• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.53 no.1
• /
• pp.24-33
• /
• 2020

In excavated bronze artifacts, corrosion products of various shapes and colors are observed due to multiple corrosion factors coexisting in the burial environment, and these corrosion products can constitute important data not only in terms of long-term corrosion-related information, but also in connection with preservation of artifacts. As such, scientific analysis is being carried out on the corrosion layer and corrosion products of bronze artifacts, and the corrosion mechanism and the characteristics of corrosion products elucidated, which is essential for interpreting the exposed burial environment and its association with corrosion factors inside the burial environment. In this study, after classifying excavated bronze artifacts according to alloy ratio and fabrication technique, comprehensive analysis of the surface of corrosion artifacts, corrosion layer, and corrosion products was carried out to investigate the corrosion mechanism, formation process of the corrosion layer, and characteristics of corrosion products. The study designated two groups according to alloy ratio and fabrication technique. In Group 1, which involved a Cu-Sn-Pb alloy and had no heat treatment, the surface was rough and external corrosion layers were formed on a part, or both sides, of the inside and the outside, and the surface was observed as being green or blue. α+δ phase selection corrosion was found in the metal and some were found to be concentrated in an empty space with a purity of 95 percent or more after α+δ phase corrosion. The Cu-Sn alloy and heat-treated Group 2 formed a smooth surface with no external corrosion layer, and a dark yellow surface was observed. In addition, no external corrosion layer was observed, unlike Group 1, and α corrosion was found inside the metal. In conclusion, it can be seen that the bronze artifacts excavated from the same site differ in various aspects, including the formation of the corrosion layer, the shape and color of the corrosion products, and the metal ion migration path, depending on the alloy ratio and fabrication technique. They also exhibited different corrosion characteristics in the same material, which means that different forms of corrosion can occur depending on the exposure environment in the burial setting. Therefore, even bronze artifacts excavated from the same site will have different corrosion characteristics depending on alloy ratio, fabrication technique, and exposure environment. The study shows one aspect of corrosion characteristics in specific areas and objects; further study of corrosion mechanisms in accordance with burial conditions will be required through analysis of the corrosive layer and corrosive product characteristics of bronze artifacts from various regions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.10
• /
• pp.1588-1593
• /
• 2015

Contents of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins of mulberries (Morus alba L.) cultivated in a greenhouse (GH) and open field (OF) were evaluated by HPLC during maturation. In the case of phenolic acids, caffeic acid ($96.37{\sim}824.00{\mu}g/g$), coumaric acid ($19.45{\sim}68.23{\mu}g/g$), ferulic acid ($4.50{\sim}18.66{\mu}g/g$), and sinapic acid ($15.61{\sim}29.27{\mu}g/g$) were detected. The major phenolic acid was caffeic acid, and its content increased in the initial stage and decreased in the last stage. The phenolic acid content of OF mulberries was higher than that of GH mulberries. Contents of two major flavonoids, quercetin, and kaempferol, were $44.17{\sim}1,661.73{\mu}g/g$ and $108.67{\sim}360.20{\mu}g/g$, respectively. Quercetin content decreased with maturation stage, whereas kaempferol content remained constant in GH mulberries but increased in OF mulberries. In the case of cultivation methods, quercetin content of OF mulberries was higher than that of GH mulberries. Contents of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, and pelargonidin were $30.43{\sim}6,443.88{\mu}g/g$, $0{\sim}52.10{\mu}g/g$, $1.06{\sim}1,650{\mu}g/g$, and $1.92{\sim}401.97{\mu}g/g$, respectively. Anthocyanin content increased with maturation stage, and anthocyanin content of OF mulberries was higher than that of GH mulberries. OF mulberries in the last stage of maturation had higher contents of functional substances than other conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.5
• /
• pp.709-715
• /
• 2015

As consumers interest in microgreens is increasing worldwide, the production of leafy microgreens uisng different LED lights was investigated in this study. The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different LED lights on the composition and vitamin C contents of buckwheat microgreens. Physicochemical properties of buckwheat microgreens grown under different lights (red, blue, and white) and control exposed to a dark room were investigated. Moisture contents of buckwheat microgreens were 95.65% under white light (WL), 95.75% under blue light (BL), 90.77% under red light (RL), and 89.71% under dark room (DR). Crude ash contents of buckwheat microgreens grown under WL, DR, RL, and BL were 0.39%, 0.39%, 0.31%, and 0.37%, respectively. Crude protein contents of buckwheat microgreens grown under DR, RL, WL, and BL were 7.12%, 7.81%, 1.60%, and 2.40%, respectively. Crude fat contents of buckwheat microgreens grown under DR, BL, RL, and WL were 1.12%, 0.54%, 0.35%, and 0.22%, respectively. $^{\circ}Brix$ was the highest in microgreens grown under BL and RL and the lowest in buds grown under DR. Vitamin C content was the highest in buds grown under WL and the lowest in buds grown under BL. Total chlorophyll content was the highest in microgreens grown under RL and the lowest in buds grown under WL. For mineral content measurement of buckwheat microgreens, Ca, K, Mg, and P contents were high whereas B, Cu, and Zn contents were not detected. The mineral contents of buckwheat microgreens according to each color of light showed significant differences. These results demonstrated that treatment of different colored LED lights during cultivation was able to increase vitamin C content up to affecting the nutritional value of buckwheat microgreens.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.659-674
• /
• 1998

This Study was to investigate elaborated research themes and direction through specifying the problems of clinical practice education and looking for the direction of improvement. It was in the basis of the viewpoint of the educators that professors and therapists who were the subjects of this study. Perform this study, the 15 colleges' professors and the 55 hospitals' therapists was made up questionnaire, and the data was analysing by Chi-square test and percentage. The results were as follow : ${\cdot}$ In a personal history among the general qualities, professors have little clinical practice history(l-5 years, 53.3%), and therapists have little lecture career(1-5 years, 43.6%, have no 49.0%), ${\cdot}$ The 78.6% subjects were unsatisfied of clinical practice systems. ${\cdot}$ The correlation between clinical history, school career and lecture career and the satisfaction level of clinical practice systems has no(P<.005), ${\cdot}$ The subjects were agreed to that clinical practice curriculum should be changed(67.1%), reinforced(82.9%), and specified(90.0%). ${\cdot}$ The clinical practice credits are 11 points averagely. ${\cdot}$ In the clinical practice curriculum, it made no difference in the practicum of diseases, modality, and the therapeutic techniques between professors and therapists. ${\cdot}$ The 100% professors said that the practicum of the patients' assessment is necessary, and the 63.6% therapists were training for that. ${\cdot}$ The 66.7% professors said that the practicum of the clinical psychology is necessary, and only the 20.0% therapists were training for that. ${\cdot}$ The 93.3% professors said that the practicum of the patients' management is necessary, and the 50.9% therapists were training for that. ${\cdot}$ The 66.7% professors said that the practicum of the medical ethics is necessary, and the 34.5% therapists were training for that. ${\cdot}$ The 46.7% professors said that the practicum of the hospital administration is necessary, but the 54.5% therapists have not training. ${\cdot}$ The 33.3% professors said that the practicum of the pharmacology is necessary, but the 81.8% therapists have not training. ${\cdot}$ The 86.7% professors said that the practicum of the patient's education is necessary, and the 43.6% therapists have training. ${\cdot}$ The 66.7% professors said that the practicum of the prosthesis and brace is necessary, but the 14.5% therapists have not training. ${\cdot}$ The 60.0% professors said that the practicum of the exercise prescription is necessary, but the 25.5% therapists have not training. ${\cdot}$ The 53.5% professors said that the practicum of the emergency treatment is necessary, but the 52.7% therapists have not training. ${\cdot}$ Drawing up the plan about the curriculum of clinical practice, the professors (46.7%) were agreed to national master plan framing by an expert advisor, but the therapists (58.2%) said that the plan that make the most of hospitals' characteristics should be specified. ${\cdot}$ It was found that a clinical special therapists(54.5%) was good as a person in charge of clinical practice education, in that each therapist's own good time (34.5%) was. ${\cdot}$ It made use of the form framing by college(40.0%) as the clinical practice textbook, the form framing by hospital (42.9%) and each therapist(22.9%) as the plan, and the form framing by college (74.3%) as the measurement. ${\cdot}$ The most difficult point in clinical practice education was the lacks of the theory-praciticum linkage(78.2%). ${\cdot}$ It was found that the period of clinical practice was in the second semester-third grade (40.0%) and the desirable period was in the first semester-third grade(50.0%). ${\cdot}$ Professors (53.3%) were agreed that the desirable clinical practice duration was from four months to six months(60.0%), and the therapists (60.0%) were agreed that from one month to three months. ${\cdot}$ This study presented the lacks of rearing the experts, the lacks of cultural education, and the lacks of the theory-clinical practice linkage. There were need to develop the systematic programs, clinical practice textbooks, the measurements and the special hospital for clinical practice. And it was need to reduce the gab between of the hospitals for clinical practice, to cut down the costs. and to improve the labour conditions of leaders. In view of this findings, it takes notice of that both professor and therapist were dissatisfied at the present clinical practice systems. These results point out the problems of clinical practice systems, and do not make expect to us the successive and positive clinical practice. The general, specific and intensive plan about the problems and the direction of improvement that establishing the level of hospital for clinical practice and physiotherapy can be elaborated.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of electrolyzed water (EW) and hot-air-drying with ultraviolet light (UV) to reduce coliform bacteria of Undaria pinnatifida (UP). The UP was washed in the order of 15% EW, tap water (TW), and distilled water (DW) under following conditions: 15% EW for 10 min (washing: 1 time), TW for 1 min, and DW for 10 min (washing: 5 times). Viable cells, coliform, and mold counts were at 10²-10³ CFU/g in untreated samples. After EW treatment, viable cells, coliform, and molds were not detected in whole samples or on the surface of UP. But, after hot-air-drying at 48°C for 48 h, the number of viable cells, coliform, and molds were 10¹-10⁵ CFU/g. After hot-air-drying at 48°C for 48 h with UV (12-48 h), viable cells, coliform, and molds were not detected in whole samples or on the surface of UP. In respect of color value, there were no significant changes. In sensory evaluation, the UP with hot-air-drying with UV (12 h) had the highest score in overall preference among UV treatment groups. These results suggest that the treatments at 15% EW for 10 min and hot-air-drying at 48°C for 48 h with UV (12 h) were effective to reduce coliform bacteria of the dried Undaria pinnatifida.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.29 no.1 s.52
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 1996

To evaluate the health risk of the workplace environment of a general hospital toward the hospital workers, a questionnaire survey on the perception of risk at the workplace environment and environmental measurements at 27 locations with 240 workers in the hospital were made from October 25th, 1993 to October 30th, 1994. The results were as follows ; 1. By the environmental measurements, 86 workers(36%) were found to be exposed to poor or harmful degree of general illumination, 193 workers(80%) were exposed to poor or harmful local illumination, 34 workers(14%) were exposed to poor or harmful degree of thermal condition and 180 workers(75%) were exposed to poor or harmful noise level, but nobody was exposed to poor or harmful dust and toluene concentration. Also nobody was exposed to poor or harmful level of radiation or anticancer/antibiotic agents. 2. The subjective perceptions on the environmental conditions felt by the workers were different from the objective findings by the environmental measurements. The workers underscored the poor illumination state and overscored the dust concentrations. Also workers oversensitized about the thermal condition, the noise level, the radiation level, the toluene concentration and anticancer/antibiotic agents 3. The sources of noise were the dialogue(179 workers) and the office instruments(131 workers). The sources of dust came from the clothes(108 workers) and the building materials(79 workers). 4. The questionnaire survey showed that the 28 workers were exposed to poor or harmful level of the antibiotics, 10 workers to alkali or acid and 6 workers to drug dust in the pharmacy but the above findings could not be proved by the environmental measurements.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.58-64
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to know the molting sequence and the aging points of flight feathers of steller's sea eagles (Haliaeetus pelagicus). For this study, two captive immature steller's sea eagles raised at the Ornithology Laboratory attached to Kyungsung University were surveyed for five years from Nov. 2000 to Nov. 2005. The survey indicated that the first molting began in July of the second year, and the primaries of P1-3, the secondaries of S18-19 (female), S17-18 (male), and S1 and S4 were replaced by one-time with second generation feathers. Generally molting stopped during the winter period, but a few feathers continued to molt during the winter. The two secondaries of S18-19 (female) and S17-18 (male) always molted every year but some of the juvenile secondaries (male: S10, S11, etc) retained for 2 or 3 years. In the molting order of primaries, the first molting started at P1 and it proceeded to P10 of outside. In the secondaries, the first molting started at S17(male) and S19(female), and it proceeded to outside. After that molting it started at S1 and proceeded to inside. In the other secondaries, the pattern of molting which proceeded in the mid-part of the secondaries was usually beginning in several different points at the same time. The molting seemed as if it depends on both the conditions of the individuals and the environment, so it was very difficult to explain the molting pattern in the mid-part of the secondaries. The longer quills (P7, P8) required for more than 68 days to develop. In the comparison of the length in the remiges between the first and the second generation feathers, the first generation feathers were the larger than that of the second. And the reduction of the length between the second and the third generation feathers was a few. The reduction of the length between the third and the fourth generation feathers was slight. The juvenile primaries were dark brown with a whitish base, which could be observed until the second or the third generation feathers (in their third or fourth winter plumage).

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.137-146
• /
• 2020

Calcium is one of the important secondary signaling molecules in plant cells. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK)-the sensor proteins of Ca²⁺ and phosphorylating enzymes-are the most abundant serine/threonine kinases in plant cells. They convert and transmit signals in response to various stimuli, resulting in specific responses in plants. In rice, 31 CDPK gene families have been identified, which are mainly involved in plant growth and development and are known to play roles in response to various stress conditions. However, little is known about the biochemical characteristics of CDPK proteins. In this study, OsCPK11-a CDPK in rice-was partially purified, and its biochemical characteristics were found. Partially purified OsCPK11 from rice seedlings was obtained by three-step column chromatography that involved anion exchange chromatography consisting of DEAE, hydrophobic interaction chromatography consisting of phenyl-Sepharose, and gel filtration chromatography consisting of Sephacryl-200HR. An in vitro kinase assay using partially purified OsCPK11 was also performed. This partially purified OsCPK11 had a molecular weight of 54 kDa and showed a strong hydrophobic interaction with the hydrophobic resin. In vitro kinase assay showed that the OsCPK11 also had Ca²⁺-dependent autophosphorylation activity. The OsCPK11 phosphorylated histone III-S, and the optimum pH for its kinase activity was found to be 7.5~8.0. The native OsCPK11 shared several biochemical characteristics with recombinant OsCPK11 studied previously, and both had Ca²⁺-dependent autophosphorylation activity and favored histone III-S as a substrate for kinase activity, which also had a Ca²⁺-dependence.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.321-327
• /
• 2005

Ammonia ($NH_3$) volatilization was measured from latex coated urea (LCU) and normal urea treated rice paddy under transplanting rice culture in Milyang in 2002 and 2003. The $NH_3$ volatilization from incubation experiment was significantly related with ammonium-N ($NH_4-N$) concentration and pH in the surface water. The correlation coefficients of $NH_3$ volatilization compared to the $NH_4-N$ and pH in surface water were significantly higher in urea than LCU. The $NH_3$ volatilization from both urea and LCU treatments was not increased in surface water of pH less than 8.0, while $NH_3$ volatilization increased significantly in the surface water of pH over 8.0. The results in the field experiment indicated that $NH_3$ volatilization after top-dressing of urea increased rapidly with increasing $NH_4-N$ concentration in soil and floodwater, and highest from 7 to 10 days after top-dressing. The amount of $NH_3$ volatilized from urea treatment was in the range of $4.9-8.4kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$. The variations of $NH_3$ volatilization in 2002 and 2003 were caused by changed N dynamics due to the different weather conditions such as rainfall and temperature. The amount of $NH_3$ volatilized from LCU treatment was significantly reduced compared to that of urea. The reason for the reduced $NH_3$ volatilization in LCU treatment would be due to the lower concentration of $NH_4-N$ in floodwater. The amount of $NH_3$ volatilized from LCU treated rice paddy was in the range of $1.2-1.8kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, and the loss of N by ammonia volatilization was 2.0-2.3%. Loss of N by $NH_3$ volatilization with LCU treatment was reduced by 75-79% comparing to urea treatment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.147-152
• /
• 1975

Although considerable research has been done on the blood picture of the horse, hot-blooded and cold-blooded, little work has been made of the blood picture of the army pack horse, Jeju horse. The object of the present investigation was to make good this deficiency, and to suggest standard for the blood picture of army pack horses kept under the regular military training and the ideal feeding in the heart of a mountain. Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein through a 15-gauge bleeding needle from 41 males and 28 females, aging 3 to 9 years old. It was taken between seven and nine o'clock in the morning. Animals were handled as quietly as possible to avoid any excitation. No restraint other than a halter was used. Enumeration of erythrocyte, total and differential leukocyte count, determination of hemoglobin in blood, and the value of packed cell volume were male in the usual manner, and erythrocytic constant was calculated by the method of Wintrobe. Erythrocyte count was $7.83{\pm}0.20(4.95{\sim}11.05){\times}10^6/mm^3$(SE). This value was much lower than hot-horses, but slightly higer than the values of cold-horse reported from foreign country. Concentration of hemoglobin in blood was $13.0{\pm}0.33(9.5{\sim}17.8)g/100ml$. This value was much higher than that of cold-horses observed by the other authors, approaching to the values of hot-horses. Packed cell volume was $32.1{\pm}0.92(22{\sim}42)ml/100ml$. This vague was a little higher than that of the other cold-horses. Mean corpuscular volume was $41.5{\pm}1.20(26.6{\sim}59.3){\mu}m^3$. This value matched so well with the other results recorded by various investigators. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were $16.9{\pm}0.43(12.3{\sim}25)$ pg and $41.0{\pm}0.45(29.1{\sim}51.1)g/100ml$, respectively. These values were significantly higher than the values found by the other investigations. Total leukocyte enumeration was $10.5{\pm}0.41(5.6{\sim}17.9){\times}10^3/mm^3$, being considered as normal. And differential leukocyte count of neutrophil was $44.5{\pm}2.23(15{\sim}76)%$, $5,527{\pm}234(2,231{\sim}9,144)/mm^3$, of lymphocyte $50.5{\pm}1.19(19{\sim}77)%$, $4,307{\pm}125(1,456{\sim}11,098)/mm^3$, of monocytel (0~4)%, $105(0{\sim}352)/mm^3$, of eosiophil 3.2(0~14)%, $340(0{\sim}1,232)/mm^3$ and of basophil 0.25(0~3)%, $23(0{\sim}236)/mm^3$. The percentage of the differential count obtained from the present work showed a good agreement with the results of various authors. Of the horses examined monocyte was found from 42 horses, eosinophil from 62 horses and basophil from 10 horses. No significant differences recognized between male and female horses, and the effect of age was not observed between three to nine years old. Judging from the blood picture of the present investigation, it could be stated that the army pack horses on training were kept better than the average farming conditions.