• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.142-146
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as a animal feedstuff. Insect resources have been widely recognized that it exhibits its own biological activity by whole body or its metabolic intermediates. To accomplish this, its general and biological activities were measured. The present study was conducted to compare antioxidant activity of black soldier fly larva, pupa and grasshopper by examining radical scavenging activity using DPPH (2,2 diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl). DPPH radical scavenging activity was conducted on the EtOH, MeOH, H2O fractions of black soldier fly larvae. Results showed that black soldier fly pupa on the H2O fraction contained the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among the samples. FRAP assay are more suitable methods to evaluate antioxidant activity of black soldier fly extracts. Among the samples, the FRAP value showed higher antioxidant activity in the extracts from black soldier fly pupa extract on H2O fraction. These results suggest that black soldier fly larva and pupa extract has antioxidant activity and its fractions can be utilized to develop functional feedstuff.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.601-608
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity of green kohlrabi juice (GKJ) and purple kohlrabi juice (PKJ) using various in vitro methods. The results of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), reducing power, and nitrite scavenging activities showed that GKJ possessed higher antioxidant activity than PKJ. Green kohlrabi powder (GKJP) and purple kohlrabi powder (PKJP) inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in human dermal fibroblasts. In addition, GKJP and PKJP suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by hydrogen peroxide in human dermal fibroblasts. These results suggest that green and purple kohlrabi juices are potential natural sources of antioxidants.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.307-315
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• 2016

Purpose: The central composition design was used to optimize the mixture conditions of black garlic extract. Methods: The response surface methodology (RSM) was carried out from concentration of black garlic extract ($X_1$) and the amount of the black garlic extract ($X_2$) as independent variables, and salts ($Y_1$), reducing sugars ($Y_2$), the content of total phenolic compounds ($Y_3$) and ABTS radical scavenging activity ($Y_4$) as dependent variables. We confirmed the conditions that salinity was minimized and reducing sugar, total phenolic compounds and ABTS radical scavenging activity had maximum values through the response surface analysis. Results: All results had saddle points in originally set up conditions hence, ridge analysis was carried out for narrowing the experimental area. The minimum salt concentration was 16.03% at black garlic extract concentration of $14.84^{\circ}brix$ and contents of 9.26%. Reducing sugar content had maximum of value 7.30 g/mL at $24.58^{\circ}brix$ and contents of 8.08%. Total phenolic compounds contents and ABTS radical scavenging activity had maximum values at black garlic extract concentration of 20.33 and $25.02^{\circ}brix$. The results indicate that addition of black garlic extract contributed to increased reducing sugar, phenolic compounds contents and antioxidant activity of the soy sauce, but the salt concentration was not significantly affected. Conclusion: Based on the results of RSM, the optimum ranges of addition conditions for lowering the salt concentration and, increasing the sensory and functional ability of soy sauce were as follows: black garlic extract concentration of $15-25^{\circ}brix$ and content of 7.8-9.3%.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.310-318
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• 2011

The main objective of this study was to manufacture black onions using different methods, and to analyze the color and physiological and antioxidant activities of their water extracts. Black onions were produced via high-temperature aging (70, 80, and $90^{\circ}C$). At $90^{\circ}C$, onions with different weights (large, 90-L; medium, 90-M; and small, 90-S) and small onions with different appearances (whole, 90-S-W; cut, 90-S-C; and peeled, 90-S-P) were also produced. The colorimetry measurements showed that the extract from the 90-S-C black onion had the highest ${\Delta}E$ value among all the extracts from all the black onion groups. The extract from the 90-S-C black onion had a 3.3 times higher total phenol content than that from the $70^{\circ}C$ black onion extract (11.62 and 3.51 mg/g, respectively). The DPPH radical scavenging activities of the extracts from 90-S-W, 90-S-C, and 90-S-P were higher than those of the other black onion extracts, and the 90-S-C black onion extract had the highest level of 48.3% (at the concentration of 10 mg/ml). The 90-S-C black onion extract also had the highest level of antioxidant activities (ABTS radical scavenging activity, 0.84 mg AA eq/100 g, and nitrite scavenging ability, 49.8%). These results clearly demonstrated that 90-S-C was the best among the conditions used and that the water extract of the 90-S-C black onions had a significantly higher level of antioxidant activities than the extracts from the other black onions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.665-670
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• 2018

This study was designed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and biological activities (antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activities) of three and seven-year-old Platycodon grandiflorum extracts. Three and seven-year-old Platycodon grandiflorum contained crude saponins, free amino acids and minerals. Water extracts of the three and seven-year-old plants were prepared using reflux extraction methods. The total polyphenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial effects of the extracts were determined. The seven-year-old Platycodon grandiflorum extract had higher TPC ($5.08{\pm}0.07TAEmg/g$) and TFC ($3.80{\pm}0.07QUEmg/g$). DPPH radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$ value: $288{\pm}3.88{\mu}g/mL$) and ABTS radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$ value: $568{\pm}2.09{\mu}g/mL$). The three and seven-year-old Platycodon grandiflorum extracts exhibited a strong antimicrobial effect against three kinds of bronchus disease-inducing bacteria; the seven-year-old Platycodon grandiflorum extracts showed a stronger antimicrobial effect than the three-year-old Platycodon grandiflorum extracts.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2022

Background: Studies on the existence and activation of antioxidants in the wild Erigeron canadensis are still incomplete. Purposes: The activity of antioxidant substances was studied by extracting E. canadensis with ethyl alcohol. Methods: After washing the wild turfgrass, extraction with ethyl alcohol was used to investigate the activity of antioxidant substances using various analytical instruments. Results: The highest yield ratio of the extract was 49.3%, and it varied according to temperature and ethyl alcohol ratio. The 50:50 of water to ethyl alcohol at 180℃ was the highest yield. 100% survival rate was in the untreated group and 98-100% in the experimental group at 50 ppm or more of the extract. There was no cytotoxicity at almost all concentrations. The extract of 25 ppm was suppressed by 42% in the test group. The extract of 50 ppm reduced the free fatty acid content by 15%. Cell viability was 20% at the extract concentration of 50 ppm and 24% at 100 ppm. At an extract of 500 ppm, the free oxygen scavenging ability using DPPH and ABTs was 90-98%. When the changes in the free radical scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTs were observed in three dimensions, the antioxidant activity tended to increase at 85℃ as the temperature increased. However, at 85~130℃, it showed a rather decreasing tendency as the temperature increased. Conclusions: There were antioxidants in the ethyl alcohol extract of the wild grass, there was almost no cytotoxicity and suppressed NO production, and the scavenging function of free oxygen was also high. These results provide primary data for the various natural healing uses of the extracts of the turfgrass.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate antiaging and antioxidant effects on cultured human skin fibroblast with 80% ethanol extracts of plants including of stem of Dendropanax morbifera, Corni fructus and Lycii Fructus. Methods : An ethanol extract of three medicinal plants including stem of Dendropanax morbifera, Corni fructus and Lycii Fructus. Extracts were assessed to determine the mechanism of antioxidant and antiaging activities. Antioxidant activity of extract was evaluated by two different assays as 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and super oxide dismutase (SOD) like activities. These extracts were tested for cell viability on HS68 skin fibroblast by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. We investigated the effects of Ultraviolet-B irradiation on cytotoxicity, type 1 collagen, elastin level and oxidative damage in cultured human skin fibroblast (HS68). Recently, many studies have reported that elastin is also involved in inhibiting or repairing wrinkle formation, although collagen is a major factor in the skin wrinkle formation. Results : The extracts obtained dose-dependently increased the scavenging activity on DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD like activity. The extracts of complex herbal medicine showed low cytotoxicity as more than 100% cell viability in 100ppm/ml concentration. HS68 fibroblasts were survived 70% at 120 $mJ/cm^2$ UVB irradiation and treated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The levels of aging factors and cytotoxicity were decreased by ethanol extract of complex herbal medicine. Conclusions : These results suggest that ethanol extracts of complex medicinal plants of including of stem of Dendropanax morbifera, Corni fructus and Lycii Fructus may have value as the potential antioxidant and antiaging medicinal plant.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.69-76
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• 2014

Objectives : Gami-Chunggisan extract (GCE) is one of the oriental traditional medicine. We investigated the antioxidant effect and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine as a functional ingredient for cosmetic products from the GCE. Methods : GCE was prepared by extracting with 80% ethanol. We analyzed total polyphenol and antioxidant activities. To evaluate antioxidant activity, we measured 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Also we measured the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) on Raw264.7 cells. We researched reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines from concentration of GCE on Raw264.7 cells. Results : Total polyphenol quantity of GCE was included 46.6 mg/g. The GCE showed ABTS free radical scavenging ability with more than 89% at $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. In addition the DPPH free radical scavenging ability from the GCE was activated over 93% at $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Production of the ROS was decreased by approximately 26%, upon the GCE treatment at concentration of $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The GCE at $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration showed inhibitory effect on NO production by 38%. Production of IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 were decreased by approximately 56% and 36%, respectively upon GCE treatment at $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Also, production of TNF-${\alpha}$ was decreased by approximately 79% at $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Moreover, the GCE showed inhibitory effects on the expression of the IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ genes in LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells. Conclusions : From the results above, we conclude that the GCE indicated significant antioxidant effects and induced reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 2022

This study investigates the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of Acer tegmentosum Maxim (EATM) against Staphylococcus aureus. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging effect, and reducing power of the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method were measured to verify the antioxidant activity of the EATM. The antibacterial activity against S. aureus using the EATM was verified by the paper disc method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 266.66 ㎍ GAE/mg and 6.46 ㎍ QE/mg, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity showed a concentration-dependent scavenging activity. The RC₅₀ values of the EATM were 21.49 and 12.81 ㎍/mL, respectively. A FRAP analysis was conducted for evaluating the reducing power of the EATM and an efficacy of 0.73 ± 0.19 mM FeSO₄ E/mg was observed. The antibacterial activity of EATM against S. aureus, determined using the paper disc method, showed an inhibitory ring of 3 mm at 2 mg. The MIC was confirmed at a concentration of ≥ 16 mg/mL, while the MBC was confirmed at 32 mg/mL. As the EATM shows antioxidant and antibacterial activities against S. aureus, it can be used as an effective antidote against atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.389-396
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• 2014

The physiological properties of 70% ethanol extracts from Portulaca oleracea with different extraction methods (reflux extraction, RE; autoclave extraction, AE; low temperature high pressure extraction, LTPE) were investigated. The freeze-dried powder yields of RE, AE, and LTPE were 33.78%, 30.80%, and 11.05%, respectively. The color values of L and b were higher in LTPE, and the chroma values were higher in AE and LTPE compared to RE. The total polyphenolics and proanthocyanidin contents in LTPE were significantly higher than in other extracts. The amount of substances related to flavonoids contents was highest in RE (4.30 mg/g), followed by AE (4.06 mg/g), and LTPE (4.00 mg/g). DPPH radical scavenging ability with a concentration of 500 mg% (w/v) were in the following order; LTPE (88.87%)> RE (83.84%)> AE (80.67%). Further, the reducing power, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and nitrite scavenging activity was observed in the same tendency as seen with the DPPH radical scavenging ability. However, the ferrous ion chelating activity of RE (85.45%) and AE (83.88%) was significantly higher than that of LTPE (75.60%). ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activities of RE and LTPE with a concentration of 100 mg% were significantly higher than AE. Xanthine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of LTPE were higher than the other extracts. These results suggest that the extracts from Portulaca oleracea have the potential to act as functional materials, and components of Portulaca oleracea could be effective in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease, and may be used to develop various functional food products.