• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.223-237
• /
• 2011

The intermittent freshwater discharge has an critical influence upon the biophysical environments and the ecosystems of the Yeongsan Estuary where the estuary dam altered the continuous mixing of saltwater and freshwater. Though freshwater discharge is controlled by human, the extreme events are mainly driven by the heavy rainfall in the river basin, and provide various impacts, depending on its magnitude and frequency. This research aims to evaluate the magnitude and frequency of extreme freshwater discharges, and to establish the magnitude-frequency relationships between basin-wide rainfall and freshwater inflow. Daily discharge and daily basin-averaged rainfall from Jan 1, 1997 to Aug 31, 2010 were used to determine the relations between discharge and rainfall. Consecutive daily discharges were grouped into independent events using well-defined event-separation algorithm. Partial duration series were extracted to obtain the proper probability distribution function for extreme discharges and corresponding rainfall events. Extreme discharge events over the threshold 133,656,000 $m^3$ count up to 46 for 13.7y years, following the Weibull distribution with k=1.4. The 3-day accumulated rain-falls which occurred one day before peak discharges (1day-before-3day -sum rainfall), are determined as a control variable for discharge, because their magnitude is best correlated with that of the extreme discharge events. The minimum value of the corresponding 1day-before-3day-sum rainfall, 50.98mm is initially set to a threshold for the selection of discharge-inducing rainfall cases. The number of 1day-before-3day-sum rainfall groups after selection, however, exceeds that of the extreme discharge events. The canonical discriminant analysis indicates that water level over target level (-1.35 m EL.) can be useful to divide the 1day-before-3day-sum rainfall groups into discharge-induced and non-discharge ones. It also shows that the newly-set threshold, 104mm, can just separate these two cases without errors. The magnitude-frequency relationships between rainfall and discharge are established with the newly-selected lday-before-3day-sum rainfalls: $D=1.111{\times}10^8+1.677{\times}10^6{\overline{r_{3day}}$, (${\overline{r_{3day}}{\geqq}104$, $R^2=0.459$), $T_d=1.326T^{0.683}_{r3}$, $T_d=0.117{\exp}[0.0155{\overline{r_{3day}}]$, where D is the quantity of discharge, ${\overline{r_{3day}}$ the 1day-before-3day-sum rainfall, $T_{r3}$ and $T_d$, are respectively return periods of 1day-before-3day-sum rainfall and freshwater discharge. These relations provide the framework to evaluate the effect of freshwater discharge on estuarine flow structure, water quality, responses of ecosystems from the perspective of magnitude and frequency.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.13-35
• /
• 2023

Ocean currents play the most important role in causing and controlling global climate change. The water depth of the Yellow Sea is very shallow compared to the East Sea, and the circulation and currents of seawater are quite complicated owing to the influence of various wind fields, ocean currents, and river discharge with low-salinity seawater. The Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) is one of the most representative currents of the Yellow Sea in winter and is closely related to the weather of the southwest coast of the Korean Peninsula, so it needs to be treated as important in secondary-school textbooks. Based on the 2015 revised national educational curriculum, secondary-school science and earth science textbooks were analyzed for content related to the YSWC. In addition, a questionnaire survey of secondary-school science teachers was conducted to investigate their perceptions of the temporal variability of ocean currents. Most teachers appeared to have the incorrect knowledge that the YSWC moves north all year round to the west coast of the Korean Peninsula and is strong in the summer like a general warm current. The YSWC does not have strong seasonal variability in current strength, unlike the North Korean Cold Current (NKCC), but does not exist all year round and appears only in winter. These errors in teachers' subject knowledge had a background similar to why they had a misconception that the NKCC was strong in winter. Therefore, errors in textbook contents on the YSWC were analyzed and presented. In addition, to develop students' and teachers' data literacy, class materials on the YSWC that can be used in inquiry activities were developed. A graphical user interface (GUI) program that can visualize the sea surface temperature of the Yellow Sea was introduced, and a program displaying the spatial distribution of water temperature and salinity was developed using World Ocean Atlas (WOA) 2018 oceanic in-situ measurements of water temperature and salinity data and ocean numerical model reanalysis field data. This data visualization materials using oceanic data is expected to improve teachers' misunderstandings and serve as an opportunity to cultivate both students and teachers' ocean and data literacy.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.52-61
• /
• 2000

The field surveys and the seawater analyses were conducted over the southern waters of Cheju island every month from July 1997 to June 1988. The distributions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP), chemical oxygen demand(COD) and dissolved oxygen(DO) in the southern water area of Cheju island were simulated and reproduced by an ecosystem model. In order to estimate the environmental capacity of the southern coastal area of Cheju island, the simulations for predicting the situation of unfavorable environment in which marine water quality might not be satisfied with Korean standards were performed with an ecosystem model by controlling quantitatively the pollution loads of discharge sources including streams flowing into the sea. The more the loads of 4 major pollution sources flowing into model region increase, the more evident appear the increases of COD, DIN and DIP concentrations around the water areas adjacent to pollution sources. In case the pollution loads of all 4 discharge sources including streams become 3 times as high as the present loads, the concentration of DIN at near-shore waters appears to be increased to about 14.5mmol/m³(=0.20mg/ℓ) which is the third class criterion of Korean standards for marine water quality. In case of 10 times as high as the present loads, COD at near-shore waters appears to be increased to about 1.0mg/ℓ which is the first class criterion of Korean standards. In case of 20 times as high as the present loads, DIP at near-shore waters appears to be increased to about 0.50mmol/m³(=0.015mg/ℓ) which is the second class criterion of Korean standards.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.91-109
• /
• 2022

The ocean is a significant sink for atmospheric anthropogenic CO₂, absorbing one-third of the total CO₂ emitted by human activities. In return, oceans have experienced significant declines in seawater pH and the aragonite saturation state also called ocean acidification. This study evaluates the distribution of aragonite saturation state, an indicator to assess the potential threat from ocean acidification, by combining newly obtained data from the west coast of South Korea with previous datasets covering the Yellow Sea, East Sea, northern South China Sea, and southeast coast of South Korea. In general, offshore waters absorb atmospheric CO₂; however, most of the collected water samples show aragonite oversaturation. On the southeast coast, the aragonite saturation state was significantly affected by river discharge and associated variables, such as freshwater input with nutrients, seasonal stratification, biological carbon fixation, and bacterial remineralization. In summer, hypoxia and mixing with relatively acidic freshwater made the Jinhae and Gwangyang Bays undersaturated with respect to aragonite, possibly threatening marine organisms with CaCO₃ shells. However, widespread aragonite undersaturation was not observed on the west coast, which receives considerable river water discharge. In addition, occasional upwelling events may have worsened the ocean acidification in the southwestern part of the East Sea. These results highlight the importance of investigating site-specific ocean acidification processes in coastal waters. Along with the above-mentioned seasonal factors, the dissolution of atmospheric CO₂ and the deposition of atmospheric acidic substances will continue to reduce the aragonite saturation state in Korean waters. To protect marine ecosystems and resources, an ocean acidification monitoring program should be established for Korean waters.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.1-20
• /
• 1986

Physical, chemical and biological surveys on Nakdong River estuary were made from October, 1985 to September, 1986. 1. For all the seasons except summer, the sea surface temperature in northwest area of the line which linked from Seo Island to Jisim Island was I-2$^{\circ}$C lower than in southeast area, but in summer the sea surface temperature in northwest area was I-2$^{\circ}$C higher than in southeast area. On the contrary, bottom temperature of coastal area was 1$^{\circ}$C higher than that of oceanic area except winter. 2. Surface salinity in summer and fall has minimum value of 1. 9%0 and maximum value of 32.9%0. This large variation was caused by the runoff of the Nakdong River. Effect of less saline Nakdong River water in northwest area of the line which linked from Seo Island to Jisim Island was greater than in southeast area. A strong current rip always formed near this line. 3. The yellowish-green colored zone was observed in the Nakdong River estuary throughout the year by influence of river discharge. The characteristics of the water quality in the zone have shown that the water color was grade 7 by the Forel water-color meter, transparency was less than 4 m, and concentration of suspended solids was more than 5 mg/1. This water body was in the state of eutrophication in terms of chlorophyll-a and inorganic nitrogen concentration during summer season. 4. During the study period, total 276 taxa were identified. Most of them were diatoms and dinoflagellates which consisted of 97.5%. The component ratio of the above two groups was 84.4% and 13.1 % respectively. Diatoms were plentiful in December and dinoflagellates in July. Dominant species were Nitzschia seriata in October, Thalassiosira rotula in December, Skeletoncma costatum in April, and Nitzschia longissima in July. 5. A total of 47 zooplankton taxa was identified from the samples collected. Copepods were numerically the most important components of zooplankton communities in the study area. The domir:ant copepod species were Paracalanus parvus, Acartia clausi and Temora turbinata. Noctiluca scintillans was the next important component. The other zooplankton with minor abundance were Cladocera. Sagitta spp., Cnidaria, Mysidacea, Lucifer spp. and Amphipoda. 6. During the study period, fishes from 47 families and 87 species were sampled in th~ study area. The four most abundant fish species were Rep~mucen//'s valencicnnei, Leiognathus n~cha!is, Amblychaeturicllthys hexanema and Sardirel/a zun:zsi. The fish species of the secondary importance in abundance were Cynoglossus joyneri, Sillago sihama, Engra~lis japonicus, Encdrias nebulos'l, Acanthogobius flavimanus, Trichiurus lepturus, LiParis tanai/ai, Cynagloss//'s interruptus, Aj)ogon line:z!us, Thrissz la 1l.'1la!ensis, and Limanda yokohamac.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.542-550
• /
• 2011

Changes of suspended sediment concentration in the Seomjin river estuary located in south sea of the Korea peninsula were investigated during the spring tide in autumn (i.e. 25 hours in October) 2000 and winter (i.e. 25 hours in February) 2001. The changes of temperature and salinity during the spring tide in October 2000 showed larger variations than the those in February 2001. During the spring tide in October 2000, currents at bottom layer were observed to be stronger than during the spring tide in February 2001, showing that both of the two periods had ebb currents-predominant tide asymmetries. The suspended sediment concentrations in October 2000 were larger than the those in February 2001. At the time of the maximum of tide currents or after about one hour of the maximum during the autumn months, the suspended sediment turbidity was observed to be maximum. Another observation station at Hadong upstream from the Seomjin river estuary showed about one hour delay in tide phase, Thereby, the suspended sediment concentration showed high turbidity after two hours at bottom and three hours at surface layer, in particular, in October 2000. This results can be explained by the facts that river discharge increased significantly after the summer rainy season, causing also increase of erosion processes by strong current velocity at bottom layer.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.255-265
• /
• 1999

CTD castings and current observations are taken in June, July and October, 1997 and May and July, 1998 to investigate the effect of the Keum River dyke on the structure of physical properties and the type of the Keum River estuary. Tide and tidal current relation shows that the ebbing is longer than the flooding by 1.5 hours with the early current reversing before high tide. In the rainy season (May to July), frequent large fresh water discharge during the ebbing from the dyke changes vertical salinity difference and time variation of salinity greatly near the head of the estuary, where salinity becomes lower than 2‰ in summer fresh water flooding. Halocline developed by the fresh water discharge makes two-layer structure, of which strength and depth increase in the low tide. The relationship between tide phase and surface salinity variation shows the phase lag of 2.5 hours near the head of the estuary but the standing wave relation down the estuary. This phase lag implies that a low salinity water diluted by the fresh water discharge for 2-3 hours in the ebb period moves with tidal excursion. In the dry season, vertical salinity difference reduces significantly. We calculate stratification and circulation parameters using the observed salinity structure, surface current and fresh water discharge. The Keum River estuary shows a partially mixed type, changing the stratification parameter from the rainy to the dry season. Mean flows of observed tidal current at lower and upper layer are landward and seaward, which are consistent with the circulation of a partially mixed estuary. Based upon the estuary type and circulation we suggest that the suspended materials will move toward the upstream due to low-layer mean flow and then the Keum River estuary will be a deposit environment.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.180-190
• /
• 2014

It has been customary to exclude top 10-20% of velocity profiles in the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurement due to side lobe effects at the boundary. To better understand the mixing in the Yeongsan estuary, the freshwater advection speed (FAS) was recovered from highly contaminated ADCP data near the surface. The velocity profiles were measured by using ADCP at two stations in the Yeongsan estuary during August 2011: one was located in front of the Yeongsan estuarine dam and the other was deployed near Goha Island. The FAS was recovered from the ADCP data set by applying rigorous post-processing methods and compared with the sediment advection speed (SAS). The SAS was determined by the peak time difference of suspended sediment concentration between two stations in the channel, divided by the distance of two stations. The FAS and the SAS showed very similar value when the freshwater discharge was greater than $2.0{\times}10^7$ ton and the SAS was a bit greater when the freshwater discharge was smaller. Since the FAS was on average about 0.8 m/s greater than the velocity at 0.8 of water depth from the bottom, the net discharge, estimated with recovered FAS and integrated over water depth and tidal cycle, was directed seaward during the high discharge contrary to the onshore direction of the net discharge estimated with 0.8 of water depth from the bottom. Moreover, the velocity shear and Richardson number changed when the FAS was used. Thus, the importance of the true FAS is appreciated in the investigation of the surface layer stability. If currents, temperature and salinity were observed for longer time in the future, it could be possible to more accurately understand the formation and decay of stratification as well as the suspended sediment transport processes.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2006

Analyses of sedimentological and geochemical parameters from two radiocarbon-dated sediment cores (JM98-845-PC and JM98-818-PC) retrieved from the central part of Isfjorden, Svalbard, in the Arctic Sea, reveal detailed paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic histories over the last 15,000 radiocarbon years. The overconsolidated diamicton at the base of core JM98-845-PC is supposed to be a basal till deposited beneath pounding glacier that had advanced during the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum). Deglaciation of the fjord commenced after the glacial maximum, marked by the deposition of interlaminated sand and mud in the ice-proximal zone by subglacial meltwater discharge, and prevailed between 13,700 and 10,800 yr B.P. with enriched-terrigenous organic materials. A return to colder conditions occurred at around 10,800 yr B.P. with a drop in TOC content, which is probably coincident with the Younger Dryas event in the North Atlantic region. At this time, an abrupt decrease of TOC content as well as an increase in C/N ratio suggests enhanced terrigenous input due to the glacial readvance. A climatic optimum is recognized between 8,395 and 2,442 yr B.P., coinciding with 'a mid-Holocene climatic optimum' in Northern Hemisphere sites (e.g., the Laurentide Ice sheet). During this time, as the sea ice receded from the fjord, enhanced primary productivity occurred in open marine conditions, resulting in the deposition of organic-enriched pebbly mud with evidence of TOC maxima and C/N ratio minima in sediments. Fast ice also disappeared from the coast, providing the maximum of IRD (ice-rafted debris) input. Around 2,442 yr B.p. (the onset of Neoglacial), pebbly mud, characterized by a decrease in TOC content, reflects the formation of more extensive sea ice and fast ice, which might cause decreased primary productivity in the surface water, as evidenced by a decrease in TOC content. Our results provide evidence of climatic change on the Svalbard fjords that helps to refine the existence and timing of late Pleistocene and Holocene millennial-scale climatic events in the Northern Hemisphere.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
• /
• 2006.05a
• /
• pp.121-128
• /
• 2006

The results of COD researched on August of 2004 were 6.8 ppm in North Mokpo inner Bay, 4.4 ppm in front of YongSang Bank and 4.6 ppm in front of ShinAn Beach Hotel which is over III level Marine-Environmental Standard. The other five stations sea water quality of Mokpo inner bay were reached II-III level. Concentration of total nitrogen range from 1.23 ppm to 3.56 ppm and total phosphorous was range from 0.07 ppm to 0.12 ppm which were II-III level. This results show that the Mokpo inner bay is unsuitable for aquaculture and growth of fish and for use of marine resort, it can be only available for industrial and harbour use. In results of estimated point source flow into Mokpo inner bay, the occupation ratio from YoungSang river in total inflow of TN and TP were up to 49-89 % respectively. It is indicate that in order to improve the water quality of MokPo inner bay have to control the discharge from YoungSang river first of all, then control the discharge from North Harbour domestic wastewater treatment, InAm river and NamHae domestic wastewater treatment.