• 천문학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

About 10 percent of quasars are known to exhibit deep broad absorption troughs blueward of prominent permitted emission lines, which are usually attributed to the existence of outflows slightly above he accretion disk around the supermassive black hole. Typical widths up to 0.2c of these absorption roughs indicate the velocity scales in which special relativistic effects may not be negligible. Under he assumption of the ubiquity of the broad absorption line region in quasars, the broad emission line flux will exhibit Thomson scattered components from these fast outflows. In this paper, we provide our Monte Carlo calculation of linear polarization of singly Thomson scattered line radiation with the careful considerations of special relativistic effects. The scattering region is approximated by a collection of rings that are moving outward with speeds ${\upsilon}=c{\beta}<0.2c$ near the equatorial plane, and the scattered line photons are collected according to its direction and wavelength in the observer's rest frame. We find that the significantly extended red tail appears in the scattered radiation. We also find that the linear degree of polarization of singly Thomson scattered line radiation is wavelength-dependent and hat there are significant differences in the linear degree of polarization from that computed from classical physics in the far red tail. We propose that the semi-forbidden broad emission line C III]1909 may be significantly contributed from Thomson scattering because this line has small resonance scattering optical depth in the broad absorption line region, which leads to distinct and significant polarized flux in this broad emission line.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2024

Background: Radiodiagnosis is widely performed in medical institutions. All medical professionals, including nurses, are at risk of radiation exposure. This study developed an educational application for radiation medical professionals to visualize the distribution of scattered radiation using augmented reality. Materials and Methods: A Monte Carlo simulation code was used to simulate mobile chest and abdominal radiography. The calculation results were incorporated into an augmented reality application. The results of the Monte Carlo calculations were validated by comparing them with radiation measurements. An augmented reality application for tablet devices was developed in Unity that visualizes the scattered radiation dose. Results and Discussion: The application was developed by visualizing the distribution of scattered radiation in mobile radiography in augmented reality in three-dimensional real space. The calculation results were validated, and the error between the displayed radiation dose values and the measured radiation dose values was generally less than 10%. Conclusion: The developed application allows users to overlay quantitative values of imperceptible radiation exposure doses onto any real-world environment. This enables users to intuitively understand the relationship between the distance from a radiation source and the received dose, thereby contributing to a better understanding of radiation protection in clinical settings.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1999년도 한국우주과학회보 제8권2호
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• pp.95-95
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• 1999

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2012

현재 의료기관은 의학 기술의 발전과 더불어 건강에 대한 관심이 고조됨에 따라 방사선 발생장치의 이용이 급증하고 있다. 방사선으로 인해 환자가 받는 직접적인 피폭을 가능한한 줄이는 목적도 중요하지만 촬영시 공간 내에서 받을 수 있는 간접적인 피폭을 줄여 의료업에 종사하는 의료인, 방사선 작업종사자 및 보호자의 피폭을 줄여야 한다. 엑스선 촬영실에서는 방사선작업종사자 및 보호자에게 방호복의 착용을 권고하고 있으나 불가피하게 방사선작업종사자 및 보호자가 환자의 촬영 보조를 할 경우, 방호복 착용에 의한 중량감 및 불편함 때문에 방호복 착용이 등한시 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 방호복 유무에 따라 공간산란선량을 측정하고 거리, 가로면 각도 및 높이에 따라 측정함으로써 방호복 착용의 중요성을 알아보고자 하였다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.397-403
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• 2018

Mobile X-ray generators are used not in the radiation area but in open space, which causes the exposure of secondary radiation to the healthcare professionals, patients, guardians, etc., regardless of their intentions. This study aimed to investigate the shielding effect of the developed radiation restrictor to block the secondary radiation scattered during the use of mobile X-ray generator. Upon setting the condition of mobile X-ray generator with chest AP, spatial doses were measured by the existence of human equivalent phantom and radiation restrictor, and measured by the existences of phantom and radiation restrictor at the same length of 100 cm. Measurements were taken at intervals of 10 cm every $30^{\circ}$ from $-90^{\circ}$ (head direction) to $+90^{\circ}$ (body direction). Upon the study results, spatial doses in all direction were increased by 45% on average when using phantom in the same condition, however, they were decreased by 64% on average when using the developed radiation restrictor. The dose at 100 cm from the center of X-ray was $3.0{\pm}0.08{\mu}Gy$ without phantom and was increased by 40% with $4.2{\pm}0.08{\mu}Gy$ after phantom usage. The dose when using phantom and the developed radiation restrictor was $1.4{\pm}0.08{\mu}Gy$, which was decreased by 66% compared to the case without using them. Therefore, it is considered the scattered radiation can be shielded at 100-150 cm, the regulation of the distance between beds, effectively with the developed radiation restrictor when using mobile X-ray generators, which can lower the radiation exposure to the people nearby including healthcare professionals and patients.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 2006년도 한국우주과학회보 제15권2호
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• pp.86-86
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• 2006

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.26-30
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• 1998

We tried to study in order to furnish the data for medical exposure dose and scattered ray in radiography. As the tables(from 1 to 3) show, we can presume, by means of a concrete numerical value, the amount of results affected by patient radiation exposure dose and somatic effect in radiography. However, there are many difficulties in the difference of exposure factor in each hospital, the accuracy of measuring by tracebility, shortage of exposure dose data especially in the area of children, and portable radiography, etc. In the radiation examination, it is considered if the gained benefit to the patient due to radiation is more than the risk of radiation, then the medical exposure is thought to be justified. Therefore, the radiotechnologists should continually make an effort to develop and study new techniques so as to reduce patient exposure dose.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

의료용 선형가속기에서 발생되는 고 에너지 광자선은 콜리메이터에 의하여 누출되며 치료두부(head), 콜리메이터, 환자를 포함한 치료실내의 모든 벽과 구성 물질들에 의하여 많은 산란선이 발생된다. 방사선치료는 종양에 따라서 최소한 40 Gy에서 80 Gy까지 조사되기 때문에 주위건강조직 특히 생식가능한 사람에 대한 생식선의 피폭선량을 평가하여야하며 종양치료에 영향을 주지 않은 범위에서 가능한 방법을 동원하여 피폭선량을 줄여야한다. 방사선 안전관리등의 기술기준에 관한 규칙(과학기술부령 제17호) 제3절 의료분야의 특별기준, 제44조(진료환자의 방사선 피폭)에 의하면 진료를 위한 환자 피폭선량을 합리적으로 달성 가능한 최소의 수준으로 유지하기 위한 절차를 구비하여야 하며 과학기술부 장관은 이에 준하는 의료시설 및 장비취급의 기술기준을 정하고 고시하여야한다고 명시 되어있다. 고 에너지방사선은 악성종양환자들의 치료성과를 향상시키는 동시에 치료후 방사선에 의한 만성효과가 발생 될 수 있기 때문에 주선속의 다양한 산란선과 누출선의 선질변화와 선량을 측정하고 생식선과 같은 주요장기를 산란선으로부터 차폐할 수 있는 기구를 제작 사용함으로서 방사선 피폭선량을 최대한으로 감소시킬 수 있었다. 고 에너지 방사선은 의료용 선형가속기(CLINAC 2100C/D. 2100C. 600C)에서 발생시킨 4, 6, 10 MV x-ray와 코발트원격치료장치(ALCYON II)의 코발트선원에서 방출되는 1.25 MV의 감마선을 이용하였다. 선량측정은 폴리스틸렌과 인체팬텀(Rando)사용하였으며 측정기는 이온함, TLD 및 필름을 사용하였다. 고 에너지 방사선에 의한 산란선은 장치의 콜리메이터 뿐만 아니라 치료실 벽 인체내부등 모든 방향에서 방사됨으로 납 벽돌에 의한 차폐율측정은 많은 변수를 가졌으며 고환인 경우에는 3면이 모두 차폐되도록 항아리모양으로 제작하였다. 태아인 경우 태아가 위치하고 있는 골반위에 육교모양의 선반을 만들고 그 위에 납 벽돌을 장치하도록 고안하였다. Co-60 감마선, 4 MV x-선, 10 MV x-선에서 발생되는 누출선량과 산란선량에 의한 평균 피폭선량은 조사면 중심으로부터 10, 30, 60cm 거리에서 조사면내 최대선량에 대하여 각각 $10^{-2},\;10^{-3},\;10^{-4}$의 비율로 측정되었으며 거리에 따라 지수함수로 줄어들었다. 흉부에 국한된 종양을 10 MV x-ray, $12{\times}12 cm^2$ 조사면으로 치료하였을 때 자궁에 받는 피폭선량은 0.9 mGy/Gy이며 고환이 받는 피폭선량은 0.6 mGy/Gy 이었으며 체장과 신장은 각각 4.8 mGy/Gy 와 2.5 mGy/Gy이다 10 MV x-선, $14{\times}14cm^2$ 조사면 경계로부터 10 cm 밖에서 납벽돌의 반가층 두께는 약 9.0 mm 이였고 20cm 밖에서는 반가층 두께가 약 6.5 mm로 측정되었다. 복부에 위치한 악성종양을 60 Gy 조사하였을 경우 태아가 위치하고 있는 자궁의 피폭선량은 약 370 mGy이고 이곳을 10 mGy이하가 되도록 차폐하려면 약 6.2 cm두께의 납 벽돌을 자궁위에 장착하여야 하며 골반치료시 고환에 10 mGy이하가 되도록 차폐하려면 약 5 cm 두께의 납 항아리가 요구된다. 고 에너지 고 준위 방사선치료시 고환은 3면을 항아리모양으로 차폐할 수 있어 피폭선량을 상당히 줄일 수 있으며 자궁인 경우 체내에서 산란된 선량의 차폐는 불가능하였다.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제32A권3호
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• pp.38-44
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• 1995

The scattered electric field from a multilayered circular dielectric cylinder is caculated. Approximate boundary condition used in on-surface radiation boundary condition(OSRC) method has been applied to all the boundary surface of N-layered dielectric cylinder. It was assumed that scattered electric field at inner boundary surface in one region transmitted to the adjacent region at outer boundary surface. In the whole region, the unknown coefficients of electric field are acquired by the given incident electric field with ease. Electric field distribution at each boundary surface and the scattered electric field in free space are taken with the calculated unknown coefficients. the results obtainted were compared with those results that were used by regular surface boundary condition.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.63-67
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to survey the present status of portable radiography and the result of free space scattered dose rate when taking a radiography at the general hospital or the university hospital in Taejon city. The results were as follows; 1. The number of cases using portable radiography for three years increased to averages 16.2%, 7.7% per year from January 1st in 1996 to December 31st in 1998. 2. The average of distance of adjacent patients was 219.1 cm at the ward. 3. For portable chest radiography, the free space scattered dose rate was 10.5 mSv/hr at 50 cm distance, 1.8 mSv/hr at 100 cm distance, and 0.2 mSv/hr at 200 cm distance. Therefore, in case of portable chest radiography at the ward, the average of distance of adjacent patients is 219.1 cm, so it does not have influence on the adjacent patients. But during the portable radiography, a guardian who is close to the patient, doctor, nurse and radiologic technologists has to set up the shield to prevent from the unnecessary radiation or the distance should be as great as possible from the mobile X-ray equipment.