• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.280-285
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• 2009

Powdery and downy mildews caused by Sphaerotheca fusca and Pseudoperonospora cubensis are the most common and serious diseases of cucumber worldwide. In spite of the introduction of highly effective systemic fungicides, control of these diseases remains elusive. Hence, this study aimed to develop an alternative method to chemicals in controlling the diseases by using different types of cooking oil. Egg yolk, which contains a natural emulsifier, lecithin, was selected as a surfactant to emulsify the oils. Among the different cooking oils used, soybean, canola (rape seed), safflower, sunflower, olive, and corn oils showed over 95% control values against powdery mildew of cucumber in a greenhouse test. In particular, 0.3% canola oil emulsified with 0.08% yolk (1 yolk and 60 ml canola in 20 l spray) was found to be the most effective. The treatment resulted in 98.9% and 96.3% control efficacies on powdery and downy mildews, respectively, of cucumber in the field. Canola oil exhibited direct and systemic effect, wherein powdery mildew of cucumber was suppressed only on treated leaves but not on non-treated leaves in a plant, while mycelia and conidia of the pathogen were severely distorted or destroyed by the treatment. The prospect of using the canola oil and yolk mixture as a natural fungicide is highly promising because of its effectiveness, availability, low cost, simple preparation, and safety to humans and the environment. The use of the canola oil and yolk mixture is expected to be an effective fungicide for use in organic farming and home gardening.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.583-591
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• 2002

Biodegradation of fat, oil, and grease (FOGs) plays an Important role in wastewater management and water pollution control. However, many industrial food-processing and food restaurants generate FOG-containing waste waters for which there Is no acceptable technology for their pretreatment. To solve these problems, this study evaluated the feasibility of effective FOG-degrading microorganisms on the biodegradation of olive oil and FOG-containing wastewater. Twenty-two strains capable of degrading FOGs were isolated from five FOG-contaminated sites for the evaluation of their FOG degradation capabilities. Among twenty-two strains tested, the lipase-producing Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 was selected for actual FOG wastewater treatment. Its biodegradability was performed at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and pH 8. The extent of FOG removal efficiency was varied for each FOG tested, being the highest for olive oil and animal fat (94.5% and 94.4%), and the lowest for safflower oil (62%). The addition of organic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, soytone, and peptone enhanced the removal efficiency of FOGs, but the addition of the inorganic nitrogen nutrients such as $NH_4$Cl and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ did not increase. The $KH_2PO_4$ sources in 0.25% to 0.5% concentrations showed more than 90% degradability. As a result, the main pathway for the oxidation of fatty acids results in the removal of two carbon atoms as acetyl-CoA with each reaction sequence: $\beta$-oxidation. Its lipase activity showed 38.5 U/g DCW using the optimal media after 9 h. Real wastewater and FOGs were used for determining the removal efficiency by using Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 bioadditive. The degradation by Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 was 41% higher than that of the naturally occurring bacteria. This result indicated that the use of isolated Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 in a bioaugmentating grease trap or other processes might possibly be sufficient to acclimate biological processes for degrading FOGs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.283-296
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• 2003

Emulsion-type sausages were manufactured to investigate the effects of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard on quality characteristics of emulsion-type sausage. Each treatments replaced pork back fat with CLA-corn oil (CLA-CO), CLA-safflower seed oil (CLA-SSO) and CLA-lard (CLA-LD) were stored during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. The changes in physico-chemical properties, texture, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), fatty acid composition and CLA content of each treatments were measured during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. During storage, pH of control showed higher pH value than that of CLA-vegetable and CLA-lard treatments. The pH values of all treatments was significantly low at storage 14 days (p<0.05). The color L* and a*-value of all the treatments was not significantly changed with the storage periods. Color b*-value of CLA-treatments was higher than that of control during the storage period. Fatty acids composition was changed by addition of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard. All kinds of fatty acids composition were decreased with CLA replacements than that of the control. Whereas linolenic acid content extremely increased by replacement of CLA-vegetable. CLA content of CLA-treatments was extremely increased than that of the control. The cohesiveness, springness, gumminess and brittleness of CLA-LD treatment was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the other treatments. The TBARS value of all treatments were significantly increased (P<0.05) as the storage period was passed. TBARS of sausage products containing CLA-CO was the lowest. Summing up the a forementioned results, emulsion-type sausage manufacturing with CLA-vegetable oil and CLA-lard was not affected in physico-chemical properties and texture characteristics. Also, it may be assumed that the high quality sausage can be manufactured with the extent of storage period and CLA accumulation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 1985

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of tocopherol supplementation on serum $HDL_{2}$ and $HDL_{3}$ subfraction and lipoprotein pattern of young rabbits fed the different levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. White male rabbits with an average bo요 weight of 90kg were assigned into 4 groups : LP( Low PUFA) ; HP( High PUFA) ; LPT( Tocopheror added to LP), HPT(Tocopherol added to HP) by feeding safflower oil or coconut oil at loft( w/w )in addition to thew diet with or without tocopherol for 4 weeks. HDL-Chol and HDL subfractions were determined by polyanionic precipitation method, and the relative amount of lipoprotein by electrophoresis. Serum total cholesterol and TG wer slightly lowered in the group of high PUFA diet and its effect was more in the case of tocopherol supplemented. HDL-Chol level was reduced in the high PUFA diet with or without tocopherol, but overall, HDL-Chol level was not influenced by tocopherol addition and also no significant change in lipoprotein pattern when tocopherol added to the HP diet. $HDL_{2}$ level was increased in HPT group but not in LPT group when tocopherol was added to each HP and LP group, respectively. $HDL_{3}$ levels of both LP and HP groups were reduced with tocopherol supplement, but the reduction was less in the high PUFA groups so that $HDL_{2}$ : $HDL_{3}$ ratio of HP was rather close to that of LP, but it was increased when tocopherol supplemented to the HP diet. Therefore, high PUFA diet could improve the anti atherogenic factor when tocopherol supplemented.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.754-761
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• 2001

Effects of dietary fatty acids and vitamin E on antioxidant vitamin status were studied in rat brain sections. Sources of dietary fat(10t%) were safflower oil(SO) poor in $\omega$3 fatty acid and mixed oil (MO) with computer-adjustd fatty acid ratios(AA/DHA=1.4, $\omega$6/$\omega$3=6.3, P/M/S=1.0/1.5/1, AA=2.%)with (ME) and without(MO) vitamin E(500mg/kg diet). Rats were fed the three kinds of diet from 3-4 wks prior to the conception. At the age of 3 & 9wks of the 2nd generation rat, antioxidant vitamins were measured in frontal cortex(FC), corpus striatum (CS), cerebellum(CB) and hippocampus(HP) using a multiwavelength, reverse phase gradient HPLC system. The levels of antioxidant vitamins converged to the similar value in all groups at 9 wks of age. Retinol, lycopene and cryptoxanthin levels of all experimental groups were found to be the highest in hippocampus at both 3 & 9wks of age. The levels of vitamin E appeared to be higher in the order of HP>CS-CB>FC in MO & ME. Beta-carotene and retinol showed the lowest level in hippocampus of vitamin E supplemented groups, even though vitamin E level tended to be higher in other sections. It seemed that vitamin E has an inhibitory action on the uptake of beta-carotene or acts as a preferred antioxidant to beta-carotene in certain section of the brain. By improving fatty acid balance (AA/DHA = 1.4, $\omega$6/$\omega$3=6.3, P/M/S=1.0/1.5/1, AA = 2%), the levels of vitamin E, retinol, lycopene & beta=carotene tended to be higher in MO than in SO, although crytoxanthin became lower at 3wks of age. In short, dietary fatty acids and vitamin E have different influence on antioxidant vitamin status in different rat brain sections. The higher levels of antioxidant vitamins in hippocampus should be pursued further in relation to behavioral development of rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.281-290
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• 1993

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of degree of unsaturation (Experiment 1) and the chain length of constituent fatty acids of dietary fats (Experiment 2) on-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activities in the liver and small intestine of chicks. Chicks were fed experimental diets for 10 days and then killed for the determination of the HMG-CoA reductase activities in the intestinal epithelial cell and hepatic microsomes. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity showed the highest value in chicks fed the tallow-containing diet. Chicks fed diets containing safflower or coconut oil resulted in a significantly lower intestinal HMG-CoA reductase activity in comparison with those fed the olive oil-containing diet. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly higher when fat-free and trilaurin were fed than when any other triglycerides were fed. This activity showed the lowest value in the chicks fed the diet containing tristearin. The HMG-CoA reductase activities in the jejunum and ileum were significantly or tended to be higher when trilaurin was fed than when any other triglycerides were fed. Except when trilaurin was fed, the presence of saturated fat in the diet did not have a significant effect on the intestinal HMG-CoA reductase activity, unlike the effect shown when a highly unsaturated fat was added to the diet. There was no significant correlation between the HMG-CoA reductase activities of the liver and intestinal, and the HMG-CoA reductase activity and cholesterol content of the intestinal epithelial cells.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2011

N-feruloylserotonin (FS) and N-(pcoumaroyl) serotonin (CS), serotonin derivatives, which have been isolated as major and unique phenolics of safflower seed extract (SSE), are member of hydroxycinnamic acid amides and are implicated in the defense against pathogen infection and insect feeding. In this study, we evaluate inhibitory effects of N-(p-Coumaroyl)serotonin and N-Feruloylserotonin on adipogenesis using oil-red O staining, triglyceride and GPDH activity. we found that while serotonin itself did not suppress differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes, N-(p-Coumaroyl)serotonin and N-Feruloylserotonin inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, they showed antioxidant effects in DPPH assay. Taken together, these results show that N-feruloylserotonin (FS) and N-(pcoumaroyl) serotonin (CS) suppress differentiation of preadipocytes, suggesting the possibility that these serotonin derivatives can be utilized as an anti-obesity agent.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2001

Emulsion-type sausages were manufactured to investigate the effects of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard on quality of emulsion-type sausage. Each treatments replaced pork back fat with CLA-sesame oil (CLA-SO), CLA-lard (CLA-LD) and CLA-safflower seed oil (CLA-SSO) were stored during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. The changes in physico-chemical properties, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) and fatty acid composition of each treatments were measured during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. The pH values of all treatments significantly(p<0.05) decreased as storage time increased. Sausage products containing CLA-vegetable oils showed higher pH value than that of CLA-lard among the treatments. Color a*-value of CLA-SSO was higher than that of other treatments. During storage, TBARS values of treatments were significantly (p<0.05) increased, sausage products containing CLA-vegetable oils showed lower (p<0.05) TBARS value than CLA-lard, and TBARS of sausage products containing CLA-SSO was the lowest. This result indicated that CLA concentration in emulsion-type sausage did affect the lipid oxidation stability. Fatty acids composition was changed by addition of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard. All kinds of fatty acids content decreased whereas CLA content extremely increased by replacement of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard. The level of CLA content in CLA-vegetable oils was higher than CLA-lard. It may be concluded that emulsion-type sausage could be manufactured using CLA-vegetable oils as a pork fat substitutor without any negative effects on general components or physico-chemical properties.

• BMB Reports
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.494-497
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• 2002

The present study explored the short-term effects of dietary conjugated-linoleic acid (CLA) on liver lipid metabolism in starved/refed Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Male OLETF rats (12 weeks old) were starved for 24 hours, then refed for 48 hours with either a CLA diet [7.5% CLA and 7.5% Safflower oil (SAF)] or a SAF control diet (15% SAF). The results demonstrated a 30% reduction of hepatic triglyceride (TG) concentration in the CLA group when compared to the control group. Liver cholesterol concentration was also 26% lower in the CLA fed rats. The activity of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid oxidation, was moderately elevated by 1.2-fold in the livers of the CLA group when compared to the control. In contrast, phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, the rate-limiting enzyme for TG synthesis, was found to be 20% lower in the livers of the CLA-fed rats. Therefore, dietary CLA evidently lowers liver lipid concentrations through a reduced TG synthesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation in starved/refed OLETF rats.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.272-275
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• 1992

Relative content(% weight) of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and crude ashs in seed of korean green tea plant(Camellia simecis L.) are not different from those in seed of sunflower and safflower. However, the Camellia seed contains much higher crude saponin content(12.2%) than that of sesame(0.29%) or peanut(0.63%). It also contains 82% unsaturated fatty acids including oleic acid and contains tocopherol $(22\;{\mu}g/g,\;{\alpha}-form\;only)$ that is significantly less than of other oil-seed.