. These items in Parhae were appeared in process of exchanging from Tang to Japan and from Japan to Parhae. As a result, it is expected that the costumes, which Parhae took from Japan, are the same as those of Tang.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.161-174
• /
• 2018

$CO_2$ storage site for small-scale demonstration has been investigated in Yeongil Bay, Pohang, SE Korea, using seismic survey and exploration well data. We found a potential storage formation consisting mainly of conglomerate and sandstone. The storage formation unconformably overlies volcanic basement rocks that are located in a depth from 650 to 950 m (below sea level). The depth of the storage formation is suitable for injecting supercritical $CO_2$ in the Pohang Basin. The average thickness of the storage formation is about 123 m, which possibly provides sufficient capacity at the level of small-scale storage demonstration. The overlying fine-grained deposits consist mainly of marine hemipelagic muds and interlayered turbidite sands. The overlying formation is considered as a good seal rock that is over 600 m thick and widely distributed in the onshore and offshore portions of the basin. NNE-trending faults found in the study area likely formed at basement level, probably not continue to seafloor. Such faults are interpreted as syndepositional faults involved to the basin initiation. This study reveals that the offshore area of the Pohang Basin contains deep geological formations suitable for small-scale $CO_2$ storage demonstration.

• KOMUNHWA
• /
• no.70
• /
• pp.89-108
• /
• 2007

Stamped-Roof Tiles, the characteristics of Baekje Tiles are one of the most frequently excavated tiles in Iksan. Considering the types and amount of excavation of the Stamped-Roof Tiles unearthed in Iksan area, it seems that these are closely related with a Royal family. The tiles might be manufactured by a particular gorup of file maker since they are produced with same way. Referring the Ganji carved in the Stamped-Roof Tiles, I suppose that the tiles were produced and used in two time periods, the time around enthronement of The King Mu and the second quarter of the 7th century around Gichuk, AD. 629. In addition, Convex Tiles used in Wanggung-ri Site and Mireuk Site was also produced in same time as the Stamped-Roof Tiles, considering there pattern and the amount of excavation. The social background of tile production was analogized based on the technology and the time of the tile manufacture as well as the characteristics of the Stamped-Roof Tiles which represent the Obu and the Ohang. The production of the tiles was supported by Obu which aided the King Mu-oriented construction project the economic capacity of the Royal family was not enough to promote. The tile production system was totally controled by the Royal family and the inspector, neither producer nor donator, examined the quantitation of the tiles and generated the imprint of a seal with the Stamped-Roof Tiles.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.112-123
• /
• 2006

Purpose: The biocompatibility and bio-adhesive property of a dental implant abutment are important for proper soft tissue healing and maintenance of osseointegration of implant. However, studies of soft tissue healing and mucosal attachment of various materials of implant abutment other than titanium are still needed. In this study, cell attachment, proliferation, cytotoxicity of human gingival fibroblast for ceramic, gold alloy, Ni-Cr alloy and, commercially available pure titanium as a control were evaluated, using MTS and scanning electron microscopy. Materials and Methods: Specimen was designed to disc, 4mm diameter and 1mm thickness, made of ceramic, gold alloy, Ni-Cr alloy and commercially available pure titanium. Primary culture of human gingival fibroblasts were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics. Cells were inoculated in the multiwell plates placed the specimen disc. Cell Titer 96 AQucous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay were done after 1hour 3hours, 24hours, 3days, 5days of incubation. The discs were processed for scanning electron micrography to evaluate cell attachment and morphologic change. Results: The results were obtained as fellows. 1. The ceramic showed high cell attachment and proliferation and low cytotoxicity, which is as much bioadhesive and biocompatible as titanium. 2. The gold alloy represented limited proliferation of human gingival fibroblast and the highest cytotoxicity among tested materials (p<0.05). 3. The Ni-Cr alloy limited the proliferaion of the human gingival fibroblast compared to titanium(p<0.05) but cytotoxicity on the bottom of well was not so considerable, compared to titanium. 4. On the scanning electron micrographs , the ceramic showed good attachment and proliferation of human gingival fibroblast, which was similar to titanium. But gold alloy and Ni-Cr alloy showed the shrinkage of gingival fibroblast both after 24 hours and 3 days. On 5th day, small amount of the human gingival fibroblast proliferation was observed on the Ni-Cr alloy, while the shrinkage of gingival fibroblast was still observed on the gold alloy. Conclusions: These results suggest that the ceramic abutment is as biocompatible as titanium to make proper mucosal seal. The gold alloy has a high cytotoxicity to limit proliferation of gingival fibroblast, which suggest limited use on the anterior tooth where soft tissue healing is recommeded.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.28 no.5A
• /
• pp.729-735
• /
• 2008

For well-constructed concrete, its service life is a long period and it has an enough durability performance. For cracked concrete, however, it is clear that cracks should be a preferential channel for the penetration of aggressive substance such as chloride ions accoding to author's previous researches. Even though crack width can be reduced due to the high reinforcement ratio, the question is to which extend these cracks may jeopardize the durability of cracked concrete. If the size of crack is small, surface treatment system can be considered as one of the best options to extend the service life of concrete structures exposed to marine environment simply in terms of cost effectiveness versus durability performance. Thus, it should be decided to undertake an experimental study to deal with the effect of different types of surface treatment system, which are expected to seal the concrete and the cracks to chloride-induced corrosion in particular. In this study, it is examined the effect of surfaced treated systems such as penetrant, coating, and their combination on chloride penetration through microcracks. Experimental results showed that penetrant can't cure cracks. However, coating and combined treatment can prohibit chloride penetration through cracks upto 0.06 mm, 0.08 mm, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.301-312
• /
• 2015

A commercial gas field was found in the southwestern continental shelf of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea in the late 1990s. To develop additional gas field, an exploration well was drilled through the coarse infill of submarine canyon near the gas field, but it was uneconomic to develop hydrocarbons. Using newly acquired deep seismic reflection and previous well data, we have identified additional geological structure which has hydrocarbon potentials below submarine canyons in the southwestern margin of the basin. Based on the interpretation of the deep seismic reflection and well data, the sequences of the study area can be classified into the syn-rift megasequence(MS1), post-rift megasequence(MS2), syn-compressional megasequence(MS3), and post-compressional megasequence(MS4) in relation to the tectonic events. MS1, deposited simultaneously with the basin formation before the middle Miocene, is characterized by chaotic seismic facies with low- to moderate-amplitude and low frequency reflections. MS2 comprises laterally continuous, low- to moderate-amplitude reflections, showing progradational stacking patterns due to high rates of sediment supply during basin expansion in the middle Miocene. MS3 is mainly composed of continuous reflections with high amplitude and moderate- to high-frequency which are interpreted as coarse-grained sediments. The coarse-grained sediments of MS3 sequence is widely truncated by several submarine canyons which filled with fine-grained sediment of MS4 to form a stratigraphic trap of hydrocarbon. Therefore, the reservoir and seal of the hydrocarbon trap in the study area are coarse-grained sediment of MS3 and submarine canyon filled with fine-grained sediment of MS4, respectively. A flat-spot seismic anomaly, which may indicate the presence of hydrocarbon, is observed within the stratigraphic trap.