• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.89-99
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• 2012

Purpose - Mobile devices, especially mobile terminals capable of telecommunication and wireless connectivity, are leading the advancements in consumer electronics. Digital convergence drives the functions of various devices, such as cellular phones, MP3 players, personal digital assistants, and gaming, into a single device. This trend would continue and applications such as digital audio and video streaming (including personalized content delivery mechanisms) would soon be on a handheld device. As customers want mobile convergence devices, manufacturers are driving new initiatives in the emerging mobile device market. Given the roles played by device design and service content in user satisfaction of a mobile convergence device, this study focuses on identifying and measuring the constructs for the process by which user satisfaction is achieved. This study synthesizes the expectation-disconfirmation paradigm with empirical theories in user satisfaction. Device and service levels are separated, and nine key constructs for user satisfaction of mobile convergence devices are proposed. Insight into this process could help web-based businesses to improve user satisfaction, thus enhancing the effectiveness of e-commerce for sellers and buyers. Research design, data, methodology - This study draws on three users of mobile convergence devices as examples. To test there search model and hypotheses, survey questionnaires were sent to 607 mobile device users. Mobile device users were initially identified from several members, and subjects were randomly drawn. Data from 577 survey responses were finally analyzed. The unit of measurement and analysis in this research study is at a personal level. Results - The measurements for the constructs were developed and tested in a two-phase study. In the first phase, the device and service dimensions were identified, and instruments for measuring them were developed and tested. In the second phase, using the salient dimensions of the device and service as the formulating first-order factors, instruments were developed and empirically tested to measure satisfaction of the device and service. In measuring satisfaction of mobile convergence devices, the critical tasks are to identify the key constructs of such user satisfaction and to develop validated instruments to measure them. Hence, the results of this study have immediate implications for businesses and for research in user satisfaction of mobile convergence devices. Conclusions - This study provides reliable instruments for operationalizing key constructs in the analysis of user satisfaction of mobile convergence devices within the expectation-disconfirmation paradigm. Hence, convergence device makers will be able to examine whether their websites meet their customers' expectations by examining the device aspect of the mobile convergence device customers, and the service aspect expectations and disconfirmation. Moreover, the introduction of expectation and disconfirmation constructs brings the marketing aspect of convergence devices into focus for such retailers, an aspect crucial to the effective design of websites for online businesses. In addition,this study provides the metrics required to initiate future studies on user satisfaction of mobile convergence devices.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.139-161
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• 2002

This study investigates the characteristics of Nordic sweaters works from a historical perspective. Specifically, this study deals with the following research topics: 1) development of Nordic sweaters, 2) the characteristics of Nordic sweaters industry according to the change of times, 3) the comparison of local knitting patterns, 4) the symbolic meaning of the designs in the Nordic sweaters and patterns. The results of the study are summarized as follows. 1. Knitted work developed mostly in Northern Europe, a cold area, and the barren, mountainous coastal areas where people frequently used woolen materials for clothes. It was also developed in Scandinavian regions which lead the fashion in modern days. Scandinavian knitting techniques have been diffused into the east coast of England and Northern Europe by Vikings. 2. Scandinavian countries are distinguished from other countries by their conservative but creative cultural tradition. Their knitting patterns are characterized by small geometric figures such as dots, triangles, squares, rhombuses, and crosses used often with stars and roses. Scandinavian knitting is also salient for its vertical stripes and simple motifs repeating at short intervals. 1) Norway ; Simple and geometric Norwegian patterns are classified into three groups of motifs: (a) the motifs of cross, diamond, X, and swastika (equation omitted). (b) the motifs of human figures, animals and birds, (c) floral motifs (especially eight-petal roses). Their use of color is also simple, and is limited to more than two colors. (2) Sweden ; Swedish patterns are colorful and geometric. They are characterized by features such as brocade, complex embroidery, and contrast of red and black colors. They also show Guernsey patterns. Initials and production years were knitted in sweaters which have different patterns in their trunks and sleeves. 3) Denmark ; The Danish pattern is the purl stitch knitted against the stockinette stitch. The technique is used to copy woven damask motifs. The patterns are seen most clearly when they are knit with smooth yarn. The Faeroe sweaters are the representative work of Danish knitting. Faeroe knitting, incorporates stranded pattern and is knit in the round, either with circular needles. 4) Finland ; Finnish patterns are similar to Norwegian patterns. Finnish knitted work show very colorful, variety and free-flowing geometric patterns. 5) Iceland ; Icelandic knitting shows original ribbon pattern. Lope sweater is the representative work. 3. The traditional knitting patterns not only carried symbolic meanings but also served as means of communication. First of all, patterns had incantatory meanings. Patterns were symbolic of one's social standing, too. The colors, motifs and their arrangements were very important features symbolizing one's social position or family line. People often communicated by certain pieces of knitted work or patterns. In short, the knitted work in the Nordic sweaters served the function of admiring the beauty of nature and symbolizing various meanings. The unique designs and colors of the knitted work reflected the characteristics of the culture those works belonged to. This study also turns our attention to the issue of how the traditional colors and designs of the knitted work can contribute to the development of modern designs, and by doing so, if makes us realize the importance of knitted works in modern society.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.53-82
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• 2019

This study empirically conduct structural equivalence analysis based on social network analysis in picking up on overall structural characteristics of technological knowledge exchange in a regional cluster. Previous conceptual studies so far have argued that performance differences among structurally equivalent groups exist. However, because little research has been done to empirically investigate this conceptual hypothesis, this study is conducted as complementary to fill this void. For analysis, we utilize two-mode network data consisted of 2,550 firms by investigating 53 technological knowledge exchange-related associations within Gumi national industrial cluster. The results show that some structurally equivalent groups can be defined appropriately and its role can be conditioned by firms' salient characteristics attached to each structural equivalent groups. In addition, it is presented through the present study that performance difference in structural equivalent groups can be distinct by some selected performance indicators. Finally, this study suggests the need to advance the study of performance differences in structurally equivalent groups in the future.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.236-242
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• 2002

A method was investigated to determine the thickness of coating on steel sheet using rf glow discharge atomic emission spectrometer. The RF gas-jet boosted glow discharge has such salient feature as good pleasure stability and high sputtering efficiency that it was possible to determine the thickness of silicon resin film on zinc electroplated steel. The erosion speed variation is dependent on discharge power, gas flow rate and discharge pressure. therefore determine discharge condition to measure the thickness of coating on steels. The fundamental studies have been carried out to investigate an optimum condition for in-depth analysis and composition of zinc coating on steel. In this study, the calibration curve for thickness determination of silicon resin film was found to be linear in the range of $1000{\sim}3500mg/m^2$ film thickness. The developed rf gas-jet boosted glow discharge was applied to the analysis of zinc coating and silicon resin film on steel made by RIST.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.392-402
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• 1987

To know the effect of presowing seed soaking with some growth substances (kinetin, IAA, ethrel and salicylic acid) on vegetative growth and yield contributing parameters in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] the investigation was undertaken. The salient features from the study are;-All the treatments showed the enhancement effect on vegetative growth, viz. seediling emergence, germination percentage, plant height, number of leaves and branches per plant as compared with control, whereas salicylic acid delayed the seedling emergence process and lowered the germination percentage.-Nodule initiation, number of nodules and nodule weight were hastened and increased respectively under all the treatments whereas IAA showed an opposite effect on all the parameters at the early stages of nodule development.-Kinetin, IAA and ethrel showed the significant enhancement effect on the levels of biochemical parameters throughout the time of seed development whereas salicylic acid and water showed the tendency similar to that of control.-Yield and its components, viz. number of flowers, pods and seeds per plant were significant increased under all the treatments but they didn't show any significant enhancement effect on number of seeds per pod and pod setting rate. One hundred seed weight was lower under all the treatments, indicating the dilution effect resulting from incapability of increased number and size of source to provide the increased size of sink with assimilates.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.119-133
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• 1998

Attentional processes facilitate cognitive and behavioral performance in several ways. Attention serves to reduce the amount of information to receive. Attention enables humans to direct themselves to appropriate aspects of external environmental events and internal operations. Attention facilitates the selection of salient information and the allocation of cognitive processing appropriate to that information. Attention is not a unitary process that can be localized to a single neuroanatomical region. Before the cortical registration of sensory information, activation of important subcortical structures occurs, which is called as an orienting response. Once sensory information reaches the sensory cortex, a large number of perceptual processes occur, which provide various levels of perceptual resolution of the critical features of the stimuli. After this preattentional processing, information is integrated within higher cortical(heteromodal) systems in inferior parietal and temporal lobes. At this stage, the processing characteristics can be modified, and the biases of the system have a direct impact on attentional selection. Information flow has been traced through sensory analysis to a processing stage that enables the new information to be focused and modified in relation to preexisting biases. The limbic and paralimbic system play significant roles in modulating attentional response. It is labeled with affective salience and is integrated according to ongoing pressures from the motivational drive system of the hypothalamus. The salience of information greatly influences the allocation of attention. The frontal lobe operate response selection system with a reciprocal interaction with both the attention system of the parietal lobe and the limbic system. In this attentional process, the search with the spatial field is organized and a sequence of attentional responses is generated. Affective, motivational and appectitive impulses from limbic system and hypothalamus trigger response intention, preparation, planning, initiation and control of frontal lobe on this process. The reticular system, which produces ascending activation, catalyzes the overall system and increases attentional capacity. Also additional energetic pressures are created by the hypothalamus. As psychophysiological measurement, skin conductance, pupil diameter, muscle tension, heart rate, alpha wave of EEG can be used. Event related potentials also provide physiological evidence of attention during information process. NI component appears to be an electrophysiological index of selective attention. P3 response is developed during the attention related to stimulus discrimination, evaluation and response.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.35
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• pp.51-83
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• 1998

This study is designed to find out the determinants of housewives' caregiving behavior to their elderly parents-in-law. For this purpose, a tentative path model, constructed with major socio-demographic variables in the caregiver's family as exogenous variables, is proposed to account for caregiver's behavior to elderly parents-in-law. The model is estimated with data collected from a probability sample of housewives in Kwangju, Korea. Estimation of the model, separately for caregiver's fathers-in-law and mothers-in-law, in terms of maximum likelihood(ML) procedures in LISREL8 reveals that housewives' educational attainment, father-in-law's age, father-in-law's health status, and family size have statistically significant causal. effects on care giving behavior to fathers-in-law, and that housewives' educational attainment, mother-in-law's age, family size, and caregiving attitude have significant causal effects on caregiving behavior to mothers-in-law. Comparison of the two estimated models indicates caregiver's educational attainment, caretaker's age, and family size are prominent determinants of caregiving behavior that can be commonly generalized to the two models. Except for these common determinants, however, a nonnegligible amount of differences is identified between the two models. The findings are discussed and interpreted with suggesting some salient theoretical and policy implications.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.805-811
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• 1996

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the Lung(CCAM) is characterized by anomalous fetal development of terminal respiratory structures, resulting in an adenomatoid proliferation of bronchiolar elements and cystic formation. CCAM was first described and differentiated from other cystic lung disease in the English literature by Ch'in and Tang in 1949. CCAN is a rare, potentially lethal form of congenital pulmonary cystic disease and the salient features of lesion are an irregular network of terminal respiratory bronchiole-like structures and macrocysts variably lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and simple cuboidal epithelium. Adult presentation of CCAM of the lung is so rare that only 9 cases have been reported in the literature of date. The pathogenesis of CCAM remains disputed and reseachers have variously proposed that the lesion represents a developmental anomaly, hamartoma, or a fonn of pulmonary dysplasia. Van Dijk and Wagenvoort divided CCAM into three subtypes : cystic, intermediated, and solid. These correspond to types I, II, and III of Stocker. In adults, the evaluation of cystic or multi cystic lung disease requires consideration of a differential diagnosis including the acquired lesions of lung abscess, cavitary neoplasm or inflammatory mass, bullous disease, bronchiectasis, and postionflammatory pneumatocele. Congenital lesions such as sequestration, bronchopulmonary-foregut anomalies, and bronchogenic cyst are also encounted. The definitive treatment for CCAM is complele removal of the involved lobe. Panial lobectomy leads to multiple complications, including severe post-operative infection. We report a case of CCAM in a 14-year-old female presentated with a pneumothorax and large bullae, who was treated by surgical remove of the involved lobe.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.635-640
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• 1997

The oxidative stability of the potato chip prepared with canola oil fortified with antioxidnats was studied to explore the possibility of substituting it for imported frying fats and oils. BHT, BHA, TBHQ and silicone were added to the oil at a level of 0.02% and 10 ppm, respectively. Potato chip samples were prepared in a commercial scale and stored at $25.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ for 5 months. The oxidative stability of the extracted oils from potato chips during storage was estimated on the basis of some their physico-chemical changes, such as acid values, peroxide values, iodine values, ansidine values, fatty acid composition of the oils. An organoleptic test for the flavor of the samples was also performed. The oxidative stability of the samlpes was estimated on the basis of the changes of the parameter values. The effectiveness of the antioxidants was in the order of canola oil+TBHQ (0.02%)+silicone (10 ppm) > canola oil+TBHQ (0.02%) > canola oil+BHA (0.02%)+silicone (10 ppm) > canola oil+BHT (0.02%)+silicone (10 ppm) > canola oil+BHA (0.02%) > canola oil+BHT (0.02%) > canola oil. The antioxidant effect of canola oil+TBHQ (0.02%)+silicone (10 ppm) was more salient than any other antioxidant used in the potato chip.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.72
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• pp.52-91
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of attribute agenda-setting and priming through content analysis and a survey about Particulate Matter($PM_{10}$ & $PM_{2.5}$) using both promotional news and general news. The study results were as follows. First, promotional news and general news were found to showcase similar cognitive attributes. Second, the results did not show a significant relationship between highlighted attributes in media coverage and the public's salient attributes, but media attributes had been generally reflected in the public's perception because the public was highly aware of the importance of all media attributes. Third, the recognition of the public's attribute importance affected the direction of public opinion, which resulted in the acceptance of priming effects. Meanwhile, the recognition of the public's attribute importance towards economic damage, international cooperation, individual response, and the recognition of promotional news had affected risk perception. Furthermore, the recognition of promotional news and involvement appeared to have an interaction effect on risk perception.