• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.195-202
• /
• 2014

Objective: A low-viscosity resin (infiltrant) was used to inhibit the progression of white spot lesions (WSLs) and resolve associated esthetic issues. An alternative pretreatment was explored to increase the pore volume of the surface layer of the WSLs. Also, the penetration effects of the infiltrant were evaluated for various pretreatments. Methods: Sixty two artificial lesions were fabricated on bovine teeth. As a positive control, 15% HCl gel was applied for 120 seconds. Further, 37% $H_3PO_4$ gel was applied for 30 seconds using three methods. The samples were divided as follows: $H_3PO_4$ only group, $H_3PO_4$ sponge group, and $H_3PO_4$ brush group. The acid was gently rubbed with the applicators (i.e., a sponge or brush) throughout the application time. To compare the effects of resin infiltration, twenty paired halves of specimens were treated with an infiltrant (ICON$^{(R)}$). Results: Thicknesses of the removed surface layers and infiltrated areas were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscope. The positive control and the 37% $H_3PO_4$ brush group failed to show significant differences in the removed thickness (p > 0.05); however, the mean percentage of the infiltrated area was higher in the 37% $H_3PO_4$ brush group ($84.13{\pm}7.58%$%) than the positive control ($63.51{\pm}7.62%$, p < 0.001). Scanning electron microscope observations indicate higher pore volumes for the 37% $H_3PO_4$ brush group than for the positive control. Conclusions: Application of 37% $H_3PO_4$ with a brush for 30 seconds increased the pore volume of WSL surface layers and the percentage of infiltrated areas in comparison to the use of 15% HCl for 120 seconds.

• 지질공학
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.47-60
• /
• 2004

이 연구에서는 간극변화에 따른 단열 기하양상을 충분히 고려한 투수계수를 구하고자 균질화 해석법을 이용하여 투수계수를 산정 하였다. 공초점 레이저 스캔 현미경을 이용하여 압력 단계별 간극을 측정한 결과 한개 시료 내에서 각 측정지점별 간극 크기는 모두 다르게 나타나며 단열 면 양쪽이 서로 평행하지 않고 불 평탄한 양상임을 잘 나타낸다. 각 시료별로 압력 단계별 간극양상을 이용하여 단열모델을 각각 작성하고 균질화 해석법을 통해 간극 양상에 따른 투수성 변화를 살펴본 결과, 각 시료별로 산정한 투수계수는 $10^{-1}~10^{-3}cm/sec$의 범위에 분포한다. 시료들은 대체로 압력이 증가함에 따라 일반적으로 투수계수가 감소하는 양상을 나타낸다. 그러나, 시료별로 압력에 따른 투수계수 감소비율이 일정하지 않고 다양한 변화양상을 보인다. 이와 같은 양상은 Chae et al.(2003)의 관찰결과와 잘 일치하며, 이는 간극의 변화가 투수성에 미치는 영향이 크다는 것을 입증한다. 동일 시료 내에서도 3등분한 지점별로 각기 다른 투수계수 값이 계산되었다. 이는 투수계수가 간극의 크기와 분포형태에 따라 민감하게 변화함을 지시하는 것이다. 따라서, 간극 분포가 일정하지 않은 암석 내 단열에서의 투수특성 해석 시에는 정확한 단열 기하양상을 반영하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 따라서, 단열 내 투수계수 산정을 위해서는 단열 기하양상을 충분히 고려할 필요가 있다.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.220-225
• /
• 2020

모발은 여러 가지 아미노산들을 포함하는 단백질로 이루어져 있다. 자외선(UV)은 태양광선중에서 모발손상에 가장 큰 영향을 미치며 모발 노화에 주된 역할을 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 전자현미경(SEM), 공초점현미경(CLSM) 및 적외선 현미경분광법(IR micro spectroscopy)을 이용하여 정상모발에 UVB를 조사한 후 특징적인 형태학적 및 화학적 구조변화를 알아보는 것이다. 에너지 분산형 X선 분광기가 부착된 전자현미경은 자외선 조사모발의 표면이 정상모발과 비교했을 때 거칠고 높은 산소원소의 함량을 보였다. 형광 및 3차원 위상 이미지를 CLSM으로 분석한 결과 정상모발의 초록색 형광방출이 UVB 조사모발에 비해 매우 높았다. 또한 fluorescamine 형광 염색법을 통해 UVB 조사모발은 정상모발에 비해 펩타이드 결합의 파괴로 생성된 자유 아미노기가 많음을 확인할 수 있었다. UVB 조사모발의 강한 푸른색 형광은 아미노기의 함량이 높다는 것을 의미하며, 이는 CLSM에서도 관찰되었다. 따라서 fluorescamine은 UVB 조사모발에서 펩타이드 결합의 파괴를 관찰하는데 유용한 도구가 될 수 있다. 정상모발과 UVB 조사모발의 단면을 IR micro-spectroscopy를 통해 이미지 맵핑(mapping)한 결과, UVB 조사모발은 정상 모발에 비해 모발의 표면은 물론 내부에 걸쳐 디설파이드 결합(disulfide bond)의 산화가 일어나고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 분광학적 방법은 단독 또는 다른 분석법과 함께 모발화장품의 개발에 응용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제45권5호
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 2013

To explore the paper materials for restoration of the Annals of the Joseon Dyansty, durability of the three type of the traditional Korean Papers were estimated in this study, through moist heat artificial aging test. Three types(D, F, and G) which showed the best preservation performance in dry heat and UV treatment in the previous study were selected and artificial accelerated aging treatment with moist-heat process was conducted; the viscosity change rate was D>G>F; folding endurance G>D>F; $L^*$ value F>D>G; $a^*$ and $b^*$ change rate D>G>F; brightness decrease rate D>G>F, suggesting paper F showed the least change rate in physical/optical properties. Also the CLSM image observation showed fair coherence among fibers and confirmed paper mulberry. And in FDI extraction from each sample, paper F showed the highest value. Overall, paper F (traditional glossy paper) showed the highest stability against thermal treatment. It confirms that paper F is suitable as restoration paper for tributary remains including the annals of the Joseon Dynasty for its steady strength/viscosity decrease rate and color change rate.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.1227-1231
• /
• 2004

Campylobacter, one of the emerging foodborne pathogens, is highly adaptable to the external environments by changing its morphology. In the present study, a question of whether the whole-cell antibody would still be effective for its detection even though the morphology of C. jejuni was changed was examined. When microaerophilic C. jejuni was exposed to aerobic conditions for 48 h, its morphological change was detected by confocal laser scanning microscope: Its morphology was confirmed as a spiral-bacilli form in microaerobic condition, however, as a coccoid form with a little spiral-bacilli form, when exposed to aerobic conditions. Also, the expressions of the whole-cell proteins of C. jejuni, and the suppression or induction of newly synthesized proteins in both aerobic and microaerobic conditions were analyzed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. Additionally, immunoblotting assay with the whole cell antibody for the proteins expressed under the two conditions was performed. It was confirmed that the commercial whole-cell antibody of C. jejuni raised in rabbit was reactive. When analyzed with MALDI- TOF MS, the expressed proteins were confirmed as flagellins. Therefore, even though the morphology changed in aerobic condition, these flagellins were expressed and worked as the eitope proteins, thus making it possible to utilize for the development of an immunosensor for real-time detection of any kind of C. jejuni cell.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표대회
• /
• pp.41-41
• /
• 2001

Chromatin configuration and microtubule assembly were determined in porcine maturing and activated oocytes following intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Microtubule localization was confirmed using a mouse monoclonal antibody to $\alpha$-tubulin and detected using a fluorescent labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody. DNA was stained with propidium iodide. The image of microtubules and chromatin was captured using laser scanning confocal microscope. In germinal vesicle stage oocyte, sperm chromatin remained condensation and sperm derived microtubules were not observed at 8 to 12 h after sperm injection. At 24 h after injection, the sperm nucleus developed to the metaphase chromatin along the metaphase structure of female nucleus. In some metaphase I stage oocytes, sperm chromatin decondensed at 8 h to 12 h after injection, sperm aster was seen soon after sperm injection. At 24 h after sperm injection into metaphase I stage oocyte, male chromatin developed to the metaphase chromatin while female chromatin extruded first polar body and formed the metaphase chromatin. At 12 to 15 h after sperm injection into preactivated oocytes, condensed sperm nucleus was located in close proximity of female pronucleus. However, the condensed nucleus did not fuse with female pronucleus. In preactivated ocytes, injected sperm remained condensation, a few sperm organized small microtubular aster. Instead, maternal derived microtubules were organized near the female chromatin, which seem to move condensed male chromatin near to the female pronucleus. These results suggest that sperm nuclear decondensing activity and nucleation activity of centrosome during fertilization are cell cycle dependent. In absence of male functional centrosome, female origin centrosome takes over the role of microtubule nucleation for nuclear movement.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.7-11
• /
• 2009

This study was performed to confirm the microtubule assemblies and methylation patterns of porcine IVF and parthenogenetic embryos. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected and matured in vitro for 42 hr. Oocytes were fertilized by prepared fresh sperm or activated parthenogenetically by exposure to electric stimulation and 6-dimethylaminopurine. Porcine IVF and parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in vitro for 6 days. Embryos were stained by immunofluorescence staining method to observe the dynamic of nucleus and microtubules in the first mitotic phase and the methylation patterns in different developmental stages. After then, samples were confirmed and analyzed through a laser-scanning confocal microscope. IVF embryos had a centrosome originated from sperms, which was shown a $\gamma$-tubulin spot. However, $\gamma$-tubulin spot was not observed in parthenogenetic embryos. A lower methylation level was observed in IVF embryos compared to parthenogenetic ones at the morula and blastocyst stages. In conclusion, it is considered that microtubule assemblies and genetic regulation mechanism differ between parthenogenetic and IVF embryos.

• 한국안광학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.413-418
• /
• 2014

목적: 한국관박쥐 망막의 기능을 알아보기 위해서 흥분성 신경전달물질인 글루타메이트 수용체의 분포도를 분석하였다. 방법: 성체 한국관 박쥐의 망막을 $40{\mu}m$ 수직 절편 한 후 표준면역세포화학법을 이용하였다. 면역형광이미지는 Bio-Rad MRC 1024 공초점 현미경을 사용하여 얻었다. 결과: AMPA (GluR1-4), Kainate (GluR5-7, KA1-2), NMDA (1, 2A, 2B)는 내망상층과 외망상층에 주로 분포되어 있었다. KA1은 신경절세포층에도 많은 수의 수용체가 존재하였다. 결론: 한국관박쥐는 포유류망막에 있는 신경세포와 신경전달물질을 동일하게 가지고 있었다. 한국관박쥐도 기능적 망막을 가지고 있음을 제시한다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제45권2호
• /
• pp.195-202
• /
• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 어린이들이 섭취하는 비타민 제제들의 우식원성을 치아우식 유발지수와 Streptococcus mutans의 활성정도 및 산생성능을 통해 분석하는 것이다. 4가지 비타민, 노마(NM), 세노비스 키즈(CK), 애니멀 퍼레이드(AP), 캐릭터 비타민(CV)를 대상으로 진행하였다. 치아우식 유발지수를 산출한 결과 AP, CV, CK, NM 순으로 작아졌다. pH 측정 시 모든 실험군들의 초기 값은 산성을 나타내었다. S. mutans의 군집 형성 단위를 분석한 결과 NM, CV은 대조군에 비해 더 높은 증식률을 보였고(p < 0.05), CK와 AP (p < 0.05)는 대조군에 비해 더 낮은 증식률을 보였다. 공초점 현미경으로 관찰하였을 때 실험군들은 대조군에 비해 높은 세균 활성도를 보였다. 비타민 제제들의 세균 활성도와 산도를 고려해 볼 때, 어린이의 구강 건강을 위해서는 세심하게 고려하여 섭취해야 할 것이다.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 1999

Refining in papermaking plays an important role in changing fiber properties as well as paper properties. The major effects of refining on pulp fibers are internal and external fibrillation, fiber shortening, and fines formation. Many workers showed that internal fibrillation of the primary refining effects was most influential in improving paper properties. In particular, refining produces separation of fiber walls into several lamellae, thus causing fiber wall swelling with water penetration. This leads to the increase of fiber flexibility and of fiber-to-fiber contact during drying. If the fibers are very flexible, they will be drawn into close contact with each other by the force of surface tension as the water is removed during the drainage process and drying stages. In order to study the effect of fiber wall delamination on paper properties, cross-sectional image of fibers in a natural condition had to be generated without distortion. Finally, it was well recognized that confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) could be one of the most efficient tool for creating and quantifying fiber wall delamination in combination with image analysis technique. In this study, the CLSM could be used not only to observe morphological features of transverse views of swollen fibers refined under low and high intensity, but also to investigate the sequence of fiber wall delamination and fiber wall breakage. From the CLSM images, increasing the specific energy or refining decreased the degree of fiber collapse, fiber cross-sectional area, fiber wall thickness and lumen area. High intensity refining produced more external fibrillation.