• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 2012

Objectives : This study was performed to provide the basic data for oral health of infants, through the comparison of Streptococcus mutans activities(the representative bacteria of initial dental caries), in main nutritional foods for infants: breast milk, milk powder, and soya milk. Methods : The study targeted 30 infants and the saliva was sampled after the oral examination. The pH of sampled saliva was measured; and the sample of 'the saliva', 'the saliva and breast milk', and 'the saliva and formula milk' by researcher were produced; and the measurement was repeated 7 times. Results : As a result of examining the change of colony number of Streptococcus mutans by hour, the bacterial activity took in the source of nutrition took place in the first place; and in the group with dental caries, breast-feeding at night occurreds most frequently. Due to the combined activities, such as the increase in the contact time, the existence rate of dental caries appeared high. However, as the improvement of breast-feeding is closely related to the nutrition supply to babies, rather than the improvement of breast-feeding, the 12 hours after the culture in which Streptococcus mutans activities started was considered. Conclusions : In case of breast-feeding at night, it is necessary to remove the dental plaque in the mouth, before 12 hours has passed. Especially, using toothbrush and toothpaste to decrease the occurrence of dental caries, after the eruption of teeth, is recommended for oral administration.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.278-289
• /
• 2017

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate whether there were differences among three oral care protocols on participants' oral health status (oral status, dry mouth, halitosis, saliva pH, microorganism growth in oral cavity) and tooth stain. The three protocols were: 1) oral solution of 4% normal saline, 2) 0.1% Chlorhexidine and 3) Tantum. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was utilized. A total of 55 elderly patients residing at long-term care facilities(19 in the 4% normal saline group, 17 in the 0.1% Chlorhexidine group, 19 in the Tantum group) received oral care daily for four weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0 program. Results: The halitosis (${\chi}^2=10.71$, p=.005) and saliva pH (${\chi}^2=6.84$, p=.033) scores were significantly improved after the oral care with 4% normal saline. Conclusion: These findings indicate that if elderly patients in long-term care facilities have complaint of the discomfort of using Chlorhexidine or Tantum, 4% normal saline is as effective at the other two. This can also be cost effective as there were no differences among the protocols in oral status, dry mouth, tooth stain or microorganism growth in oral cavity.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.319-328
• /
• 2005

To examine whether HSV, VZV, H. pylori and Candida that are known to be microorganisms causing ulcerative disease in oral cavity and have the relatively high contigiousness are detected in saliva of patients with RAU and related to the development with RAU, PCR and culture were performed on the saliva of 29 patients with RAU and 29 control subjects who visited the Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Hospital, Chosun University. The results were obtained as follows; 1. HSV DNA was detected in 41.4% patients with RAU, and 55.2% control subjects, however, a significant difference between the two groups was not detected, (P>0.05), and VZV DNA was not detected in both groups. 2. H. pylori DNA was detected in 27.6% patients with RAU, and 48.3% control subjects, however, a significant difference between the two groups was not detected (P>0.05). 3. Candida was cultured in 13.8% patients with RAU, and 6.9% control subjects, however, a significant difference between the two groups was not detected (P>0.05). This results suggest that HSV, VZV, H. pylori and Candida can not be regarded to play a direct role in the development of RAU. Thus it is considered that in future, on a larger sample, also, it has to be examined whether other microorganisms acts as a trigger factor of the development of RAU.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.91-97
• /
• 2011

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is bacterial infection, with more than half of the world population infected and relates to many oral disease such oral lichen planus, recurrent aphthous ulceration, periodontal disease and halitosis and so on. Burning mouth syndrome(BMS) is defined as a burning sensation of the oral mucosa, lips, and/or tongue, in the absence of specific oral lesions. The etiology of BMS is suggested local, systemic and psychological factors and researchs related BMS and to infection of H. pyloir in the oral cavity are few. The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationship between burning mouth syndrome and H. pylori in the oral cavity. We recruited 21 subjects with burning mouth syndrome and 21 subjects as control group. Samples in the oral cavity were taken area of buccal mucosa, dorsum of the tongue and saliva. We analysed samples by nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR). The results were as follows: 1. Among 21 patients with burning mouth sydrome and 21 subjects of control group, 6(29%) and 3(14%) were positive respectively(P>0.05). 2. In detection rate of H. pylori in area taken sample, 3(14%), 2(10%) and 4(19%) were positive in buccal mucosa, dorsum of the tongue and saliva of patient and 2(10%) and 1(5%) were positive in dorsum of the tongue and saliva of control group(P>0.05). Conclusively, we can guess that H. pylori in the oral cavity is not related with burning mouth syndrome.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.221-235
• /
• 1988

The purpose of this study was to observe characteristic properties through the polarization curves and EMPA images from 4 different types of amalgam obtained by using the potentiostats (EG & G PARC) & EPMA (Jeol JSM-35), to investigate the degree of corrosion of each phase of amalgam on the oxidation peak, and to identify corrosion products from the corroded amalgam by use of X-ray diffractometer(Rigaku). After each amlgam alloy and Hg were triturated as the direction of the manufacturer by means of the mechanical amalgamator(Shofu), the triturated mass was inserted into the cylindrical metal mold which was 12mm in diameter and 10mm in height and was condensed by means of routine manner. The specimen was removed from the mold and stored at room temperature for about 7 days. The standard surface preparation was routinely carried out. Anodic polarization measurement was employed to compare the corrosion behaviours of the amalgams in 0.9% saline solution(pH6.8~7.0) and artificial saliva (pH6.8~7.0) at $37^{\circ}C$. The open circuit potential was determined after 30 minutes' immersion of specimen in electrolyte and the potential scan was begun at the potential of 100mV cathodic from the corrosion potential. The scan rate was 1mV/sec and the surface area of amalgam exposed to the solution was 0.64$cm^2$ for each specimen. All the potentials reported are with respect to a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). EPMA images on the determined oxidation peaks of each amalgam in artificial saliva were observed. X-ray diffraction patterns of each sample were recorded before and after polarization in artificial saliva (Aristaloy, Caulk Spherical, Dispersalloy and Tytin: at +770mV, +585mV, +8.10m V and +680m V respectively) by use of a recording diffractometer. Nickel filtered Cu $K_{{\alpha}_1}$ radiation was used and sample was scanned at $4^{\circ}(2{\theta})/min.$ from $25^{\circ}$ to $80^{\circ}$. The following results were obtained. 1. Oxidation peak potential in artificial saliva shifted to more anodic direction than that in saline solution. 2. The corrosion potential of high copper amalgam was more anodic than the potential of low copper amalgam. 3. The current density was lower in artificial saliva than in saline solution. 4. One of the corrosion products, AgCl was identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. 5. ${\gamma}_2$ phase was the most susceptible to corrosion and e phase was stable in low copper amalgam and ${\eta}$' phase and Ag-Cu eutectic were susceptible to corrosion in high copper amalgam.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.320-328
• /
• 2016

Purpose: Human saliva, as a vital part of the immune defense system, contains a number of distinct proteins and peptides. Recently human common salivary protein 1 (CSP1) has been identified as an abundant salivary protein and may play a role in promoting the binding of cariogenic bacteria to salivary pellicles. However, nothing else is known regarding the role of CSP1 in periodontology. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare CSP1 levels between healthy subjects and periodontal patients. Methods: This controlled clinical study was conducted in periodontally healthy individuals and patients with chronic periodontitis Chonbuk National University Hospital, with Institutional Review Board approval. Whole saliva samples were collected from 36 healthy subjects and 33 chronic periodontitis patients and analyzed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immune blotting were conducted to ensure that anti-CSP1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) binds to CSP1 in human saliva. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system was house-fabricated using mAb-hCSP1#14 and mAb-hCSP1#4 as a capture and a detector mAb, respectively. The CSP1 concentrations in saliva from 36 healthy subjects and 33 periodontal patients were quantified using the CSP1 sandwich ELISA system, and the results were analyzed using the Student's t-test. Results: Immunoblot analysis using mAb-hCSP1 as a probe confirmed that CSP1 in human saliva existed as a single band with a molecular weight of approximately 27-kDa. The quantification of CSP1 concentrations by CSP1 ELISA showed that the median values (25th to 75th percentiles) of periodontal patients and healthy subjects were 9,474 ng/mL (range, 8,434.10,139 ng/mL) and 8,598 ng/mL (range, 7,421.9,877 ng/mL), respectively. The Student's t-test indicated the presence of a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (P=0.024). Conclusions: The presence of a significant difference in CSP1 levels between healthy subjects and periodontal patients suggests that CSP1 may be a potential biomarker for the detection or screening of periodontitis patients.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.146-154
• /
• 2011

An in vitro study on cariogenic potential of 8 over-the-counter syrups for children was performed. The experimental groups were 8 over-the-counter syrups. The positive control group was 10% sucrose solution, and the negative control group was artificial saliva. The pH of each group was determined. The buffering capacity was measured by the volume of 2 N NaOH adding to equalize the pH of 20 ml of experimental solution to pH 7. The consistency was measured by the time to pass Ostwald pipette for 2 ml of the experimental solution. The experimental solutions were inoculated with S. mutans and cultured in $37^{\circ}C$ anaerobic condition for 48 hours. To estimate acid production, pH of the experimental solutions were measured before and after the culture. The primary teeth specimens were soaked in the experimental solutions for 20 minutes three times a day. Except on those hours the specimens were stored in artificial saliva. After 5 days, the microhardness changes of the specimens were measured. These results show that most of syrup-form medicines for children tend to have cariogenic potential partially in endogenous pH, buffering capacity, consistency, acid production and erosive ability of enamel. For the oral health of children, the alternative sweeteners (ex. xylitol) may be substituted for the cariogenic sweeteners of syrups. Additionally, It may be helpful that the chewable tablet replace liquid or syrup in term of dose form.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.213-217
• /
• 1992

Glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 was purified and characterized. It relates with production of insoluble glucan in dental caries. The molecular weight was estimated to be 152.000. The optimum pH and temperature was 6.5 and $35^{\circ}C$. respectively. The enzyme was stable in alkaline pH. The Michaelis constants of the enzyme for releasing of fructose were 48 mM. Hydrolysis rate of insolut~le glucan by tlextranase was higher in S. mutuns NCTC 10449 than that of strains isolated from saliva.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.29 no.8
• /
• pp.923-933
• /
• 2009

In this study, analysis was carried out on science experiment in high school textbooks, illustrating 'the effect of pH on enzyme activity.' Five of the total 16 science textbooks introduced in this experiment, and the experimental conditions therein were analyzed. Textbook analysis revealed that pH of below 3 was used for 'acidic condition' and that of over 11 was used for 'basic' condition. Using the experimental conditions described in the textbooks, review experiments were performed. Buffering effect with the addition of saliva was found in the pH region around 7 when buffer solution was not used to control pH as was in the textbooks. The enzyme activity experiments were performed controlling pH from pH 2 to 13 with buffer. The color of the sample was blue from pH 2 to 4, and then disappeared from pH 5 to 8, reflecting that starch was digested owing to enzyme activity. In pH 9 light blue color appeared, indicating de-activation of enzyme under this basic condition. However, the blue color of the sample became lighter at pH 10 and disappeared from pH 11, which was different from the expected behavior anticipating dark blue color due to de-activation of enzyme under strong basic condition. These results can wrongly influence students to interpret that enzyme can be activated in this pH condition. So, we analyzed the reason for the color of the sample turning light blue in pH 10 and disappeared from pH 11. The analysis resulted that ${I_3}^-$ and/or ${I_5}^-$ subunits of polyiodides within the starch helix in starch-iodine complex, showing blue, decreases above pH 10 due to disproportionation to HOI, ${IO_3}^-$, and $I^-$ by the reaction with $OH^-$.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 1981

Author have studied with electron microscope on the effect of biscuit solution dissolved in natural saliva on the enamel surface of the primary teeth. Four of the teeth were natural primary teeth and the other four teeth were treated in acidulated phosphate fluoride during four minute. The obtained results were as follows; 1. The pH value of the solution was decreased according to the time passed, and gradually became 3.75 at the end of 48 hours. 2. Natural teeth appeared normal enamel surface appearance during first 12 hours, and at 24 hours, it appeared some degree of decalcified appearance near the enamel rods and surfaces. 3. The decalcified appearances of the enamel surfaces of the fluoride treated teeth were not significant compared with the fluoride untreated teeth. 4. Streptococci of the enamel surface were increased according to the time passed.