Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회지)

Korean Society of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Population Size Estimation of the Kaloula borealis in the Daemyung Retarding Basin

대명유수지에 서식하는 맹꽁이 Kaloula borealis 개체군 크기 추정

  • 최서영 (넥서스환경디자인연구원) ;
  • 노백호 (계명대학교 환경계획학과)
  • Received : 2016.04.11
  • Accepted : 2016.08.24
  • Published : 2016.08.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

초록

Daemyung retarding basin located near the confluence floodplain of the Nakdong and Kumho River is a large spawning site for the endangered Kaloula borealis, and needs for protecting the habitat of the endangered species are increasing. However, scientific studies are rarely conducted on the population characteristics and ecological knowledge on the species in the basin. This paper aims to estimate the population size and spatial distribution of the species that inhabited at the Daemyung retarding basin, using the capture-recapture method. Also, pitfall traps were installed in each habitat types classified with micro-topographic features, slope aspects, and vegetation communities to identify the spatial distribution characteristics of the Kaloula borealis of each habitat in the retarding basin. Field survey on the species was conducted from May 2013 to October 2014, showing that the species emerged in May, became more active during July and August and started to hibernate at the end of October. Using capture-recapture method, the first survey was carried out from July to August, 2014. Ninety-eight toads were captured, marked, and released back into the site. In the second survey, 68 toads including 5 marked toads of the previous survey were captured. Based on these two-sample surveys, around 535-2,131 individual toads are estimated to inhabit the Daemyung retarding basin. Fifty-seven pitfall traps were installed in four habitat types: mounded and vegetated flatland, lowland swamps, and slope areas of both the southern and western parts of the basin in order to delineate spatial abundance of the endangered Kaloula borealis during the rainy season when the species is actively spawning. Pitfall traps at the spatially explicit array indicated that the species gradually move to the slope areas near the Daemyung stream, showing high occurrence density of the Kaloula borealis compared to the lowland swamps after the spawning season. The emergence of Kaloula borealis in the lowland swamps appeared to be comparatively higher during the spawning season. However, after the spawning season the toads species rapidly moved into the neighboring land of relatively high elevation such as the slope area towards the Dalsung protected wetlands and Daemyung River. These results are closely related to the migration patterns that toads tend to return to the sheltering sites and/or hibernating grounds after the spawning season. Also, the Kaloula borealis moved to the nearest high-level vegetated areas as the lowland swamps of their spawning grounds deteriorated with the expansion of permanent ponds due to the rise in the groundwater level.

낙동강과 금호강 합류부에 인접한 대명유수지는 멸종위기종인 맹꽁이의 집단 산란처로 생물서식공간의 보전 필요성이 높아지고 있으나, 맹꽁이 개체군에 대한 과학적인 조사가 미흡하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 포획-재포획방법에 의해 대명유수지에 서식하는 맹꽁이 개체수를 추정하며, 미지형과 식생분포를 토대로 분류한 서식처별 방형구 배치를 통해 맹꽁이의 공간분포 특성을 살펴보았다. 2013년부터 2년간 진행된 조사에서 맹꽁이는 5월초 출현하여 7월과 8월에 활동이 증가하고, 10월말에 동면에 들어가는 것으로 나타났다. 개체군 크기 추정을 위해 실시된 2014년 1차 조사에 98개체를 포획하여 표식 후 방사하였으며, 2차 조사에서는 표지된 5개체를 포함한 68개체를 재포획하여 대명유수지에 서식하는 맹꽁이는 대략 535-2,131개체로 추정하였다. 또한 대명유수지의 맹꽁이 개체군 공간분포를 파악하기 위해 평지 식생군락, 사면부, 저습지 등의 서식처에 57개 함정트랩을 배치하여, 맹꽁이의 이동이 활발한 장마철 전후를 대상으로 현지조사를 실시한 결과, 맹꽁이는 대명천과 인접한 사면부에서 출현밀도가 높고, 저지대는 출현밀도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 저지대의 맹꽁이 출현밀도는 산란철에 상대적으로 높으나 산란 이후에는 급격히 감소하였는데, 이는 산란 이후 은신처, 월동지로 이동하는 맹꽁이의 행동습성과 더불어 저지대가 지하수위 상승으로 대부분 침수되면서 서식환경이 악화되어 주변 경사지와 평지 식생군락으로 이동하기 때문으로 판단된다.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Alford R. A. and S.J. Richards(1999) Global amphibian declines: a problem in applied ecology, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 133-165. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.133
  2. Bae, D.Y., W.K. Moon, M.H. Jang, K.S. Jang, J.B. Seo, W.J. Kim, J.O. Kim and J.K. Kim(2012) Applying the Jolly-Seber model to estimate population size of Miho spine roach (Cobitis choii) in the Backgok Stream, Korea. Korean Journal of Limnology 45(3): 322-328 (in Korean with English abstract)
  3. Bailey, L.L. and J.D. Nichols(2010) capture-mark-recapture, removal sampling, and occupancy models. In C.K. Dodd(ed.) Amphibian ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques, pp.447-463. The Oxford University Press.
  4. Choi, K.C., I.S. Kim and J.Y. Song(1972) Population ecological studies of Moroco oxycephalus BLEEKER in the Anseung stream - 1. On the estimation of population size. Korean Journal of Limnology 5(3): 59-66. (in Korean with English abstract)
  5. Daegu Regional Environmental Office(2014) Report on saving the endangered narrow-mouthed toads. (private communication, Mr. Y.B. Seok, June 6, 2014) (in Korean)
  6. Daegu Metropolitan City(2015) Design for ecological education facilities in Daemyung retarding basin. (unpublished data) (in Korean)
  7. Dodd, C.K.(2010) Amphibian ecology and conservation: A handbook of techniques. The Oxford University Press.
  8. Gamble, L.R., K. McGarigal and B.W. Compton(2007) Fidelity and dispersal in the pond-breeding amphibian, Ambystoma opacum: Implications for spatio-temporal population dynamics and conservation. Biological Conservation 139:247-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.001
  9. Heyer, W.R., M.A. Donnelly, R.W. McDiarmid, L-A C. Hayek and M.S. Foster(1993) Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians. Biological Diversity Handbook Series, Smithonian Institution.
  10. IUCN.(2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Gland, Switzland and Cambridge, UK.
  11. Jang, H.J. and J.H. Suh(2010) Distribution of amphibian species in South Korea. Korean Journal of Herpetology 2: 45-51. (in Korean with English abstract)
  12. Kim, J.B. and J.Y. Song(2010) Amphiban and Reptile in Korea. World Science Publishing Co. Seoul. Korea. (in Korean)
  13. Kim J.B.(2009) Taxonomic list and distribution of Korean amphibians. Korean Journal of Herpetology 1(1):1-13. (in Korean with English abstract)
  14. Ko, S.B., Ko, Y.M. and H.S. Oh(2011) Distribution of spawning sites of Kaolula borealis in Jeju island. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 25(6): 846-852. (in Korean with English abstract)
  15. Ko, S.B., M.H. Chang, J.Y. Song and H.S. Oh(2012a) Meterological factors influencing breeding biology of Kaloula borealis. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 26(6): 876-883. (in Korean with English abstract)
  16. Ko, M.H., H.B. Song, S.H. Choi, H.Y. Song, D.W. Kang, S.J. Moon, S.J. Lee and I.C. Bang (2012b) Population estimates of the endangered species, Gobiobotia macrocephala (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in Seom River, Korea. Korean Journal of Ichthyology 24(3): 177-182. (in Korean with English abstract)
  17. Ko, S.B., Y.M. Ko and J.H. Lee(2014) Body size and age structure of mating couples in boreal digging frog(Kaloula borealis). Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 28(3): 281-286. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2014.28.3.281
  18. Krebs, C.J.(2009) Ecology. 6th Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
  19. Lee, J.H., H.J. Jang and J.H. Suh(2011) Ecological guide book of Herpetofauna in Korea. National Institute of Environmental Science. (in Korean)
  20. Leopold, A.(1933) Game management, Charles Schribner's Sons, New York.
  21. MacKenzie, D.I., J.D. Nichols, J.E. Hines, M.G. Knutson and A.B. Franklin(2003) Estimating site occupancy, colonization and local extinction probabilities when species are not detected with certainty. Ecology 84:2200-2207. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-3090
  22. Ministry of Environment(2011) Final report on evaluation criteria and red list preparation of endangered wild fauna and flora.
  23. National Institute of Biological Resources(2012a). Red data book of endangered amphibians and reptiles in Korea.
  24. National Institute of Biological Resources(2012b). Intensive ecological survey on endangered amphibian species of Narrowmouthed toads and habitat restoration assessment reports.
  25. Park, K.J., Z.G. Kim and C.I. Zhang(2007) Abundance estimation of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, using models of the detection function in a line transect. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40(4): 201-209. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2007.40.4.201
  26. Park, K.J. Y.R. An, Z.G. Kim, S.G. Choi, D.Y. Moon and J.E. Park(2009) Abundance estimates of the Minke Whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, in the East Sea, Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42(6): 642-649. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2009.42.6.642
  27. Rho, P.(2016) Relationship between abundance of Kaloula borealis and meteorological factors based on habitat features. Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 19(3): 103-119. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2016.19.3.103
  28. Shim, J.H.(2001) Frog singing the beautiful life: amphibian story of Dr. Shim. Dareun-sesang publishing ltd. Seoul. (in Korean)
  29. Shim, Y.J.(2010) A study on the wildlife habitat restoration model through developing habitat suitability index - focusing on narrow-mouth frog(Kaloula borealis). Ph.D. Dissertation, Dankook Univ., Chungcheong-Namdo (in Korean with English abstract)
  30. Stebbins R.C. and W. Cohen(1995) A natural history of amphibians, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  31. Stevenson, B.C., D.L. Borchers, R. Altwegg, R.J. Swift, D.M. Gillespie and G.J. Measey(2015) A general framework for animal density estimation from acoustic detections across a fixed microphone array. Methods in Ecology & Evolution 6:38-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12291
  32. Sutherland, W.J.(2010) Ecological census techniques: a handbook. Cambridge University Press. New York.
  33. Yang, S.Y., J.B. Kim, M.S. Min, J.H. Suh and Y.J. Kang(2001) Monograph of Korean Amphibia. Academy books. Seoul. (in Korean)