• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.513-521
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• 2017

Infectious diarrhea is endemic in most developing countries. We aimed to investigate the protozoan, viral, and bacterial causes of acute diarrhea in Taif, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional prospective 1-year study was conducted on 163 diarrheal patients of various ages. Stool samples were collected, 1 per patient, and tested for 3 protozoa, 3 viruses, and 9 bacteria with the Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel. Overall, 53.4% (87/163) of samples were positives (20.8% protozoa, 19.6% viruses, 2.8% bacteria, and 9.8% mixed). Rotavirus (19.6%), Giardia duodenalis (16.5%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (8.5%) were the mostly detected pathogens. Adenovirus 40/41 (4.2%), Salmonella (3%), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (3%), and Entamoeba histolytica (2.4%) were also detected. Norovirus GI/II, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Clostridium difficile toxin A/B were not detected in any patients. All pathogens were involved in coinfections except E. histolytica. Giardia (5.5%) and rotavirus (3%) were the most commonly detected in co-infections. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (2.4%), Campylobacter spp. (2.4%), E. coli 0157 (1.8%), and Shigella spp. (1.2%) were detected in patients only as co-infections. Infections were more in children 0-4 years, less in adults <40 years, and least >40 years, with statistically significant differences in risk across age groups observed with rotavirus (P<0.001), Giardia (P=0.006), and Cryptosporidium (P=0.036) infections. Lastly, infections were not significantly more in the spring. This report demonstrates the high burden of various enteropathogens in the setting. Further studies are needed to define the impact of these findings on the clinical course of the disease.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.296-302
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• 2003

First. the purification and analysis of alliin in garlic from different origins by alliin-HPLC determination method were studied. Allinase in garlic was inactivated by heating in boiling water followed by extraction of alliin in garlic with 80% methanol. To remove free amino acids and alliin homologs in garlic, garlic extract was separated by cation exchange column which was packed with amberlite CG-120 resin using 40L d-water as eluent. Alliin in garlic extract was crystallized in a mixture of acetone (50$^{\circ}C$)：H$_2$O：acetic acid=70:29:1 and then recrystallized in a mixture of acetone (50$^{\circ}C$)：H$_2$O：acetic acid=75:24:1. Obtained alliin was identified by melting point. TLC, microscope observation and mass spectrometry. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) following pre-column derivatization of cystein derivatives with o-phthaldialdehyde/2-mercaptoethanol has succeessfully been applied to the analysis of various garlics. Each alliic of standard solution and garlic extract was derivatized to isoindole derivative by o-phthaldialdehyde /2-mercaptoethanol and then analyzed by HPLC. Six point calibration was done by using alliin peak area. Lineality was observed at 0 ∼ 1.0mg/ml of alliin concentration. Weighted regression line function was Y=6254X - 256077. By this function, alliin contents in various garlics were 0.34 ∼ 0.73% fresh weight. Second study was designed to evaluate the effects of garlic extracts of various concentrations on the growth of various pathogenes (Eubacterium limonsum, Bacteroides fragilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, Kiebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pserdomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli). For antimicrobial effects against microorganism, totally minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) of alliin were from 5,000 to 20,000ppm. MIC of ethanol extract were 1,250 to 10,000ppm.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish experimental evidence for the antimicrobial effects of 51 herbal formulae commonly used in traditional Korean medical institutions. Methods: The antimicrobial activities of herbal formulae were screened using the disc diffusion method against 10 pathogenic microorganisms (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli DH5α, E. coli O157, Salmonella enteritidis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella flexneri, and Helicobacter pylori). Of the 51 herbal formulae, 13 herbal formulae with antimicrobial activity were selected and their dose-dependency were confirmed. Results: Nine herbal formulae, including Gyeji-tang, Dangguisu-san, Saengmaek-san, Samul-tang, Ssanghwa-tang, Socheongryong-tang, Yukmijihwang-tang, Jakyakgamcho-tang, and Paljung-san, presented antibacterial activity against B. cereus. The effects of Saengmaek-san and Paljung-san was sustained for 48 hr. On L. monocytogenes, Dangguisu-san and Hyangsapyeongwi-san showed antimicrobial activity, but only Hyangsapyeongwi-san maintained the activity for 48 hr. Thirteen herbal formulae such as Galgeun-tang, Gyeji-tang, Dangguisu-san, Mahwang-tang, Banhasasim-tang, Saengmaek-san, Socheongryong-tang, Yukmijihwang-tang, Jakyakgamcho-tang, Cheonwangbosim-dan, Palmijihwang-tang, Paljung-san, and Hwanglyeonhaedok-tang showed antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus, and the activity was maintained for 48 hr. The 51 herbal formulae did not show any antimicrobial activity against seven strains such as E. coli DH5α, E. coli O157, S. aureus, S. enteritidis, Y. enterocolitica, S. flexneri, and H. pylori. Conclusions: Nine, two, and thirteen herbal formulae showed antimicrobial activities against B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, and V. parahaemolyticus in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. The results of antimicrobial activity of 51 herbal formulae against 10 microorganisms might be used as the basis for new application of herbal formulae.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.29-31
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• 2006

In a previous report, we showed that enzyme $IIA^{Glc}(EIIA^{Glc}$ of Escherichia coli phosphotransferase system (PTS) interacts with and regulates activity of FrsA (fermentation/respiration switch protein). A BLAST search revealed that orthologs of FrsA exist only in some Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahemeolyticus, and Photorhabdus luminescens and all of these species are facultative anaerobes belonging to the ${\gamma}-proteobacterial$ group, and most of them are highly pathogenic. Ligand-fishing experiments using $EIIA^{Glc}$ of Vibrio vulnificus ($vEIIA^{Glc}$) as bait revealed that $vEIIA^{Glc}$ also interacts with vFrsA in a phosphorylation state-dependent manner. The frsA mutant of Vibrio vulnificus showed remarkably reduced cytotoxicity to HeLa cells and reduced lethality to mice compared to wild type. Comparison of extracellular proteomes between the mutant and wild type indicated that hemolysin was not produced in the frsA mutant. Characterization of another protein interacting with $vEIIA^{Glc}$ will be discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2009

Temperature phase anaerobic co-digestion process was conducted with the one to one mixture of food wastewater with livestock wastewater, and the presence and the dynamics of various pathogenic microorganisms was analyzed. The mixture contained various enteric and pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. Enterobacteriaceae, Coliform bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, and Yeast. Anaerobic digestion has become stabilized around 21 days after the reaction started, showing about 80% to 90% of remarkable reduction rates of microorganisms until this period in acidogenic reactor (AR) and methanogenic reactor (MR), respect ively. After stabilization, the average reduction rate of organic matter was recorded as around 60% in MR. Most microorganisms in the effluent were not detected at around the last period of the reaction, except Listeria and S. aureus, which showed the growth even at the last day of the reaction.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.871-879
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• 2010

To figure out the removal efficiency of indicator and pathogenic bacteria by unit processes of a sewage treatment plant using activated sludge process, analyses were done for incoming sewage, influent and effluent of primary clarifier, aeration tank, secondary clarifier and final discharge conduit of the plant. A matrix of bacterial items (average of bacterial reduction [log/ml], p value of paired t-test, number of decreased cases of twenty analyses, removal percentage only for decreased cases) between incoming sewage and final effluent of the plant were heterotrophic plate counts (1.54, 0.000, 20, 95.01), total coliforms (1.38, 0.000, 19, 83.94), fecal coliforms (0.90, 0.000, 20, 94.84), fecal streptococci (0.90, 0.000, 20, 98.08), presumptive Salmonella (0.23, 0.561, 7, 99.09), and presumptive Shigella (1.02, 0.002, 15, 92.98). Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, heterotrophic plate counts, and fecal streptococci showed highest decrease through secondary clarifier about 1-log (p<0.001) between 88% and 96%, and primary clarifier represented the significant (p<0.05) decrease. However, final effluent through discharge conduit showed higher total coliforms and fecal streptococci than effluent of secondary clarifier (p<0.05). In addition, final effluent once violated the water quality standard while effluent of secondary clarifier satisfied the standard. Hence some control measures including elimination of deposits in discharge conduit or disinfection of final effluent are necessary.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.3 no.1 s.4
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• pp.27-39
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• 1988

This investigation was carried out to evaluate the removal effect of biological contaminants for the municipal sewage treatment process at Cheonggye Cheon terminal plant which in the first plant for municipal sewage treatment in Seoul area. It was conducted in raw influent, primary treatment water and secondary treatment water from September, 1986 to July, 1987. The results were as follow; 1, The primary treatment could eliminate microbials for $65.38\%$ of total bacteria, $64.35\%$ of total coliform, $62.16\%$ of fecal coliform $69.48\%$ of pseudomonas and $64.70\%$ of fecal streptococci in averages for a year respectively. 2. The secondary treatment could eliminate microbials for $97.50\%$ of total bacteria, $97.30\%$of total coliform, $95.95\%$ of fecal coliform, $97.00\%$ of pseudomonas and $96.53\%$ of fecal streptococci in average for a year respectively. 3. In the detect rate of pathogenic agent, salmonella spp was decreased $12.5\%$ to $4.2\%$ in primary treatment and it was not detected in secondary treatment, shigella spp was detected $4.2\%$ in influent water but it was not detected in primary and secondary treatment. 4. In the seasonal variation of treatment effect, the removal of summer was the highest, and the removal of all item in winter was lower than the other seasons. 5. There was significant correlation between water temperature and microbal all items (P<0.05) $NH_3-N$ and Microbal items (P< 0.01) at raw water.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.461-466
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• 2013

From May to June 2012, a waterborne outbreak of 124 cases of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the plumbing system of an older high-rise apartment complex in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The residents of this apartment complex had symptoms of watery diarrhea and vomiting. Tap water samples in the apartment complex and its adjacent buildings were collected and tested for 57 parameters under the Korean Drinking Water Standards and for additional 11 microbiological parameters. The microbiological parameters included total colony counts, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus, fecal streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, total culturable virus, and Norovirus. While the tap water samples of the adjacent buildings complied with the Korean Drinking Water Standards for all parameters, fecal bacteria and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the tap water samples of the outbreak apartment complex. It turned out that the agent of the disease was Cryptosporidium parvum. The drinking water was polluted with sewage from a septic tank in the apartment complex. To remove C. parvum oocysts, we conducted physical processes of cleaning the water storage tanks, flushing the indoor pipes, and replacing old pipes with new ones. Finally we restored the clean drinking water to the apartment complex after identification of no oocysts.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 1987

Strains of bacteria resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics have been increasing in number and are becoming troublesome in clinical medicine. The in vitro antibacterial activity of augmentin, a combination drug consisting of two parts amoxycillin to one part clavulanic acid, a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by an agar dilution technique against ampicillin-resistant clinical isolates in Korea. Of the 226 strains tested, 140 strains(62%) were resistant to ampicillin. Among the 140 ampicillin-resistant strains, all Salmonella spp. Proteus spp. the majority of S. aureus and Shigella spp. were sensitive to augmentin. Ps. aeruginosa remained 100% resistant and there has been a considerable decline in resistant strains in E. coli and K. pneumoniae although a significant percentage of strains showed intermediate sensitivity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of augmentin were ranged in $8{\mu}g/ml$ to $32{\mu}g/ml$ in most bacteria and all S. aureus were inhibited by $8{\mu}g/ml$. In our microbiological studies we have shown that augmentin is active against ampicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria. In this hospital there would appear to be a significant number of strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae showing intermediate resistance to augmentin. Most of these strains should be susceptible to augmentin given by mouth or by the intravenous route depending on the concentrations of both amoxycillin and clavulanic acid obtainable in the various tissues.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 1971

Various kinds of antibiotics are generally believed to have inhibitory effects on the antibody response. However, as polymyxin B which belongs to the cyclic polypeptide group of antibiotic was found to have some enhancing effects on the antibody response of rabbits to enterobacterial common antigen(CA) under specified conditions, experiments were carried out on this problem with the following results. 1. When mixture of polymyxin B and CA derived from Salmonella typhimurium(STM) was treated 30 minutes at $37^{\circ}C$ and injected three times into rabbits by intravenous route, the antibody response to CA was weaker than rabbits injected CA only. 2. Mixture of polymyxin B and CA showed a marked antibody production when injected into rabbits primed with small amounts of heat-extracted antigen of STM, while the injection of CA alone showed low titers of response. 3. Mixture of polymyxin B and heat-extracted CA-containing antigen of Escherichia coli 014 also showed a increased antibody production than CA alone in rabbits primed with antigen of STM. 4. The effect of polymyxin B appeared in different ways. This antibiotic did not enhance the CA antibody response in rabbits primed with small amounts of E. coli 0111 and 055, but enhance in rabbits primed with Shigella flexneri. 5. No enhancing effect on the antibody response was observed by polymyxin B in rabbits primed with CA. 6. No enhancing effect on the antibody response was also noted in rabbits primed with STM antigen in case polymyxin B and CA were administered simultaneously but in veins of different places. 7. Bacitracin did not enhance the CA antibody response in primed rabbits with STM antigen, but neomycin slightly enhance the response. 8. Lipopolysaccharide showed no priming effect on the CA antibody response, and no enhancement of the CA antibody response in rabbits printed with STM. 9. The priming effect of STM antigen against CA antibody response was very weak as compared with the effect of CA derived from STM antigen.