• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.511-517
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• 2013

UNFCCC was adopted in 1992 in order to prevent global warming. However, as a lack of concrete reduction goal and implementation plan, UNFCCC could not have effectiveness. In 1997, Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC was adopted and UNFCCC regime started practically binding on the parties. Global warming takes the leading role in changing marine environment such as the rising of water level and sea water temperature. Also, Ocean plays the vital role in storing carbon to prevent global warming. Meanwhile ships which get the propulsion generated by consuming the fossil fuel are identified as GHG source and the discussions regarding the control of GHG emitted from ships are still in progress in IMO. IMO instrument has some legal conflicts with UNFCCC in principle. Therefore, this paper reviews the present UNFCCC regime and UNCLOS. Also, it surveys activities of IMO and analyze the Amendment to MARPOL73/78 Annex VI which entered into force on January 1, 2013. Finally, conclusions suggest the improvements in order to ensure effectiveness the new Amendment to MARPOL73/78 practically.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.231-238
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• 2002

In this study we classified sediment types of tidal flat using Landsat-5 images. This is for groping the method which can analyze correctly various kinds of sediment faces through satellite images. This work was performed by referencing ground truth of sediment faces which was investigated in the field. With this data we classified Landsat-5 image of 1997's to grope a most suitable classification method. As a result, in case of south Kanghwa island area, it was the optimum way to compound band 4, 5, 7 of Landsat-5 TM imagery. And, this work classified 3 kinds of sediment faces - M(mud), sM(sandy mud) and (g)M(slightly gravelly mud) - in land and mixed water area. It is anticipated that if this method is applied to a image of extremely lower sea level time, it can classify the sediment types of a broad tidal flat area. This is expected to be a beginning of estimating the effect of sediment faces to the change of the tidal flat ecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2005

Dual frequency acoustic pinger(AP) was manufactured to reduce study effect by long-term use of developed single frequency AP to prevent cetacean bycatch. Directivity characteristic of transducer was the omnidirectional pattern which showed less than ${\pm}3dB$ the change range of sensitivity on the beam pattern of right and left. Source power level(SPL) was 1384311pa with epoxy window before casing however after casing 1170B11Pa at sea. Dual frequency Af was tested to identify the avoidance behavior of bottlenose dolphin by its working. However the efficiency of dual frequency AP about the study effect was verified experiment repeatedly using single and dual frequency AP.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.888-903
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• 2006

This study analyze the change of wind pattern and intensity according to the transform of surface conditions, such as land use and height of terrain, over the leeward region. In order to do this, we have employed 'Envi-met' microscale atmospheric numerical model. When the same wind condition is considered, the wind speed of base case having natural surface condition of Chunsudae shows the weakest strength among different cases such as the 'bare case' and the '20 m case' which the plants is removed and the height of terrain is flatted as 20 m above the sea level over the Chunsudae, respectively. The weakening of wind speed is a maximum of $4{\sim}8 m/s$ when the inflow wind speed is 55 m/s.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.594-604
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• 1994

The storm surges caused by the typhoon Brenda in 1985 were studied by analysing tidal observation data at 7 stations along the south coast of the Korean peninsula. The tidal deviation at these stations along the coast are discussed in association with meteorological data. The sea level anomalies were studied by means of the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis and the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) method. From the result of EOF analysis, the temporal and spatial variations of storm surge were described by the first mode of EOF, which is $73\%$ of the total variances during the passage of typhoon Brenda. From the results of FFT spectral analysis, the peak energy of the autospectrum for surge, atmospheric pressure, and wind stress appeared in the low frequency fluctuations band. The result of FFT analysis showed that the typhoon surge was related chiefly to the atmospheric pressure change in an open bay such as Cheju and Keomundo harbor, while it was influenced mainly by the wind stress in the semi-enclosed waters of Yeosu, Chungmu and Kadukdo.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.145-145
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• 2019

Groundwater and rainwater are the only sources of freshwater in small islands as many islands lack surface water sources. Groundwater occurring in the form of freshwater lens floating on denser seawater is highly dependent on natural recharge from rainfall. A sharp interface numerical model for regional and well scale modeling is selected to assess the sustainability of freshwater lens in the island of Tongatapu. In this study, 29 downscaled General Circulation Model(GCM) predictions are input to the recharge model based on water balance modelling. Three GCM predictions which represent wet, dry and medium conditions are selected for use in the groundwater flow model. Total freshwater volume and number of saltwater intruded wells are simulated under various climate scenarios with GCM predicted rainfall pattern, sea level rise and pumping. Simulations indicate that the sustainability of the freshwater lens is threatened by the frequent droughts which are predicted under all scenarios of recharge. The natural depletion of the lens during droughts and increase in water demands, leads to saltwater upconing under the pumping wells. Implementation of drought management measures is of utmost importance to ensure sustainability of freshwater lens in future.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.93-104
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• 2021

In recent years, there has been a substantial theoretical and empirical study on the role that financial market development has significantly played in promoting economic growth and development in the world. The development of an economy requires the financial industry to be developed. In the context of rapid economic development, global warming has become a serious problem with issues such as rising average temperatures, climate change, rising sea level, and increasing carbon dioxide emissions. This study aims to examine the influence of economic growth, financial development, transportation capacity, and environmental degradation. Using time-series data from 1986 to 2019 and environmental degradation being measured by CO2 emissions, the study employs a quantity of ample unit root tests, the structural break unit root tests, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), and cointegration bounds test. The results show that there is a significant long-term cointegration among study variables. Empirical findings also indicate that an increase in per capita GDP and financial development worsens environmental quality whereas transportation capacity and foreign investment can improve environmental quality.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.270-270
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• 2022

기후변화로 인해 전 세계적으로 평균해수면이 상승하고 있으며, 우리나라에서도 전반적으로 평균해수면이 상승하는 추세를 보이고 있다(Yoon and Kim, 2012; Jung, 2014, Yang et al., 2022). 해수면의 상승은 연안저지대 범람, 내수배제 불량 등의 피해를 증가시킬 수 있으므로, 해수면 상승에 대한 분석과 장래 해수면변화에 대한 정확한 예측은 매우 중요한 사항이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 평균해수면의 변화는 전 지구적 평균해수면의 변화와는 별개로 지역적으로 변동특성이 크게 다르게 나타날 수 있는데(Yang and Hwang, 2021), 해수면의 시간적/공간적 변화가 중첩되는 경우 단기간에 해수면 상승이 가속화 될 수 있으며 이로 인한 취약지역이 발생할 가능성이 매우 크기 때문에(Arnoldo et al, 2017), 평균해수면의 시간적/공간적 변화양상을 파악하는 것은 매우 중요한 사항이라 하겠다. 이에 본 연구에서는 서해안에 분포한 조위관측소의 조위 관측자료를 이용하여 평균해수면의 시간적/공간적 변화에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과, 서해안의 북부보다 남부로 갈수록 평균해수면의 변화량이 더 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 과거의 변화량보다 최근의 평균해수면 변화가 더 큰 양상을 보이는 것으로 나타났다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.271-271
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• 2022

해수면의 변화를 분석하는 대표적인 방법 중 하나는 관측된 조위자료를 평균하여 평균해수면을 산정하고, 이를 이용하여 해수면의 상승 혹은 하강 추세를 파악하는 것이다. 평균해수면의 산정시 별도의 분석없이 단순한 산술평균만으로 평균해수면을 산정할 수 있어 해수면의 변화를 간편하게 추정할 수 있는 장점이 있으나, 관측된 조위자료는 천문조, 기상조 및 기후변화 등에 의한 변화가 모두 반영된 자료이기 때문에 장래의 해수면 변화를 정확하게 추정하기에는 어려움이 있다. 인위적인 개발이 없는 상태에서의 장기적인 해수면 변화는 주로 기후변화에 기인하기 때문에 미래의 변화를 정확하게 추정하기 위해서는 기후변화에 의한 해수면 변화, 즉 장주기 성분만을 고려한 분석이 수행되어야 정확한 미래 해수면 변화 산정이 가능하다(Kang et al., 2008; Pugh, 2004; Yang et al., 2002). 이에 본 연구에서는 관측된 조위자료에 저역통과필터(Low-pass filter)를 이용하여 천문조, 기상조 등의 단주기적 변동성을 제외하고, 장주기적 성분만을 고려한 평균해수면 변화 분석이 수행되었다. 분석결과, 산술평균으로 산정된 평균해수면의 상승경향에 비해 장주기적 성분만을 고려한 평균해수면 상승량이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.55-67
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• 2019

This study tries to reveal and compare uplift rates in the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula, based on absolute ages from coastal terrace on the coast. The uplift rate in the East Coast from previous study ranges from 0.258 to 0.357 m/ka with a median rate of 0.262 m/ka and shows an increase trend from north to south. Median uplift rate of 0.082 m/ka with minimum and maximum rates of 0.053 m/ka and 0.127 m/ka, respectively, is calculated in the South Coast from previous and this studies. The uplift rate in the West Coast from 3 absolute ages in this study is 0.082~0.112 m/ka with a median rate of 0.090 m/ka. Based on these uplift rates in the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula, it can be concluded that since MIS 5, the East Coast has experienced 3 to 4 times faster uplift rate than the West and South Coasts. However, this study suggests that more discussion on whether these uplift rates are long-term tectonic movement associated with tilted warping movement since the Tertiary or short-term tectonic movement associated with isostatic rebound due to sea level change since the Last Interglacial is needed.