• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.196-205
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• 2011

To investigate the contribution of macroalgae to biogeochemical nutrients and carbon cycles, we measured the uptake rates of nutrients and $CO_2$ and characteristics of fluorescence of Saccharina japonica (Laminaria japonica Areschoug) using an incubation method in an acrylic chamber. From January to May 2011, S.japonica was sampled at Ilkwang, one of well-known macroalgae culture sites around Korea and ranged 46~288 cm long and 4.8~22.0 cm wide of whole thallus. The production rate of dissolved oxygen by S. japonica (n=25) was about $6.9{\pm}5.8{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}$ fresh weight(FW) $h^{-1}$. The uptake rate of total dissolved inorganic carbon ($TCO_2$), calculated by total alkalinity and pH, was $8.9{\pm}7.9{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$. Mean nutrients uptake were $175.6{\pm}161.1\;nmol\;N\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$ and $12.7{\pm}10.1\;nmol\;P\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$. There were logarithmic relationships between thallus length and uptake rates of nutrients and $CO_2$, which suggested that younger specimens (<100-150 cm) were much more efficient at nutrients and $CO_2$ uptake than old specimens > 150 cm. There was a positive linear correlation ($r^2$=9.4) existed between the dissolved oxygen production rate and the $TCO_2$ uptake rate, suggesting that these two factors may serve as good indicators of S. japonica photosynthesis. There was also positive linear relationship between maximal quantum yield ($F_v/F_m$) and production/uptake rates of dissolved oxygen, $TCO_2$ and phosphate, suggested that $F_v/F_m$ could be used as a good indicator of photosynthetic ability and $TCO_2$ consumption of macroalgae. Maximum relative electron transport rate ($rETR_{max}$) of S. japonica increased as thallus grew and was high in distal part of thallus which may be resulted from the increase of photosynthetic cell density per area. The annual $TCO_2$ uptake by S. japonica in Gijang area was estimated about $1.0\sim1.7{\times}10^3C$ ton, which was about 0.02-0.03% of carbon dioxide emission in Busan City. Thus, more research should be focused on macroalgae-based biogeochemical cycles to evaluate the roles and contributions of macroalgae to the global carbon cycle.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.248-255
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• 2015

Induction of regeneration and maturation of the free-living gametophytes of Saccharina japonica was studied at four temperatures (5, 10, 15 and $20^{\circ}C$), four levels of irradiance (5, 10, 20 and $40{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$) and three photoperiods (14 : 10, 12 : 12 and 10 : 14 h L : D). Female gametophyte fragments were maintained in active regeneration without reaching sexual maturity under conditions of $15^{\circ}C$, $20{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, 10 : 14 h (L : D), whereas the conditions for male gametophytes were slightly different at $15^{\circ}C$, $5{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, 14 : 10 h (L : D). The sexual maturation of female and male gametophytes took place under $5^{\circ}C$, $20{\sim}40{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, 10 : 14 h (L : D) and $15^{\circ}C$, $40{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, 10 : 14 h (L : D), respectively. These results provide basic information for controlling the regenerationand maturation of free-living gametophytes for strain improvement and cross breeding of S. japonica.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1110-1114
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• 2015

In this study, we investigated the potential of Lactobacillus brevis AR1 fermented broth containing various grains (Fagopyrum esculentum, Scotch oat, Sesamum indicum, Glycine max Merr, Castanea crenata, Oryza sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara, or Triticum aestivum L.) or Saccharina japonica as a source of collagen synthesis in cosmetic products. The treatment of Lb. brevis AR1 fermented broths containing F. esculentum or S. japonica water extracts was markedly increased the synthesis of collagen in fibroblasts. The collagen synthesis capacity of the S. japonica fermentation product was higher than that of β-glucan, which was used as a positive control. Under controlled conditions in broths containing F. esculentum or the S. japonica extracts with 4% monosodium glutamate (MSG), Lb. brevis AR1 produced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at a concentration of 180 mM, with an 84.5% GABA conversion rate after 72 h. Both the F. esculentum and S. japonica fermentation broths produced by Lb. brevis AR1 reduced inflammatory responses on mouse skin and did not show cell cytotoxicity in fibroblasts. These results suggest that both the F. esculentum and S. japonica fermentation products of Lb. brevis AR1 could be used as functional materials in cosmetic products to combat wrinkles and skin inflammation.

• ALGAE
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2016

Marine organisms are frequently used to be harmful and have lower side effects than synthetic drugs. The cognitive improving efficacy of gamma aminobutyric acid-enriched fermented Saccharina japonica (FSJ) on the memory deficient rats, which were induced by trimethyltin chloride (TMT), was investigated by assessing the Morris water maze test and by performing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunohistochemistry. The neurite outgrowth of Neuro2a cells was assessed in order to examine the underlying mechanisms of the memory enhancing effects of FSJ. Treatment with FSJ tended to shorten the latency to find the platform in the acquisition test of the Morris water maze at the second and fourth day compared to the control group. In the probe trial, the FSJ treated group increased time spent in the target quadrant, compared to that of the control group. Consistent with the behavioral data, these treatments recovered the loss of ChAT, CREB, and BDNF immunepositive neurons in the hippocampus produced by TMT. Treatment with FSJ markedly stimulated neurite outgrowth of the Neuro2a cells as compared to that of the controls. These findings demonstrate that FSJ may be useful for improving the cognitive function via regulation of neurotrophic marker enzyme activity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.26.1-26.8
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• 2018

Inclusion effect of soybean meal (SBM) and fermented SBM (FSM) in extruded pellet for juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus) was compared in abalone farm. Dietary inclusion effect of the combined macroalgae (MA) (Undaria pinnatifida and Hizikia fusiforme) and a single Saccharina japonica on abalone was also compared. Three thousand six hundred juvenile abalone were purchased from a private hatchery and acclimated to the experimental conditions for 2 weeks. Six 5-ton flow-through raceway tanks were used, and abalone were randomly distributed into tanks (n = 600 per tank). Three experimental diets were prepared in duplicate. Fish meal, FSM, corn gluten meal, and shrimp meal and wheat flour and dextrin were used as the protein and carbohydrate sources, respectively, in the FSM diet. MA was also included in the FSM diet. FSM and MA in the FSM diet were substituted with SBM at the expense of wheat flour and S. japonica, referred to as the SBM and SJ diets. The experimental diets were pelletized by an extruded pelleter. Water stability of nutrients in the experimental diets was monitored at 12, 24, and 48 h after seawater immersion. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day to satiation with a little leftover for 120 days. The retained crude protein and lipid and ash content of the extruded pellets were changed over all period of time. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed the SBM diet were greater than those of abalone fed the FSM and SJ diets. Weight gain and SGR of abalone fed the SJ diet were also greater than those of abalone fed the FSM diet. The longest shell length, widest shell width, highest shell height, and greatest soft body weight were obtained in abalone fed the SBM diet, followed by the SJ and FSM diets. Proximates of the soft body of abalone were not different among the experimental diets. In conclusion, SBM was a superior protein source to FSM in extruded pellet for growth performance of abalone. Dietary inclusion of a single S. japonica was superior to the combined inclusion of U. pinnatifida and H. fusiforme in the production of abalone.

• Clean Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2018

Pyrolysis of Saccharina japonica in an Auger reactor was conducted by varying the temperature and the auger speed and then physicochemical properties of the S. japonica-derived pyrolysis oil were analyzed. The maximum yield of S. japonica-derived pyrolysis oil (32 wt%) was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of $412^{\circ}C$ and an auger speed of 20 rpm. Due to low carbon content and high oxygen content in the pyrolysis oil, the higher heating value of S. japonica-derived pyrolysis oil was $23.6MJ\;kg^{-1}$, which was about 60% that of conventional hydrocarbon fuels. By GC/MS analysis, 1,4-Anhydro-d-galactitol, dianhydromannitol, 1-hydroxy 2-propanone and isosorbide were identified as the main chemical compounds of S. japonica-derived pyrolysis oil. The bio-char has low higher heating value ($13.0MJ\;kg^{-1}$) due to low carbon content and high oxygen content and contains a large amount of inorganic components and sulfur.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.195-213
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify novel extracts of brawn algae with the high deodorant capacity and antioxidant activity. To achieves this, an composition, deodorant performance and free radical scavenging activity were analyzed in powder and water extracts of Ecklonia cava(PEC/EEC), Saccharina japonica(PSJ/ESJ), Eisenia bicyclis(PEB/EEB), Sargassum spp.(PSS/ESS) and Hizikia fusiformis(PHF/EHF) using several analytical methods. Major component of five powders was verified as PEC, phlorotannin; PSJ, alginic acid and glutamic acid; PEB, carotenoid, chlorophyll, phlorotannin, tocopherol and fucoxantin; PSS, ${\beta}$-carotene and polyphenol; PHF, tannin. The highest level of DPPH scavenging activity was detected in EEC($IC_{50}=23.018{\mu}g/ml$), followed by EEB, ESJ, EHF and ESS. The deodorizing performance to ammonia was maintained high level in PEC, PSJ, PEB and PSS, while PHF showed low level in the same condition. But, the deodorizing performance to acetic acid was slightly higher in PSJ and PEC than those of PEB, PSS and PHF. Based on the results of DPPH scavenging activity and deodorizing capacity, we selected fractions of S. japonica as leading extracts and further prepared the 70% acetone extract (AESJ) and 70% ethanol extract (EESJ) from PSJ. The contents of total flavonoid, total phenol and total condensed tannin was significantly increased with 112-209% in AESJ and EESJ compared to those of ESJ. Also, a similar enhancement was observed on the level of DPPH scavenging activity and deodorizing performance against ammonia/acetic acid in AESJ and EESJ. Therefore, these results suggest that AESJ and EESJ contained with high total phenol and total condensed tannin contents may exhibit high deodorant capacity and antioxidant activity as well as has the potential for use as a powerful biomaterial for antibacterial deodorant.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2019

This study was carried out to observe the changes of seaweed community in artificial reefs installed in September, 2016 in Namae-ri, Yangyang-gun, and Seokbyeong-ri, Pohangsi, Korea. Field surveys were conducted by SCUBA diving once a season in February, May, August, and November of 2017, and quantitative survey and qualitative survey were carried out in parallel. In this study, a total of 94 species, including 11 green algae, 15 brown algae and 68 red algae were appeared. 66 species (8 green algae, 9 brown algae, 49 red algae) and 65 species (7 green algae, 9 brown algae, 49 red algae) were collected and identified in Yangyang and Pohang. In dominant species, Yangyang was dominant species of Saccharina japonica and subdominant species of Ulva australis. Pohang dominated in order of Colpomenia sinuosa and Gelidium elegans. In both coastal areas, Ulva spp., Colpomenia sinuosa were grown at the early stage of reforestation, and perennial seaweeds such as Saccharina japonica, Ecklonia cava and Gelidium elegans were grown. In order to clarify the clustering relation through flora change, it is necessary to monitor the transition process until the seaweed community is stabilized by observing the long-term change through continuous monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.576-583
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• 2018

Investigation of optimal temperature, irradiance and photoperiod conditions for free-living gametophytes of Saccharina sculpera for natural resources conservation and mass cultivation of endangered species in the eastern coast of Korea. Induction of regeneration and maturation of the free-living gametophytes of S. sculpera were cultured at temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$), irradiance (10, 20, 40, 60 and $80{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ and photoperiods (14:10, 12:12 and 10:14 h L:D). The female gametophyte were actively regenerated without reaching sexual maturity under $10^{\circ}C$, $20{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ and 12:12 h (L:D) conditions. In contrast, the conditions for male gametophytes were slightly different at $15^{\circ}C$, $10{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ and 12:12 h (L:D). The sexual maturation of female and male gametophytes took place under $15^{\circ}C$, $40{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, 14:10 h (L:D) and $10^{\circ}C$, $20{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, 10:14 h (L:D), respectively. These results provide basic information for controlling the regeneration and maturation of free-living gametophytes for conservation and utilization of S. sculpera.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.145-152
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• 2024

Seaweeds represent a widely harnessed marine resource that are valued for their abundant supply of essential nutrients, particularly proteins and amino acids. In Korea, where over 500 species of seaweed thrive and more than 50 are utilized for culinary purposes, seaweed has become a staple in regular diets. In this study, we focused on five of the most commonly consumed seaweed species in Korea: Capsosiphon fulvescens, Hizikia fusiforme, Porphyra yezoensis, Saccharina japonica, and Undaria pinnatifida. We closely examined the amino acid compositions of these five species. High-performance liquid chromatography showed that aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, and leucine were the most abundant amino acids in the seaweeds. Principal component analysis revealed that the five seaweed species could be classified into three clusters according to their amino acid composition, partially corroborating findings from the phylogenetic analysis. Among various amino acids, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine were the primary amino acids driving differentiation. Notably, U. pinnatifida and C. fulvescens, which demonstrated close phylogenetic proximity, exhibited remarkably similar amino acid profiles. Conversely, although P. yezoensis and S. japonica shared a phylogenetic relationship, they displayed distinctly different amino acid compositions. H. fusiforme emerged as a distinct group in both analyses.