• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 1992

The Sancheong kaolin was fractionated into 9 size fractions by wet sieving, sedimentation, and centrifugation. The systematic X-ray diffraction combined with electron microscopy shows that the clay mineral composition of each size fraction is related to the original fabric of kaolin. Minerals such as halloysite (10${\AA}$), kaolinite, illite, and goethite which were formed by procipitation from solution are generally concentrated in the finer fractions, whereas verniculite which was formed by pseudomorphic transformation from other primary minerals are concentrated in the coarser factions. Kaolinits of various types which were formed by precipitation or transformation show a wide size range but they are generally concentrated in the coarser fractions. Halloysite or halloysite-kaolinite clusters in coarse fractions are the fragmentation products of the walls of original boxwork clusters in coarse fractions are the fragmentation products of the walls of original boxwork kaolin which escaped the complete dispersion even through the grinding, ultrasonic agitation, and chemical treatment. Separation of fully hydrated halloysite and kaolinite was possible by systematic wet size fractionation. The coarse-grained minerals such as vermiculite and kaolinite are usually removed during the preparation of clay fraction smaller than 2${\mu}m$, whereas the fine-grained minerals such as illite and goethite are overlooked in X-ray diffraction of the bulk samples because of their minor contents. The systematic wet size fractionation is needed for understanding of the exact mineralogy of kaolin of weathering origin.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.355-368
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• 2002

The multi-storied Daewonsa stone pagoda (Treasure No. 1112) in the Sancheong, Korea was studied on the basis of deterioration and geological safety diagnosis. The stone pagoda is composed mainly of granitic gneiss, partly fine-grained granitic gneiss, leucocratic gneiss, biotite granite and ceramics. Each rock of the pagoda is highly exfoliated and fractured along the edges. Some fractures in the main body and roof stones are treated by cement mortar. This pagoda is strongly covered with yellowish to reddish brown tarnish due to the amorphous precipitates of iron hydroxides. Dark grey crust by manganese hydroxides occur Partly, and some Part coated with white grey gypsum and calcite aggregates from the reaction of cement mortar and rain. As the main body, roof and upper part of the pagoda, the rocks are developed into the radial and linear cracks. Surface of this pagoda shows partly yellowish brown, blue and green patchs because of contamination by algae, lichen, moss and bracken. Besides, wall-rocks of the Daewonsa temple and rock aggregates in the Daewonsa valley are changed reddish brown color with the same as those of the pagoda color. It suggests that the rocks around the Daewonsa temple are highly in iron and manganese concentrations compared with the normal granitic gneiss which color change is natural phenomena owing to the oxidation reaction by rain or surface water with rocks. Therefore, for the attenuation of secondary contamination, whitening and reddishness, the possible conservation treatments are needed. Consisting rocks of the pagoda would be epoxy to reinforce the fracture systems for the structural stability on the basements.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1060-1066
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• 2011

In order to investigate the variations on the ratio of mannose to galactose in the seeds of Phaseolus angularis, 17 local strains (Yangyang, Pyeongchang, Ganghwa, Pocheon, Geumsan, Seocheon, Jincheon, Danyang, Tongyeong, Sancheong, Gumneung, Wolseong, Wando, Gokseong, Okgu, Jangsu, Bukjeju), which are located from $33^{\circ}15'N$ to $38^{\circ}11'N$, were selected according to their latitudes and geographical distances. The seeds of these strains were collected and their contents of mannose and galactose were analyzed. Mannose contents in the seeds were variable, ranging from 17.071 mg/g at its highest (Jangsu) and 6.488 mg/g at its lowest (Geumsan). The contents of galactose also showed remarkable differences, ranging from 9.477 mg/g (Wolseong) to 19.877 mg/g (Jangsu). The local strains were classified into 3 variation types - coastal type I (Wando, Okgu, Bukjeju), the inland type (Jangsu, Weolseong, Danyang, Geumneung, Pyeongchang, Sancheong) and coastal type II (Ganghwa, Seocheon, Tongyeong, Jincheon), as well as 4 strange strains (Gokseong, Yangyang, Pocheon, Geumsan) according to the geographical climatic type and the ratio of mannose to galactose, which indicate the hardness of seeds in Leguminosae and ranged from 0.64 to 1.22. The variation types are very significant genecologically as evidence for microevolution related to natural and artificial selection in cultivated plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.295-301
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• 2011

In order to investigate the geographical variation of Glycine max distributed in southern area of Korean peninsula, 19 local strains(Goseng, Pyeongchang, Ganghwa, Pocheon, Geumsan, Seocheon, Jincheon, Danyang, Tongyeong, Sancheong, Gumneung, Wolseong, Woolneung, Wando, Naju, Gochang, Jangsu, Jeju, Bukjeju), which located from $33^{\circ}15'N$ to $38^{\circ}11'N$, were selected according to their latitudes and geographical distances. The seeds of these strains were collected and their contents of mannose and galactose were investigated. Mannose contents in the seeds were variable in the range between the highest 12.207mg/g(Gochang) and the lowest 6.648mg/g(Geumsan). The contents of galactose were represented remarkable differences from 9.967mg/g(Danyang) to 16.949mg/g(Bukjeju) also. The local strains were classified into 4 variation types such as the inland type I(Wolseong, Jangsu, Danyang), the coastal type I(Gochang, Naju, Jeju, Goseng, Woolneung, Bukjeju, Ganghwa, Seocheon, Tongyeong), the inland type II(Geumsan, Pocheon, Pyeongchang) and the coastal type II(Wando, Jincheon) and 2 strange strains(Gumneung, Sancheong) according to the geographical climatic type and the ratio of mannose/galactose, which indicate the hardness of seeds in Leguminosae, ranged from 0.63 to 0.78. The variation types are very significant genecologically as an evidence for microevolution related to speciation in cultivated plants.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.371-390
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• 2007

Arthropod pests were surveyed from 132 herb species of 121 genera in 50 families of 32 orders at herb garden of Sancheong-gun Agricultural Development Technology Center in Sancheong, Gyeongsangnamdo province from October, 2005 to November, 2006. Ninety eight arthropod pests of 86 genera in 44 families of 9 orders were collected. Although less than 5 arthropod pests were collected from each herb, more than 5 arthropod pests were occurred on Hibiscus mutabililis, Peucedanum japonicum, Aralia cordata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Angelica decursiva, Rhaponticum uniflorum, Lonicera japonica, Betula platyphylla and Agrimonia pilosa. Out of collected pests, 98.5% of them damaged leaves of medicinal plants. The highest number of arthropod pests was recorded in May representing 36 species of 32 genera in 20 families of 6 orders. Most of them were collected from less than 5 medicinal plants. However, Atractomorpha lata, Dolycoris baccarum, Myzus persicae, and Nysius plebejus occurred on 42., 22, 20, and 15 medicinal plants, respectively. Atractomorpha lata and Myzus persicae had broad host ranges and seriously damaged. Aphis gossypii was dominant insect pest in May compared with Dolycoris baccarum in June. Atractomorpha lata in August and September, and Myzus persicae in October.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2014

Genetic diversity and genetic structures were estimated in seven natural populations of Phellodendron amurense Rupr in South Korea using ISSR markers. The average of polymorphic loci per primer and the proportion of polymorphic loci per population were 4.5 and 78.8% respectively with total 27 polymorphic loci from 6 ISSR primers. The Shannon's diversity index(I) was 0.421 and the expected heterozygosity($H_e$) was 0.285, which was similar to the heterozygosity (hs =0.287) inferred by Bayesian method. In AMOVA, 7.6% of total genetic variation in the populations was resulted from the genetic difference among populations and the other 92.4% was resulted from the difference among individuals within populations. Genetic differentiation(${\theta}^{II}$) and inbreeding coefficient(f) for total population were estimated to be 0.066 and 0.479 by Bayesian method respectively. In Bayesian clustering analysis, seven populations were assigned into three groups. This result was similar to the results of genetic relationships by UPGMA and PCA. The first group included Hwachoen, Gapyeong, Bongpyeong and Yongpyeong population, and the second included two populations in Sancheong region. Muju population was discretely assigned into the third group in spite of the geographically short distance from the Sancheong region. There was no significant correlation between genetic relationship and geographic distribution among populations in Mantel's test. For conservation of the phellodendron trees, it would be effective to consider the findings resulted from this study with ecological traits and life histories of this species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate orographic precipitation and green dam (water conservation function) characteristics in a deciduous forest watershed in the region of Mt. Ungseok, Sancheong, Gyeongnam, South Korea. The rainfall and runoff of the watershed were monitored for six years (2011~2016) at the weather station and at the weir of the watershed, respectively. During the study period, the rainfall in the watershed (mountainous area) was larger than that of the meteorological station (flat area) nearest to the watershed. Besides, compared to the normal year (1981~2010), the rainfall has increased and the seasonal distribution of rainfall of the mountainous area has changed. These changes might have been caused by climate change. The runoff ratio was highest in spring, followed by winter, summer and fall, whilst the runoff was highest in summer, followed by spring, fall and winter. This difference seems to be due to the melting of snow in dry spring and intensive rainfall in summer. The total runoff in the watershed was calculated as $10,143.8ton{\cdot}ha{\cdot}yr^{-1}$.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.15-20
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• 2011

This study was conducted to estimate the aboveground biomass and net primary production of 40 year old Pinus rigida forest in Sancheong, Gyeongnam province. The aboveground biomass was $127.7Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and $103.1Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of which were found from stem, $17.2Mg\;ha^{-1}$ from branch and $7.4Mg\;ha^{-1}$ from leaf. Biomass distribution ratio of Pinus rigida stands showed the highest in stem wood with 71.1%, followed by the branch with 13.5%, stem bark with 9.6% and lastly the leaf with 5.8%. Net primary production of aboveground biomass was $10.4Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and $3.6Mg\;ha^{-1}$ were found from stem, $2.2Mg\;ha^{-1}$ from branch, $1.3Mg\;ha^{-1}$ from twig and $2.8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ from leaf. Net primary production distribution ratio of Pinus rigida was 34.6% on stem wood, 26.9 on leaf, 21.2% on branch, 12.5% on twig and 4.8% on stem bark.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1137-1143
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• 2011

Optimum soil management of chestnut orchards is important to ensure high quality and yields of chestnut. This study was conducted to evaluate soil and green leaf characteristics by establishment periods of chestnut (Castanea crenata Sieb. et. Zucc.) orchards in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Total 30 plots with the criteria of similar cultivation practices were chosen and classified into two establishment periods by over 20-year-old orchards (17 plots) and below 19-year-old orchards (13 plots). Soil bulk density was significantly higher (p<0.05) in over 20-year-old ($1.16g\;cm^{-3}$) than in below 19-year-old ($1.03g\;cm^{-3}$) plots. Soils in over 20-year-old plots were severely acidified with pH 4.56 compared to pH 4.73 in below 19-year-old plots. However, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and potassium were not significantly different (p>0.05) between both establishment periods. Leaf area, leaf mass, and nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentration of green leaves were also not significantly different (p>0.05) between both establishment periods. The results indicate that soil bulk density in chestnut orchards is dependent on the establishment periods, while soil chemical property and leaf nutrient concentration may be little influenced by the establishment periods.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.223-233
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• 2018

In this study, SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating was performed on deformed granitic rocks in the Sancheong area in the northeastern part of the Jirisan area, southwest of Yeongnam Massif. Until now, these have been known as Precambrian or age-unknown old igneous rocks, but the U-Pb concordant ages obtained from two samples are $237.8{\pm}4.0Ma$ and $230.2{\pm}3.4Ma$, respectively, showing their emplacements in Early to Middle Triassic. These results indicate that the deformed granite was emplaced at about 238~230 Ma. The study area shows the characteristics of ductile deformation with prominent development of foliation, augen structure, and lineation. It is observed that the deformed granites occur as xenoliths within the syenite, indicating that the time of deformation is earlier than the intrusion of the syenite of about 220 Ma. The emplacement and deformation periods of the deformed granite is similar to that of Permo-Triassic granite gneisses distributed in the Gimcheon and Andong areas of the Yeongnam Massif. Taken together, the eastern part of the Yeongnam Massif, extending from the central part to the southwestern part, granite intrusions occurred at about 260-230 Ma, followed by metamorphism-deformation of about 230-220 Ma.