This study was to investigate the effect of 0.1% chitosan-ascorbate (CA) prepared with different molecular weight (223, 746, 1,110 and 2,025 kDa) of chitosan on the changes in antioxidant activity of mul-kimchi during storage at $10^{\circ}C$ for 20 days. Animal experiments were divided to 5 groups; normal control group (NC), high cholesterol diet group (HC), high cholesterol diet mul-kimchi diet group (HCKC), high cholesterol diet and CA2025 containing mul-kimchi administrated group (HCCA), and high cholesterol diet and 1/2 concentrated CA containing mul-kimchi administrated group (HC2CA). Mul-kimchi juice was administered 0.5 mL per 100 g body weight once a day and fed for 5 weeks. Electron donating activity of the 20 days-stored mul-kimchi with 0.1% CA showed higher activity (84.74~89.13%) than those of control and ascorbic acid mul-kimchi (35.04 and 75.04%). Superoxide dismutase activities of the kimchijuice with CA were higher in the higher molecular of chitosan. In the animal experiments, the average body weight of the HCCA and HC2CA group were lower 6.9% and 8.4% than that of HC control group, respectively. Hepatic glutathione content in HCCA and HC2CA group was increased 22.5% and 9.1% as compared to HC group. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase activities were significantly increased in the HCCA (219.9%) and HC2CA group (153.8%) compared to NC group. Hepatic superoxide dismutase activity was highest in the HCCA group, and the activities in CA groups were higher than those of NC and HC group.
For the toxicological pathologic study of amanita muscaria, we have investigated single and repeated dose toxicity in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Single dose toxicity study was identified as catalepsy, incline and tail pinch methods (control 0 mg/kg, low 3.3 mg/kg, middle 16.5 mg/kg, high 33.0 mg/kg). Repeated dose toxicity study was carried out in blood tests, serum tests and histopathological methods. Neurotoxicity - muscle paralysis, and convulsion and loss of movement - was observed at 33.0 mg/kg group in the single dose toxicity study. Dysfunction of liver and kidney were shown in the repeated oral administration of the amanita muscaria at 3${\sim}$4 weeks. Serum chemistry results revealed a marked increase of LDH [Lactate Dehydrogenase (3181.5 IU/L; normal 230-460 IU/l)], ALT [Alanine transaminase (124.0 IU/l; normal <40 IU/l)] but the kidney was normal. Histopathological results show interstitial edema and tubular epithelial necrosis in the kidney. These results suggest that amanita muscaria has a neurotoxic effect and causes dysfunction of liver and kidney in the SD rat.
Arabis glabra is a localized common rhizomatous flowering plant, This plant is often used in Korean traditional systems of medicine as a remedy for blood cleaning, detoxification, abscess, gastrospasm, arthritis, contraction and diarrhea. Generally drugs that are used for arthritis have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. However, validity of the anti-inflammatory activity has not been scientifically investigated so far. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of A. glabra using the ethanolic extract and its sub-fractions. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects, we examined the inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on RAW 264.7macrophages. Our results indicated that hexane and chloroform fraction significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production in the cells. The hexane fraction inhibitory activity for NO tests with IC50 values showed in 21.0 ㎍/㎖. The chloroform fraction inhibitory activity for PGE2 tests with IC50 values showed in 18.0 ㎍/㎖. These efficacy are expected to be able to present the potential for the development of health functional food for the prevention inflammatory diseases because it has sufficient preventive medical possibilities. Further, it is determined that it is necessary to further study the mechanism of cytokine and protein expression associated with inflammation.
In DNA level, genetic study of Angelica species was firstly conducted to discriminate the bolting-resistant or low bolting variety, so called as Manchu, from other Korea collected lines and also this technuque was applied to identify the origin of commercial dried materials obtained from current oriental medicinal market. By RAPD analysis with 72 primers including sixty of 10-mers and twelve of 20-mers, respectively, three primers, which were related to the bolting resistant traits of Angelica gigas, were identified. Comparing the RAPD bands, URP04 primer showed the 1.7 kb specific band, which seemed to be related to delaying bolting traits, since it was observed only in Jinbu elite lines but not in others. On the other hand, since 1.2 kb band amplified by OPD11 was observed in other collected lines but not in Manchu var. and Jinbu line, this primer also could be considered as a selection marker for identifying bolting resistant or delaying bolting traits. In the same manner, since OPP09 did not show 1 kb major band but produced 0.8 kb and 1.2 kb bands in Manchu var., these three bands amplified by the primer could be considered one of the important key specifying Manchu var. related with the trait of Angelica gigas. OPC02 primer showed the same band patterns in all Korean collected lines, but not in other foreign introduced lines, such as A. sinensis from China, and A. acutiloba from Japan. Since these four RAPD primers, OPD11, OPP09, URP04, and OPC02 showed the specific polymorphisms in Angelica species, thus, these were useful to discriminate the three Angelica species, A. gigas, A. sinensis, and A. acutiloba.
Park JuYoung;Ju SangKyu;Park YoungChul;Han YoungYi;Shin EunHyuk;Park YongHwan
The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
/
v.16
no.1
/
pp.51-56
/
2004
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of skin dose and PDD by using wounds protecting gauzes or Vaselinespread gauzes. And it was studied that the possibility to substitute custom bolus into gauzes. 4MV photon (CL600C, varian, US), Polystyrene Phantom (30(W) X30(L) X 30(H)) with Markus chamber(PTW, US) were used for dose measurement. This study was distinguished natural gauzes and spread over Vaseline gauzes. We gave variety to the gauze thickness at 5, 10 and 15 sheets respectively. For comparison between using bolus and not that, we had used 1.0 cm thickness bolus so that analyzed surface dose and PDD at the same conditions above mentioned. When maximum point was defined as reference point, surface dose was measured as $35\%$ in open beam. When the gauzes were attached to surface as 5, 10 and 15 sheets, surface dose were increased as 69, 80 and $91\%$ respectively according to thickness of gauzes. When spread over Vaseline gauzes were attached to surface as 5, 10 and 15 sheets, surface dose were increased respectively as 98, 100 and $98\%$ according to thickness of gauzes. Also when 0.5 cm bolus and 5 sheets gauzes were composed, surface dose was measured as $98\%$. The gauzes that were attached to skin surface in radiation therapy had been scattering material and contributed increasing surface dose without variation of percentage depth dose. However, if we want to delivery much dose to skin surface then we have to apply many sheets of gauzes to skin surface. Although we get easy that result by bolus or spread over Vaseline gauzes, we have to revise percentage depth dose at calculation. Therefore, if we find pertinent conditions based on measured data that are considered skin dose and patient setup efficiency, to replace custom bolus with gauzes will be helpful to efficient treatment.
The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
/
v.16
no.1
/
pp.57-65
/
2004
Introduction : The phantom that includes high density materials such as steel was custom-made to fix lung and bone in order to evaluation inhomogeneity correction at the time of conducting radiation therapy to treat lung cancer. Using this, values resulting from the inhomogeneous correction algorithm are compared on the 2 and 3 dimensional radiation therapy planning systems. Moreover, change in dose calculation was evaluated according to inhomogeneous by comparing with the actual measurement. Materials and Methods : As for the image acquisition, inhomogeneous correction phantom(Pig's vertebra, steel(8.21g/cm3), cork(0.23 g/cm3)) that was custom-made and the CT(Volume zoom, Siemens, Germany) were used. As for the radiation therapy planning system, Marks Plan(2D) and XiO(CMS, USA, 3D) were used. To compare with the measurement value, linear accelerator(CL/1800, Varian, USA) and ion chamber were used. Image, obtained from the CT was used to obtain point dose and dose distribution from the region of interest (ROI) while on the radiation therapy planning device. After measurement was conducted under the same conditions, value on the treatment planning device and measured value were subjected to comparison and analysis. And difference between the resulting for the evaluation on the use (or non-use) of inhomogeneity correction algorithm, and diverse inhomogeneity correction algorithm that is included in the radiation therapy planning device was compared as well. Results : As result of comparing the results of measurement value on the region of interest within the inhomogeneity correction phantom and the value that resulted from the homogeneous and inhomogeneous correction, gained from the therapy planning device, margin of error of the measurement value and inhomogeneous correction value at the location 1 of the lung showed $0.8\%$ on 2D and $0.5\%$ on 3D. Margin of error of the measurement value and inhomogeneous correction value at the location 1 of the steel showed $12\%$ on 2D and $5\%$ on 3D, however, it is possible to see that the value that is not correction and the margin of error of the measurement value stand at $16\%$ and $14\%$, respectively. Moreover, values of the 3D showed lower margin of error compared to 2D. Conclusion : Revision according to the density of tissue must be executed during radiation therapy planning. To ensure a more accurate planning, use of 3D planning system is recommended more so than the 2D Planning system to ensure a more accurate revision on the therapy plan. Moreover, 3D Planning system needs to select and use the most accurate and appropriate inhomogeneous correction algorithm through actual measurement. In addition, comparison and analysis through TLD or film dosimetry are needed.
Seok, Sang Il;Ahn, Bok Yeop;Suh, Tae Soo;Rhee, Dong Seok
Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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v.22
no.4
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pp.765-773
/
2000
The degradation of humic acid using $TiO_2$ coatings was studied, $TiO_2$ coatings were prepared by dip-coating method. Sol solutions for coating were prepared by mixing the gel, which can be produced by the reaction of $TiOCl_2$ and $NH_4OH$ solution, and hydrogen peroxide solution, and hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP). It was shown from XRD that coatings from sol aged at $100^{\circ}C$ for 18h with titanium peroxo solution were crystallized to anatase in the range of temperatures of $25^{\circ}C$ to $500^{\circ}C$. In contrast, those coated from TTIP were crystallized to anatase at temperature above $400^{\circ}C$. So the sols originated from $TiCl_4$ can be applied for not only on the heat-resistance substrates but on the plastic substrates. Thickness and the quality of the films were dependent on the withdrawing speed, the concentration of sol, and the number of coating. The films showed various interference colors depending on the thickness of them. In the case that the films coated 2 times at withdrawing speed of 2.5cm per minute by 0.2M sol, the films had a transparent light blue color with thickness of around 50nm. It was known from the result of photo-degradation by $TiO_2$ coatings using humic acid that the removal efficiency of $COD_{cr}$ was over 85% after illumination of $UV/H_2O_2$ for 40min. and that of UV/VIS absorbable materials was over 95%.
Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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v.33
no.4
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pp.627-633
/
2016
Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L)] is one of the major crops for biofuels such as sugarcane and sugar beet which raw materials rich in saccharide. Sweet sorghum juice was extracted from the stem. It's composed of fermentable sugars such as glucose, fructose and sucrose. Ethanol from the extracted sweet sorghum juice can be easily produced by yeast fermentation process. Sweet sorghum juice is consisted of not only sugars but also various nutrients like nitrogen and phosphate. For commercial production of bioethanol, seed culture is one of the important parts of fermentation, so that optimal culture medium should be selected for the reduction of processing costs. In this study, sweet sorghum juice was estimated as a culture medium for seed culture of cellulosic bioethanol. For the comparison of cultures with various substrates, it used YPD including each 5 g/L yeast extract and peptone, sweet sorghum juice and hydrolyzed Miscanthus was taken part in the culture with 2%, 5% and 10% sugar conditions. Based on media of YPD and sweet sorghum juice, cell-mass concentration was obtained maximum more than $2.5{\times}10^8CFU/mL$ after 24 h of cultivation. Consequently sweet sorghum juice is suitable for the cell culture with more than $1.0{\times}10^8CFU/mL$ after 12 h of cultivation. This can be used as a culture medium for the cellulosic bioethanol industry.
Park, So-Young;Kim, Eun-Ji;Lim, Do-Young;Kim, Jong-Sang;Lim, Soon-Sung;Shin, Hyun-Kyung;Yoon Park, Jung-Han
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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v.37
no.1
/
pp.8-15
/
2008
Saussurea lappa (SL) has been used to reduce abdominal pain and tenesmus in traditional oriental medicine. SL and major compounds of SL, sesquiterpene lactones, have been suggested to possess various biological effects, including anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and cardiotonic activities. Recently, it has been reported that ethanol extracts from roots of SL have antiproliferative effects on gastric cancer cells. To explore the possibility that SL has chemopreventive effects on prostate cancer, we examined whether the hexane extract of SL (HESL) inhibits the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Cells were incubated with various concentrations ($0{\sim}4$ mg/L) of HESL in DMEM/F12 containing 5% charcoal stripped fetal bovine serum. HESL substantially decreased viable cell numbers and induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells in dose-dependent manners. HESL increased the levels of cleaved caspase-8, -9, -7 and -3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. HESL increased the levels of the pro-apoptotic Bak and truncated-Bid proteins whereas it had no effect on the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, or Mcl-1. The present results indicate that HESL inhibits the growth of human prostate cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, which involves the activation of the caspase cascades.
Forest soil fertility was evaluated through the approach of numerical method. In this study, the soil chemical properties analyzed for 35 different soil series as table 2 were cited in numerical analysis. Minimum contents of essential nutrients in the surface soil for a satisfactory growth of tree in the plantation were evaluated by comparing with Wild's standard as table 1. Demanding level of fertilization were evaluated by using the formula 1 as table 5. Similar relation of soil chemical properties between soil series were calculated through formula 2, and then classified into 5 groups in soil chemical properties. 1. General chemical properties of surface soil in case of 35 soil series. About 40 percent of 35 different soil series are less than 2 percent in organic matter, 10 ppm in available phosphorus, 1.25m.e/l00g in exchangeable calcium and 0.5m.e/l00g in exchangeable magnesium. Generally, shortage of exchangeable potash are not found. CEC less than 10m.e/l00g are in two thirds and strong acid soil less than PH 5.5 are in about four fifths. 2. Soil series requested or not the fertilization are indirectly evaluated from the formula 1 using the relative figure of chemical components of CEC, OM and MgO. Through this analysis, 8 different soil series have very poor quality in soil chemical capacity so that demands highly the fertilization. On the other hand, other 13 different soil series group have not been thought to need the fertilization according to chemical guality. 3. By the results comparing the similarity of chemical properties of forest soil, it is thought to be suitable that the forest soil fertility are divided into 5 groups as follows: 1. Low CEC soil 1-1 Low organic matter soil less than 2 percent 1-2 Medium organic matter soil less than 4 percent 2. High CEC and organic matter soil 2-1 Low magnesium soil 2-2 High magnesium soil 3. High magnesium and calcium soil as lime stone.
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