• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.684-693
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• 2016

Daemyung retarding basin located near the confluence floodplain of the Nakdong and Kumho River is a large spawning site for the endangered Kaloula borealis, and needs for protecting the habitat of the endangered species are increasing. However, scientific studies are rarely conducted on the population characteristics and ecological knowledge on the species in the basin. This paper aims to estimate the population size and spatial distribution of the species that inhabited at the Daemyung retarding basin, using the capture-recapture method. Also, pitfall traps were installed in each habitat types classified with micro-topographic features, slope aspects, and vegetation communities to identify the spatial distribution characteristics of the Kaloula borealis of each habitat in the retarding basin. Field survey on the species was conducted from May 2013 to October 2014, showing that the species emerged in May, became more active during July and August and started to hibernate at the end of October. Using capture-recapture method, the first survey was carried out from July to August, 2014. Ninety-eight toads were captured, marked, and released back into the site. In the second survey, 68 toads including 5 marked toads of the previous survey were captured. Based on these two-sample surveys, around 535-2,131 individual toads are estimated to inhabit the Daemyung retarding basin. Fifty-seven pitfall traps were installed in four habitat types: mounded and vegetated flatland, lowland swamps, and slope areas of both the southern and western parts of the basin in order to delineate spatial abundance of the endangered Kaloula borealis during the rainy season when the species is actively spawning. Pitfall traps at the spatially explicit array indicated that the species gradually move to the slope areas near the Daemyung stream, showing high occurrence density of the Kaloula borealis compared to the lowland swamps after the spawning season. The emergence of Kaloula borealis in the lowland swamps appeared to be comparatively higher during the spawning season. However, after the spawning season the toads species rapidly moved into the neighboring land of relatively high elevation such as the slope area towards the Dalsung protected wetlands and Daemyung River. These results are closely related to the migration patterns that toads tend to return to the sheltering sites and/or hibernating grounds after the spawning season. Also, the Kaloula borealis moved to the nearest high-level vegetated areas as the lowland swamps of their spawning grounds deteriorated with the expansion of permanent ponds due to the rise in the groundwater level.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3403-3408
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• 2012

The molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) are still unclear. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between expression of RALYL and clinical characteristics. In 41 paired samples of ccRCCs and adjacent normal tissues, we used real-time qPCR to evaluate the expression of RALYL mRNA. RALYL protein levels were determined in 146 samples of ccRCC and 37 adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was used to explore the relationships between expression of RALYL and the clinical characteristics (gender, age, tumor size, T stage, N stage, M stage, survival times and survival outcome) in ccRCC. In addition, these patients were follow-up period 64 months (range: 4~116months) to investigate the influence on prognosis. We found significantly differences between ccRCC tissues and normal tissues (p<0.001, paired-sample t test) in mRNA levels of RALYL. Immunohistochemistry analyses in 146 ccRCC samples and 37 adjacent normal tissues showed significantly lower RALYL protein levels in ccRCC samples (${\chi}^2$-test, p<0.001), inversely correlating with tumour size (p=0.024), T stage (0.005), N stage (p<0.001) as well as M stage (p=0.019), but not age (p=0.357) and gender (p=0.348). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that people with lower level of RALYL expression had a poorer survival rate than those with a higher level of RALYL expression, significantly different by the log-rank test (p=0.011). Cox regression analysis indicated that RALYL expression (p=0.039), N stage (p=0.008) and distant metastasis (p<0.001) were independent prognosis factors for the overall survival of ccRCC patients. We demonstrated that the expression of RALYL was significantly low in ccRCC and correlated with a poor prognosis in a large number of clinical samples. Our findings showed that RALYL may be a potential therapeutic target as well as a poor prognostic factor.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.292-298
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• 1980

In order to improve the storage stability of powdered soybean curd, moisture sorption characteristics of the curd stored at specific relative humidity and temperature were investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. When the fresh soybean curd (2cm thickness) was dried in a hot air drier at $55^{\circ}C$, it took 18 hrs to reduce its moisture content from 85% to 8.8%, and drying rate was very high during the first 5 hrs. 2. Equilibrum moisture content (E.M.C.) of powdered soybean curd by freeze drying was higher than that of sample by got air drying, but the particle size did not influence E. M. C. 3. The monolayer value of freeze dried powder of high E. M. C was higher than that of the hot air dried(8.30 vs 7.35). 4. The free energy for moisture absorption of freeze dried powder at 11% RH were 1285.1 cal/mole, 1323.5 cal/mole at $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively, and the free energy of freeze dried product was lower that of hot air dried product. 5. The moisture sorption rate constant was not affected by particle size, and it showed that the moisture sorption rate decreased as temperature was increased. The rate constant of powder produced by freeze drying were 0.00804 at $15^{\circ}C$ and 0.00696 at $30^{\circ}C$.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.542-547
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• 1999

Background: Decision in mediastinal lymph node involvement of lung cancer by CT scan is very important and valuable for the treatment planning and prognosis prediction. In general, long diameter of mediastinal lymph node more than 15mm is used as criterion of lung cancer involvement. Adenocarci-noma has a tendency of early distant metastasis and micrometastasis, so adenocarcinoma may involve lymph node earlier and cannot be detected before lymph nodes are enlarged enough. The authors tried to determine the difference between two size criteria(15mm, 10mm) in adenocarcinoma for the detection of cancer involvement. Methods: Numbers of sample are 60 cases(male 46, female 14, median age: 61.5 years). According to pathology, squamous cancer 41, large cell cancer 2, adenocarcinoma 17. According to TNM stage, I 23, III 24, IIIA 13. Results : Mean long diameter of lymph node involvement is 16.0($\pm8.0$) mm in non-adenocarcinoma group, and that of adenocarcinoma group is 12.0($\pm3.2$) mm(p<0.05). If long diameter of lymph node larger than 15mm as involvement criterion is applied, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive index, negative predictive index, accuracy of nonadenocarcinoma group are 54%, 100%, 100%, 83%, 86%, and those of adenocarcinoma group are 43%, 90%, 75%, 69%, 71%. If long diameter of lymph node larger than 10mm as involvement criterion is applied, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive index. negative predictive index. accuracy of nonadenocarcinoma group are 65%, 77%, 61%, 92%, 79%, and those of adenocarcinoma group are 100%, 80%, 78%, 100%, 88%. Conclusion: Long diameter of lymph node larger than 10mm is more valuable criterion as lymph node involvement in adenocarcinoma of lungs.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.123-131
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• 2020

This study proposes a real-time rendering algorithm for lighting when each of more than 100,000 moving particles exists as a light source. Two 3D textures are used to dynamically determine the range of influence of each light, and the first 3D texture has light color and the second 3D texture has light direction information. Each frame goes through two steps. The first step is to update the particle information required for 3D texture initialization and rendering based on the Compute shader. Convert the particle position to the sampling coordinates of the 3D texture, and based on this coordinate, update the colour sum of the particle lights affecting the corresponding voxels for the first 3D texture and the sum of the directional vectors from the corresponding voxels to the particle lights for the second 3D texture. The second stage operates on a general rendering pipeline. Based on the polygon world position to be rendered first, the exact sampling coordinates of the 3D texture updated in the first step are calculated. Since the sample coordinates correspond 1:1 to the size of the 3D texture and the size of the game world, use the world coordinates of the pixel as the sampling coordinates. Lighting process is carried out based on the color of the sampled pixel and the direction vector of the light. The 3D texture corresponds 1:1 to the actual game world and assumes a minimum unit of 1m, but in areas smaller than 1m, problems such as stairs caused by resolution restrictions occur. Interpolation and super sampling are performed during texture sampling to improve these problems. Measurements of the time taken to render a frame showed that 146 ms was spent on the forward lighting pipeline, 46 ms on the defered lighting pipeline when the number of particles was 262144, and 214 ms on the forward lighting pipeline and 104 ms on the deferred lighting pipeline when the number of particle lights was 1,024766.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

For the consumption extension of Chinese artichoke(Stachys sieboldii MIQ), the quality characteristics and sensory evaluation of white pan bread prepared with different levels of added Chinese artichoke powder(0, 3, 6, 9, and 12%) were investigated. Volume changes of dough, moisture contents(p<0.001), and baking loss rate(p<0.001) decreased with increasing levels of Chinese artichoke powder. In addition, with an increase in the level of Chinese artichoke powder, the volume and specific volume of white pan breads significantly decreased(p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) whereas the weight of white pan breads significantly increased (p<0.001). In terms of color, the lightness(L) decreased, but the redness(a) and yellowness(b) increased with increasing Chinese artichoke powder levels(p<0.001). From the texture profile analysis(TPA) of white pan breads, hardness, chewiness(p<0.05), gumminess(p<0.001), and adhesiveness(p<0.001) increased whereas springiness and cohesiveness(p<0.01) decreased according to the levels of added Chinese artichoke powder. In the attribute difference test, crumb color(p<0.001), grain size(p<0.05) decreased whereas grain uniformity, yeast flavor, acridity flavor(p<0.001), plainer taste(p<0.05), sweet taste(p<0.01), acridity taste(p<0.001), firmness, springiness, moistness, softness, and chewiness increased in accordance with levels of added Chinese artichoke powder. Overall acceptability showed that the sample containing 9% Chinese artichoke powder had the highest score (p<0.001). As a result, the optimal ratio of Chinese artichoke powder for white pan bread was determined to be 9%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 1996

To understand vegetation changes along environmental gradients in the natural forests in the east side of the Cascade Range in Washington state, USA, line transects were used to sample six different forest environments in the Wenatchee National Forest in the north-facing and south-facing sites at 975, 1280 and 1700m elevation. Data were analyzed using ordination by detranded correspondence analysis. Pseudotsuga menziesii was found as one of the dominant species on all the six sites regardless of elevation or aspect, while Pinus ponderosa was dominant on south slopes only. Abies grandis and A. lasiocarpa were dominant species on north slopes at elevations of 1280 and 1700m, respectively. Moisture, as it related to aspect, was identified as one of the most important environmental gradients for explaining the variation of vegetation types. On north-facing slopes, compared to south-facing slopes, where moisture was not as limiting and canopies could grow denser, probably, elevation or competitive interaction was more important. Species diversity tended to decrease with increasing environmental severity, with south slopes having less diversity than north slopes due to extended water stress and harsher temperature extremes on south slopes. The age structure on north-facing and south-facing slopes was different. Light intensity, moisture and climate were different between these two slopes. Large scale disturbances(e.g., big fire or insects) were major causes in changing age structure. Younger trees showed a closer relationship between size and age than adult trees. DBH values of shade intolerant species in south-facing slope were bigger than those of north-facing slope, which suggested that aspect of stands be the most important factor for age and size.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.141-156
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• 2008

Market structure analysis is a very useful tool to analyze the competition boundary of the brand or the company. But most of the studies in market structure analysis, the concern lies in nondurable goods such as candies, soft drink and etc. because of the their availability of the data. In the field of durable goods, the limitation of the data availability and the repurchase time period constrain the study. In the analysis of the automobile market, those of views might be more persuasive. The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure of automobile market based on some idea suggested by prior studies. Usually the buyers of the automobile tend to buy upper tier when they buy in the next time. That kind of behavior make it impossible to analyze the structure of automobile market under the level of automobile model. For that reason I tried to analyze the market structure in the brand or company level. In this study, consideration data was used for market structure analysis. The reasons why we used the consideration data are summarized as following. Firstly, as the repurchase time cycle is too long, brand switching data which is used for the market analysis of nondurable good is not avaliable. Secondly, as we mentioned, the buyers of the automobile tend to buy upper tier when they buy in the next time. We used survey data collected in the U.S.A. market in the year of 2005 through questionaire. The sample size was 8,291. The number of brand analyzed in this study was 9 among 37 which was being sold in U.S.A. market. Their market share was around 50%. The brands considered were BMW, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Dodge, Ford, Honda, Mercedes, and Toyota. �� ratio was derived from frequency of the consideration set. Actually the frequency is different from the brand switch concept. In this study to compute the �� ratio, the frequency of the consideration set was used like a frequency of brand switch for convenience. The study can be divided into 2 steps. The first step is to build hypothetical market structures. The second step is to choose the best structure based on the hypothetical market structures, Usually logit analysis is used for the choice best structure. In this study we built 3 hypothetical market structure. They are type-cost, cost-type, and unstructured. We classified the automobile into 5 types, sedan, SUV(Sport Utility Vehicle), Pickup, Mini Van, and Full-size Van. As for purchasing cost, we classified it 2 groups based on the median value. The median value was $28,800. To decide best structure among them, maximum likelihood test was used. Resulting from market structure analysis, we find that the automobile market of USA is hierarchically structured in the form of 'automobile type - purchasing cost'. That is, result showed that automobile buyers considered function or usage first and purchasing cost next. This study has some limitations in the analysis level and variable selection. First, in this study only type of the automobile and purchasing cost were as attributes considered for purchase. Considering other attributes is very needful. Because of the attributes considered, only 3 hypothetical structure could be analyzed. Second, due to the data, brand level analysis was tried. But model level analysis would be better because automobile buyers consider model not brand. To conduct model level study more cases should be obtained. That is for acquiring the better practical meaning, brand level analysis should be conducted when we consider the actual competition which occurred in the real market. Third, the variable selection for building nested logit model was very limited to some avaliable data. In spite of those limitations, the importance of this study lies in the trial of market structure analysis of durable good.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.311-321
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• 2008

In order to improve the insufficient protein content of Jeung-Pyun with respect to sitology, as well as its fermentation process, this study prepared Jeung-Pyun doughs containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g of milk, respectively, and examined their mechanical and functional characteristics. The internal structure of the Jeung-Pyun was observed by SEM. With regard to color, the L-value increased with increasing amounts of added milk, and the highest value (65.43) occurred in the group containing 20 g of added milk; however, there were no significant differences among groups. The group containing 20 g of added milk also presented the highest a-value, and the samples with added milk had higher b-values than the control. At 8 hours of fermentation, the 10 g- and 15 g-added milk groups had viscosities of 5726.67 and 6600 respectively; viscosity increased with increasing amounts of milk, and the added-milk groups had significantly higher values than the control group. Hardness also increased with increasing amounts of added milk. However, there were no significant differences in resilience and cohesive power among the groups. The groups containing 5 and 10 g of added milk had the lowest cohesion and break values. For appearance, the group without added milk had the whitest color. Pore size decreased and showed less uniformity as the amount of added milk increased. The unique tackju aroma of Jeung-Pyun decreased significantly as the level of added milk increased, and the 20 g addition presented the lowest value. The 10 g-added milk group had the highest level of sweetness, and sourness increased with increasing amounts of added milk. For softness, the control group was estimated as slightly softer than the added-milk groups. The stickiest sample was generally preferred when considering taste, white color, and sweetness. Among the quality characteristics, having greater stickiness, resilience, moisture, and softness was better in terms of chewing. Overall, the size of the Jeung-Pyun containing 10 g of milk was even and well-developed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the fitness of adjustable dental impression trays on the Chinese and the Japanese. Material and methods: Initial design of the adjustable dental trays was developed from the results of the dental arch size of Korean adults. This design was applied to the CAD-CAM process in order to create tray model samples. Simple silicon-base molds were then replicated based on these sample models. Polyurethane injection into the silicon- base molds completed the process of creating a large number of test products. 60 Chinese dental students (male:30, female:30) from the Shanghai Second Medical University and 60 Japanese alumni from the Kumamoto high school (male:30, female:30) were selected for taking irreversible hydrocolloid impression with these trays. The width and length of the impression body were measured on several measuring points by Vernier caliper. The results were analyzed statistically to evaluate the fitness of the trays. Results: 1. Uniform impression material thickness was achieved on the Chinese and Japanese by controlling the width of the tray using stops and beveled guides. The material thickness was generally within the range of 3 mm to 6 mm. 2. In the maxillary tray of the Chinese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of the incisal teeth was 6.2 mm, the canine was 5.9 mm and the midpalatal part 10.5 mm and the posterior palatal part 9.7 mm. These were relatively large values. 3. In the mandibular tray of the Chinese, average length of the impression material of the lingual vestibule of first, second premolar contact point was 8.9 mm, the incisal teeth was 7.8 mm and thickness of the labial part of canine was 6.8 mm and premolars 7.0 mm. These were relatively large values. 4. In the maxillary tray of the Japanese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of the incisal teeth was 7.4 mm, the canine was 7.7 mm and the midpalatal part 9.1 mm. These were relatively large values. 5. In the mandibular tray of the Japanese, average thickness of the impression material of the labial vestibule of first, second premolar contact point was 8.4 mm, and thickness of the labial part of canine was 7.4 mm. These were relatively large values. Conclusion: This adjustable dental tray shows good accuracy to Korean because it was designed by the analysis of the dental arch size of Korean adult model. With this result, it can be applied to Chinese and Japanese, we can take more easy and accurate dental impressions.