• 한국양식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국양식학회 2003년도 추계학술발표대회 논문요약집
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• pp.78-79
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• 2003

Effects of dietary lipid level and source (squid liver oil being rich in n-3 HUFA, soybean oil being rich in 18:2n-6, and linseed oil being rich in 18:3n-3) in fishmeal-based diet on growth and body composition of grower sunshine bass raised in seawater were investigated. Fifteen grower (an initial weight of 146.8$\pm$0.23 g) sunshine bass were randomly distributed into 27 of 250 L fiber reinforced plastic flow-through tanks. Fish were hand-fed to satiety twice daily for 6 days a week throughout the feeding trial. Survival was over 97% and not significantly affected by either dietary lipid level or lipid source (n-3 highly unusaturated fatty acid, HUFA). Weight gain of fish tended to improve with dietary n-3 HUFA level up to 2.9%, but sharply decreased at 3.5%. The best weight gain was obtained in fish fed the diet supplemented with 6% squid liver oil and 3% soybean oil. FER and PER were not significantly affected by either dietary lipid level or dietary lipid source. The lowest moisture content of the whole body was observed in fish fed the diet supplemented with 12% squid liver oil and highest for the diet supplemented with 9% linseed oil, respectively. Protein content of fish was not significantly affected by either dietary lipid level or dietary lipid source. However, lipid content of the whole fish tended to increase with an increase of either dietary lipid level or dietary n-3 HUFA level, except for fish fed the diet supplemented with 9% linseed oil. Ash content of fish fed the diet with no supplementation of oil was highest and lowest for the diet supplemented with 9% soybean oil, respectively. Significant differences in saturated fatty acids (16:0, 18:0 and 24:0), monoene (18:1n-9), 18:2n-6, 20:5n-3 and sum of n-3 HFUA of fish were observed. In considering these results, it could be concluded that supplementation of 9% oil combined with 6% squid liver oil and 3% soybean oil into fishmeal-based diet was the most recommendable for growth of grower sunshine bass raised in seawater.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to investigate a supplemental effect of magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP, $MgHPO_4$) as an alternative phosphorus (P) source on growth and feed utilization of juvenile far eastern catfish (Silurus asotus) in comparison with three conventional P additives (monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and tricalcium phosphate [TCP]) as positive controls. A basal diet as a negative control was prepared without P supplementation and four supplemental P sources were added at the level of 2%. Five groups of 450 fish having mean body weight of 11.3 g following 24 h fasting after three week adaptation period were randomly distributed into each of 15 tanks (30 fish/tank). Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiety twice a day for 8 weeks. Fish fed MHP had weight gain (WG), protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate comparable to those fed MCP. Fish fed MHP and MCP had feed efficiency (FE) significantly higher (p<0.05) than those fed DCP. Fish groups fed control and TCP showed the lower FE than the other groups which was significantly different (p<0.05) from those of fish fed the other diets. Survival rate was not significantly different (p>0.05) among treatments. Fish fed control had the lowest hematocrit, which was significantly different (p<0.05) from that of fish fed MHP. Fish fed MCP and MHP had plasma P higher (p<0.05) than fish fed the other diets. Relative efficiencies of MCP, DCP and TCP to MHP were found to be 100.5 and 101.3%, 92.0 and 91.6%, and 79.1 and 80.9% for WG and FE, respectively. P availability was determined to be 88.1%, 75.2%, 8.7%, and 90.9% for MCP, DCP, TCP, and MHP, respectively. Consequently, MHP recovered from wastewater stream showed that as an alternative P source its performance was comparative with MCP on growth and feed utilization of juvenile far eastern catfish.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.135-150
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study is to review the combination effects and adverse effects of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on the treatment of obesity. Methods : Four databases were searched, including Pubmed, National assembly library, RISS4u, and NDSL, for studies published before March 31, 2016 using the keywords 'yerba mate', 'Ilex paraguariensis', and those related to 'obesity'. Clinical trials, and both in vivo and in vitro studies were classified according to the following categories: publication year, nationality, types and composition of test compounds, combination effects, adverse effects, and safety. Results : A total of 16 articles (14 clinical trials, one in vivo, one in vitro) were included in the analysis. Combination effects were reported from six YGD (Yerba Mate, Guarana, Damiana, Zotrim), five Meltdown, one Shred-matrix, one DBX (DymaBurn Xtreme), one XSIII research study, and adverse effects were reported from two YGD (Zotrim), four Meltdown, one Shred-matrix and one MetEF research study. YGD and Shred-matrix increased satiety while YGD and MetEF had adverse gastrointestinal effects potentially due to guarana. Meltdown and Shred-matrix increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation and had the adverse effects of increased heart rate and blood pressure due to the thermogenic effect of caffeine and yohimbine. DBX increased resting energy expenditure but no difference was observed in respiratory exchange ratio. XSIII reduced body weight gain and food intake more than each of the extracts did on their own. Conclusion : Taken together, the combination effects and adverse effects differed according to the composition of test compounds and the ratio of ingredients. Multicomponent approaches should be used for treating multifactorial diseases such as obesity. As a general conclusion, there is a place for a combination of herbal components including yerba mate, based on the principle of Kun-Shin-Choa-Sa for the treatment of obesity.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 1994

포만중추 (satiety center)를 자극하여 음식섭취를 억제한다고 알려진 CCK-8을 흰쥐 복강에 투여하여, 흰쥐 뇌의 도파민 변화에 대한 CCK-8의 효과를 관찰하였다. 흰쥐 뇌의 부위별 도파민 함량은 HPLC-ECD방법으로 측정하였으며, 시상하부와 흑질에서의 TH-immunoreactive neuron은 면역조직화학법과 영상분석법을 시행하였다. 굶긴 쥐에서는 정상 쥐에 비하여, 도파민 함량이 전두 피질, 해마, 시상하부 및 편도체에서 각각 감소하였다. CCK-8을 투여한 쥐는 정상 쥐와 굶긴 쥐에 비하여, 도파민 함량이 시상하부에서 의미있게 감소하였다. 또한 굶긴 쥐는 정상 쥐와 비교하여, TH-positive neuron의 분포와 수가 뇌실옆핵, 깔때기핵, 정중융기 및 혹질에서 현저히 감소하였다. CCK-8투여시, 시상하부와 흑질에서의 TH-immunoreactive neuron의 수는 굶긴 쥐에 비하여 증가하였다. 이상의 실험 결과로 보아 음식물 섭취를 억제하는 작용이 있는 CCK-8은 시상하부의 도파민 신경계와 일부분 관련되어 있으며, 또한 시상하부와 흑질에 존재하는 TH-positive neuron은 음식물 섭취 행위에 중요한 역할이 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.467-473
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• 2001

The internal humoral factors in the central regulation of dry feed intake during water deprivation in sheep were investigated by measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constituents. Five animals were fed dried alfalfa chaff for 2 hours once a day. Sheep in the water deprivation treatment were deprived of water for 28 hours, while the sheep in the control treatment were given free access to water. During the first hour of the 2 hour feeding period, a rapid reduction in blood volume occured in both treatments (water deprivation and free access to water). The CSF concentrations of Na, Cl and osmolality during the second hour of the 2 hour feeding period in both treatments were greater (p<0.01) than those during the first hour. The drinking behaviors in sheep were concentrated during the second hour of the 2 hour feeding period in periods of free access to water. Water intake during feeding in periods of free access to water was 1110 ml/2 h. The levels of increase in CSF osmolality with feeding during water deprivation were greater (p<0.01) than during periods of free access to water. The changes in CSF osmolality with feeding during water deprivation produced more vigorous thirst sensations in the brain compared to during periods of free access to water. The eating rates for the first hour of the allotted 2 hour feeding period were the same under both treatments. However, the eating rates for the second hour during water deprivation periods decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared to those during periods of free access to water. The decreased eating rates for the second hour during water deprivation may be due to the vigorous thirst sensations produced in the brain. The results suggest that the increase in CSF osmolality with feeding during water deprivation acts as a thirst and satiety factor in brain mechanisms controlling feeding to decrease dry feed intake in water-deprived sheep.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.39.1-39.9
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• 2016

Magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP, $MgHPO_4$) recovered from swine manure was prepared as an alternative phosphorus (P) source. Conventional P additives, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP), and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) were compared with the MHP in terms of growth and P availability by juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio. A basal diet as a negative control was prepared using practical feed ingredients without P supplementation to which four supplemental P sources were added at the level of 2%. Five groups of 450 fish having mean body weight of 6.5 g following 24 h fasting after 2 weeks of adaptation period were randomly distributed into each of 15 tanks (30 fish/tank). Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiety twice a day for 9 weeks. Fish fed the MHP had weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and specific growth rate (SGR) comparable to those fed the MCP. Those values of both the MHP and MCP groups were significantly different (p < 0.05) from the other groups. Fish groups fed control and the TCP showed the lowest WG, PER, and SGR and the highest FCR among treatments. No fish were died among treatments during the experimental period. Fish fed control and the TCP showed hematocrit and hemoglobin significantly lower (p < 0.05) than fish fed the MHP. The lowest inorganic P (Pi) in plasma was found in the control group. Even though Pi was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from other phosphate groups, fish fed the MCP and MHP retained higher P in whole body than the other groups. P availability was determined to be 93.2, 62.4, 6.1, and 98.0% for MCP, DCP, TCP, and MHP, respectively. The present results suggested that the MHP recovered from wastewater stream could be used as an alternative P source in carp diet.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.265-274
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• 2005

Diabetic gastroparesis is a disorder in a diabetic of delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction. It is estimated that about 20%-50% of diabetics suffer from gastroparesis. Clinical Sympoms include early satiety, bloating, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Severe gastroparesis might result in recurrent hospitalization, malnutrition, and even death, but, no exact treatment has yet been established. Electrogastrography has been known to be a simple, non-invasive, and effective method in assessing gastric motility and EGG has been used to diagnosis diabetic gastroparesis and to estimate its prognosis. Recently, two cases of diabetic gastroparesis were observed. For this cases, manual acupucture, electroacupucture, lumbar skin warming and herb medicine were applied. After application of these therapies, gastrointestinal symptoms improved and these therapeutic effects were confirmed in EGG. Moreover, blood glucose control improved, so patients were able to discontinue insulin injection and change to p.o.medication. In light of this encouraging application of oriental medicine, this is reported along with investigation of the literature.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.96-100
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• 2008

향신성 식용유는 에너지원이나 대사조절물질로서뿐 아니라 식품의 맛이나 향 또는 포만감을 결정하는 지방이다. 본 연구는 0.12% 콜레스테롤 식이를 한 흰쥐에서 대두유를 대조로 하여 향신성 식용유(고추종실유, 산초유)에 의한 지질농도의 조절효과를 평가하였다. 사료중 n-6/n-3 지방산의 비는 8.8:1.2:70.1 (대두유:산초유:고추종실유)로 큰 차이가 있었다. 혈청콜레스테롤 농도는 고추종실유 섭취군에서 다른 군보다 높았으나, HDL-cholesterol/totalcholesterol 비는 고추종실유 섭취군에서 낮았다. 혈청중성지질 농도는 다른 군에 비하여 산초유 섭취군에서 낮았다. 반면에 간장 콜레스테롤 농도는 고추종실유 섭취군보다 산초유 섭취군에서 높았다. 이러한 응답은 식이지방에 의한 혈청 콜레스테롤 농도의 응답은 조직간 콜레스테롤 분배의 차이에 기인되는 듯하다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 콜레스테롤 함유식이를 한 흰쥐에서 고추종실유는 대두유에 비하여 콜레스테롤상승효과를 보여준 반면, 산초유는 중간적 효과를 보여주었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2011

Introduction: This study examined the regulatory mechanism underlying the meal-induced changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis activity. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were hired for two different experiments as follows; 1) rats received either 8% sucrose or 0.2% saccharin ad libitum after 48 h of food deprivation with the gastric fistula closed (real feeding) or opened (sham feeding). 2). rats received 5 ml of intra-oral infusion with 0.2% saccharin or distilled water after 48 h of food deprivation. One hour after food access, all rats were sacrificed by a transcardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. The brains were processed for c-Fos immunohistochemistry and the cardiac blood was collected for the plasma corticosterone assay. Results: Real feedings with sucrose or saccharin and sham feeding saccharin but not sucrose, following food deprivation decreased the plasma corticosterone level. c-Fos expression in the nucleus tractus of solitarius (NTS) of the fasted rats was increased by the consumption of sucrose but not saccharin, regardless of the feeding method. On the other hand, the consumption of sucrose or saccharin with real feeding but not the sham, induced c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the fasted rats. The intra-oral infusion with saccharin or water decreased the plasma corticosterone level of the fasted rats. Intra-oral water infusion increased c-Fos expression in both the PVN and NTS, but saccharin only in the NTS in the fasted rats. Conclusion: Neither restoration of the fasting-induced elevation of plasma corticosterone nor the activation of neurons in the PVN and NTS after refeeding requires the palatability of food or the post-ingestive satiety and caloric load. In addition, neuronal activation in the hypothalamic PVN may not be an implication in the restoration of the fasting-induced elevation of the plasma corticosterone by oropharyngeal stimuli of palatable food.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2011

This feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of various additives on growth performance, hematological parameters, fatty acid composition, gene expression and histopathological changes in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Eleven isonitrogenous (49% crude protein) and isolipidic (10% crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated: no additives (Con); 5% kelp meal (Ke); 10% krill meal (Kr); 1% garlic powder (Ga); 1% citrus meal (Ci); 3% onion powder (On); 1% ginger powder (Gi); 1% mugwort powder (Mu); 1% licorice powder (Li); 1% wasabi powder (Wa); and a mixture (Mix) of these additives. Three replicate groups of juvenile flounder (average weight of 8.5 g) were fed one of the experimental diets to visual satiety twice a day for 15 weeks. The dietary inclusion of additives did not affect survival, weight gain, specific growth rate feed efficiency, daily feed intake, daily protein intake, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index and visceralsomatic index of the fish. Plasma triglyceride levels were significantly lower in fish fed the Ke, Ga, On, Gi, Mu, Li, and Mix diets than in fish fed the control diet. Plasma glucose, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and total cholesterol did not differ among dietary treatments. No significant difference was observed in fatty acid composition and lipid content of the dorsal muscle in fish fed the experimental diets. Myosin gene expression did not differ significantly among treatments after 5 weeks but was significantly lower in fish fed the Kr, Ci, Li, and Mix diets than in control group after 15 weeks. Histopathological analysis showed mild gill hyperplasia and mild necrosis of liver parenchymal cells in several individuals of each experimental group. These conditions were also observed in the control group and were not thought to be related to the inclusion of feed additives. The present findings indicate that the dietary inclusion of additives did not affect growth performance, fatty acid composition, gene expression, and histopathological changes in juvenile flounder. However, plasma triglyceride content may be reduced by supplementation with 5% kelp meal, 3% onion powder, 1% garlic powder, 1% ginger powder, 1% mugwort powder, and the additive mixture.