• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.222-235
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• 2018

The hydrocarbon gas leak in the offshore plant can cause large accidents and lead to significant damages to human, property and environment. For prevention of fire or explosion accidents from gas leak, a SIS(Safety Instrumented System) should be installed. In the early stage of the offshore design, required SIL(Safety Integrated Level) is determined and reliability analysis is performed to verify the design in reliability aspects. This study collected data, information related to reliability analysis and created knowledge model of safety design for the offshore system with MBSE(Model-Based Systems Engineering) concept. Knowledge model could support safety engineer's design tasks as the guidance of reliability analysis procedure of safety design and make good conversation with other engineers in yard, class, company, etc.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.297-306
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• 2023

The frequency of fatal accidents that can occur at hydrogen refueling station was compared with the risk criterion for the general public suggested by the health and safety executive. If hydrogen refueling station meets the accident prevention facility standards presented in KGS Code FP216/217, it was confirmed that the risk of hydrogen refueling station was not at an unacceptable (intolerable) risk level. However, the risk of hydrogen refueling station due to small leak was analyzed as low as reasonably practicable. Therefore, methods for improving the safety instrumented function of hydrogen refueling station were reviewed. It was confirmed that the risk of hydrogen refueling station can be affected by the number of installed safety instrumentation system components, redundant architecture, mission time, proof test interval, etc. And methods for maintaining the risk of hydrogen refueling station at an acceptable risk level have been proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.7-15
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• 2017

International standards such as IEC-61508 and IEC-61511 require Safety Integrity Levels (SILs) for Safety Instrumented Functions (SIFs) in process industries. SIL verification is one of the methods for process safety description. Results of the SIL verification in some cases indicated that several Safety Instrumented Functions (SIFs) do not satisfy the required SIL. This results in some problems in terms of cost and risks to the industries. This study has been performed to improve the reliability of a safety instrumented function (SIF) installed in hydrodesulfurization reactor heater using Partial Stroke Testing (PST). Emergency shutdown system was chosen as an SIF in this study. SIL verification has been performed for cases chosen through the layer of protection analysis method. The probability of failure on demands (PFDs) for SIFs in fault tree analysis was $4.82{\times}10^{-3}$. As a result, the SIFs were unsuitable for the needed RRF, although they were capable of satisfying their target SIL 2. So, different PST intervals from 1 to 4 years were applied to the SIFs. It was found that the PFD of SIFs was $2.13{\times}10^{-3}$ and the RRF was 469 at the PST interval of one year, and this satisfies the RRF requirements in this case. It was also found that shorter interval of PST caused higher reliability of the SIF.

• IE interfaces
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.405-415
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• 2012

The reliability performance measures for low and high or continuous demand modes of operation of safety instrumented systems(SISs) are examined and compared by analyzing the official definitions in IEC 61508 standard. This paper also presents a status of common cause factor(CCF) models used in IEC 61508 and problems relating CCF modelling are discussed and ideas to solve these ones are suggested. An example with mixed M-out-of-N architecture is carried out to illustrate the proposed methods.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.513-523
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• 2006

This paper is to introduce guidelines for risk management and analysis. International tandards such as IEC 60300-3-9, IEC 61511-3, ISO 14971-1 and ISO/IEC Guide 73 are considered. This study is to discuss risk analysis of technological systems, and guidelines in the application of hazard and risk analysis for functional safety instrumented system, and risk management of medical devices, and guidelines for use in risk management standards.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.447-460
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• 2012

In this study, the shutdown system of the fuel gas supply system is designed based on the Safety Integrity Level of IEC 61508 and IEC 61511. First of all, the individual risk($10^{-4}$/year) and the risk matrix which are the risk acceptance criteria are set up for the qualitative risk assessment such as the HAZOP study. The natural gas leakage at the gas supply pipe is identified as the highest risk among the hazards identified through the HAZOP study and as a safety instrumented function the shutdown function for leakage was defined. SIL 2 and PFD($2.5{\cdot}10^{-3}$) for the shutdown function are determined by the layer of protection analysis(LOPA). The shutdown system(SIS) carrying out the shutdown function(SIF) is verified and designed according to qualitative and quantitative requirements of IEC 61508 and IEC 61511. As a result of SIL verification and SIS conceptual design, the shutdown system is composed of two gas detectors voted 1oo2, one programmable logic solver, and two shutdown valve voted 1oo2.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.239-246
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• 2012

It is the well-known fact that most part of goods transported are moved on the unfavorable ocean and even a small amount of accident on sea is extremely dangerous for human lives, financial losses, and social responsibility. Among the several causes of accidents, those by fire have occurred frequently and their damage has been highly serious. The aim of this paper is to assess the risk of fires due to oil leakage in the machinery space. To define the possible fire scenario, our team has performed the search of casualty database and reviewed the previous and various studies in the field. As a result, it is noted that the quantitative risk of the fire scenario have been evaluated on the ground of the FSA risk model. The expected frequency of a fire amounts to incidents during the life of a ship, and the expected financial damage amounts to 5,654 USD per a ship. By adopting Safety Instrumented System (SIS) introduced in IEC 61508 and IEC 61511, SIS model is designed to prevent oil leakage fire as a risk reduction method. It is concluded that System Integrity Level (SIL) 1 seems to be appropriate level of SIS.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.3 s.63
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

The purpose of this work is to analyze quantitatively if the safety instrumented system(SIS) like the pressure safety valves(PSV) in the processes of ethyl benzene plant have been designed relevantly to the safety integrity level because overpressure in the benzene or ethyl benzene columns causes the explosive reactions, fires and reactor explosions. The safety integrity level(SIL) 3 has been adopted as a target level of SIS based on the general data of the Probability of Failure on Demand of PSV, $1.00E-4{\sim}1.00E-3$. The standard model of the reliability has been set up and then the fault tree analysis of it has been carried out to get the PFD of SIS, and the results show 8.97E-04, 5.37E-04, 5.37E-04 for benzene prefractionator column, benzene column and EB column, respectively. Thus, we conclude that the SIS is designed to fulfill the condition of SIL3, and when the partial stroke test for the control valve are carried out every sixth month, the SIS of each column is expected to increase its reliability up to $22{\sim}27%$.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.139-150
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• 2017

The structural strain plays a significant role in structural condition assessment of in-service bridges in terms of structural bearing capacity, structural reliability level and entire safety redundancy. Therefore, it has been one of the most important parameters concerned by researchers and engineers engaged in structural health monitoring (SHM) practices. In this paper, an SHM system instrumented on the Jiubao Bridge located in Hangzhou, China is firstly introduced. This system involves nine subsystems and has been continuously operated for five years since 2012. As part of the SHM system, a total of 166 fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors are installed on the bridge to measure the dynamic strain responses of key structural components. Based on the strain monitoring data acquired in recent two years, the strain-based structural condition assessment of the Jiubao Bridge is carried out. The wavelet multi-resolution algorithm is applied to separate the temperature effect from the raw strain data. The obtained strain data under the normal traffic and wind condition and under the typhoon condition are examined for structural safety evaluation. The structural condition rating of the bridge in accordance with the AASHTO specification for condition evaluation and load and resistance factor rating of highway bridges is performed by use of the processed strain data in combination with finite element analysis. The analysis framework presented in this study can be used as a reference for facilitating the assessment, inspection and maintenance activities of in-service bridges instrumented with long-term SHM system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.32-40
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• 2017

Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) have wide application area. They are of vital importance at process plants to detect the onset of hazardous events, for instance, a release of some hazardous material, and for mitigating their consequences to humans, material assets, and the environment. The integrated safety systems, where electrical, electronic, and/or programmable electronic (E/E/PE) devices interact with mechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic systems are governed by international safety standards like IEC 61508. IEC 61508 organises its requirements according to a Safety Life Cycle (SLC). Fulfilling these requirements following the SLC can be complex without the aid of SIS supporting tools. This paper presents simple SIS support tool which can greatly help the user to implement the design phase of the safety lifecycle. This tool is modelled in the form of Android application which can be integrated with a Web-based data reading and modifying system. This tool can reduce the computation time spent on the design phase of the SLC and reduce the possible errors which can arise in the process. In addition, this paper presents an optimization approach to SISs based on cost measures. The multi-objective genetic algorithm has been used for the optimization to search for the best combinations of solutions without enumeration of all the solution space.