• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.36-46
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• 1976

This study was projected to provide basic data on prenatal care for future direction in maternity and child care, and also to investigate the diet of women during pregnancy and the period directly afterwards in order to offer to mothers appropriate advice for the improvement of nutritional standards. A clinical study on prenatal care was based on 1054 delivery cases. A nutritional survey was performed on 174 mothers admitted to the department of obstetrics at St. Mary's Hospital during the period of March, 1975 to February, 1976. The results obtained are summarized as follows; I. Clinical study on prenatal care 1) The age distribution showed 59.4% of the mothers were between the ages of 25 to 29 years old. 2) The gestational period was highest between the 37th and 40th gestational weeks. 33.7% of the mothers were primigravidae and 31.8% of them primiparae. 3) 41.3% of the mothers had not received prenatal care or had only received it once before. 4) Induced deliveries were 61.8% and spontantaneous deliveries 38.2%. 61.9% of the mothers had received prenatal care, while those without prenatal care accounted for 61.6% of the total induced deliveries. 5) Low birth weights were 7.7% and 5.0% of the mothers had received prenatal care, while 11.5% had no prenatal care. 6) There were 1.13% of still births, 0.32% of the mothers had prenatal care and the remainder did not have prenatal care. 7) Of those receiving prenatal care, 2.1% showed in the $0{\sim}3$ Apgar score group, 6.3% in the $4{\sim}6$ Apgar score group, and 91.6% in the $7{\sim}10$ Apgar score group. Among the non-prenatally cared for group 5.0% of the newborns were in the $0{\sim}3$ Apgar score group, 9.7% were in $4{\sim}6$ Apgar score group and 85.3% were in the $7{\sim}10$ Apgar score group. 8) Obstetrical complications were developed in 11.86% of the pregnant women when they were hospitalized. Among the group receiving the prenatal care 8.1% of the mothers had obstetrical complications. In the group without prenatal care 17.16% of the mothers had obstetrical complications. The most common obstetrical complication was malpresentation. 9) The first prenatal care was received between the 37th and 40th gestationl weeks. II. Food intake during pregnancy The following are the results from the questionnaires of the mothers concerning diets during pregnancy; 1) Main meals and snacks In 32.2% of the cases, their main meals during the diet amounted to more than was usually eaten at other times. In 67.8% of the cases, their main meals during the diet were the same as that usually eaten. In 22.4% of the cases, snacks during the diet amounted to more than usually eaten at other times. In 77.6% of the cases, snacks during the diet were the same as usually eaten. 2) Itemized list The mothers made a special effort to include certain items in their diets, the following is a breakdown of those items; a. egg, meat, fish 33.3% b. fruit, vegetables 32.2%. c. milk, fruit juice 18.4% d. cake, bread 2.9% e. nothing special 13.2% 3) Milk 44.8% of the mothers had at least one cup of milk everyday. 33.4% of the mothers had at least one cup of milk on occasion. 15.5% of the mothers did not have any milk. 4) Vitamins 39.7% of the mothers had vitamins everyday. 24.7% of the mothers had vitamins occasionally. 35.6% of the mothers did not have any vitamins. 5) Anemic symptoms 9.2% of the mothers very often had anemic symptoms during pregnancy. 39.1% of the mothers often had anemic symptoms during pregnancy. 51.7% of the mothers did not have anemic symptoms at all. 6) Taboos on food 23% of the mothers recognized 'taboos' on food during pregnancy 27% of the mothers displayed on uncertainty about the 'taboos' on food during pregnancy 50% of the mothers displayed indifference toward the taboos. III. Nutritional survey on the new mothers diet. 1) The diets for new mothers can be divided into four categories, such as general diet, low sodium diet, soft diet and liquid diet. 2) Cooked rice and seaweed soup were the main foods for the new mothers as has been the traditional diet for Korean mothers. 3) The average diet contained 1,783g. And the average consumption of the basic food groups per capita per day was 1,265g for cereals and grains, 456g for meats and legumes, 58g for fruits and vegetables, 0g for milk and fish and 4g for fats and oils. 4) In addition to the 1,783g of food in the main diet there was also 142.8g of food taken as snacks. 5) The average daily consumption of calories and nutrients was 2,697 Kcal and 123.4g for proteins, 44.9g for fats, 718.2mg for calcium, 14mg for iron, 2,101.4 I.U. for vitamin A, 0.43mg for thiamine, 1.02mg for riboflavin, 15.88mg for niacin, 5.26mg for ascorbic acid. When these figures are compared with the recommended allowances for new mothers in Korea, the calories and nutrients taken in were satisfactory. But the intake of minerals and vitamins was below the recommended allowance.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2002

Purpose: We reviewed the clinical manifestations, responsiveness to treatment, and prognosis in children with nephrotic syndrome. Methods: Medical records of 159 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome who were admitted to the pediatric department of Chonbuk National University Hospital from January 1979 to December 2000 w ere retrospectively reviewed. Results: There were 32 females and 127 males. The most common age group was between 3 and 5 years of age among the 159 children with nephrotic syndrome. Generalized edema ($75.5\%$), scrotal edema ($20.1\%$), upper respiratory infection ($19.5\%$), and ascites ($28.3\%$) were frequently observed. After the initial steroid therapy, diuresis occurred within tile first two weeks in 138 children, and proteinuria disappeared within the first two weeks in 105 children. Among 159 patients who received initial daily steroid therapy, 110 children were in complete remission, 29 children were in partial remission and 20 children were in poor response state. Hematuria, hypertension and elevated serum creatinine were more frequently observed in the partial and the poor response groups than in the complete remission group. Among 107 children who were followed up for more than one year, 78 children were in complete remission and 55 children were relapsed within the first one year after steroid therapy. Renal biopsy was undertaken in 76 children and 53 children had minimal change nephrotic syndronm. Conclusion: Our study showed that illost children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome have a good responsiveness to steroid therapy and even most children show frequent relapse during 1st year after remission, long term prognosis is excellent.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.86-95
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• 2003

This study randomly chose 10 humanity high schools, which are located in Busan and KyoungNam province. We then examined the recognition rate of physical therapy among 378 teachers who were and still are working in the schools. 1. The recognition grade of physical therapeutics between men and women was significantly different with results of 80.7% of men and 69.7% of women(p<0.05). In the case of experiencing physical therapy, 83.6% of people said they knew the physical therapeutics and in the case of the opposite side, the result was also significantly different with a result of 67.8%(p<0.05). 2. We ranked the people on how much they knew about the physical therapeutics among men and women. With men, the actual experience of physical therapeutic came before what they heard from other people. In the case of women, what they heard from other people came first and the actual experience of physical therapeutic came after. According to the public information from Inje University, the recognition grade is recorded in the 3rd grade department as 21.5% while in the case of experiencing treatment from a physical therapist, the result was 39.1%. In the other department (the 1st grade department), what men and women heard from mass media was recorded at 17.5% and what they heard from other people, it was recorded at 33.8%(p<0.05). 3. The research about the recognition of academic ability of being a physical therapist was that 55.6% of teachers thought that 3-year-college was the best, which made the results different from the recognition grade of the experience of education(p<0.05). 4. In the recognition grade of physical therapeutics, there were significantly differences from 50.2% of men and 45.2% of women were expecting about 1mil ion won to 1.99million won. In case of 25.2% of people who have experience less than 15years at work, they expected about 2million to 2.99million won. The figures were higher than 10.1% of people who have experiences over 15years. About the recognition grade of physical therapists social level in the future is 48.8% of people who had experienced of physical therapy and 63.8% of people who never had experienced of it said it would be better in the future. From these results, the recognition about physical therapeutics and the view of its social status are optimistic and they know well about the level of academic ability of physical therapists. On the other hand, most teachers don't know exactly about physical therapists work. So we have to inform them aggressively for enhancing the recognition of physical therapy because high school students are well affected by their teachers when they face their future or major in university.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2009

Purpose : Chronic urticaria is a disorder characterized by the appearance of wheals for more than 6 weeks; in most cases, the etiology is unknown. This study was aimed to discover the clinical aspects, the etiologic factors, and the course of chronic urticaria. Methods : 51 children who were diagnosed with chronic urticaria in the past 4 years, and who had had follow-ups more than 6 months after diagnosis in the pediatric department of Soonchunhyang University Hospital in Bucheon, were enrolled in the study. The laboratory findings, clinical aspects, and courses were retrospectively investigated by medical record review and telephone interview. Results : The median age of children with chronic urticaria was 4 years (8 months to 16 years) and the ratio of male to female was 1.4:1. Of the total, 39.2% of patients had a history of atopy. Angioedema occurred concurrently with urticaria in 11.8% of patients, and dermographism was seen in 41.2%. Results of thyroid function tests were normal and thyroid autoantibodies were absent in all cases. Regarding etiology, most cases (74.5%) were forms of idiopathic urticaria. Urticaria was induced by physical factors in 19.6% of patients. Open challenge tests revealed that 3 patients were allergic to food additives (glutamate 2, glutamate, and sulfite 1). In this study, most of the patients reported good response after medication of 1st- or 2nd-generation antihistamines alone. Follow-up at 6 months revealed that 70.6% of patients had experienced remission, and 84.8% of children who had follow-up at 1 year presented remission. Conclusion : Chronic urticaria in most patients was idiopathic. Remission occurred within 1 year of diagnosis, in most cases so chronic urticaria in children seems to have good prognosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.364-374
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• 2010

Background: We assessed the early and mid-term results of the modified Norwood procedure for first-stage palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and its variants to identify the risk factors for hospital mortality. Material and Method: Between March, 2003, and December, 2009, 23 patients (18 males and 5 females) with HLHS or variants underwent the modified Norwood procedure. The age at operation ranged from 3 to 60 days (mean, $11.7{\pm}13.2days$) and weight at operation ranged from 2.2 to 4.8 kg (mean, $3.17{\pm}0.52kg$). We used a modified technique that spared the anterior wall of the main pulmonary artery in 20 patients. The sources of pulmonary blood flow were RV-PA conduit in 15 patients (group I) and RMBTS in 8 (group II). Follow-up was completed in 19 patients (19/20, 95%) in our hospital (mean $26.0{\pm}22.8months$). Result: Early death occurred in 3 patients (3/23, 13%), of whom 2 had TAPVC. Fourteen patients underwent subsequent bidirectional cavopulmonary connection (BCPC, stage 2) and seven underwent the Fontan operation (stage 3). Three patients died between stages, 2 before stage 2 and one before stage 3. The estimated 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 78% and 69%, respectively. On multivariate regression analysis, aberrant right subclavian artery (RSCA) and associated total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) were risk factors for hospital mortality after stage 1 Norwood procedure. Conclusion: HLHS and its variants can be palliated by the modified Norwood procedure with low operative mortality. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection adversely affects the survival after a stage 1 Norwood procedure, and interstage mortality rates need to be improved.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.221-238
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• 2005

This study analyzed the contents of the milk-related nutrition education currently found in elementary and secondary school textbooks. An attempt was made to develop the basic data needed to in the future provide students with pertinent in formation regarding the nutritional attributes of milk, as well as the desired consumption behavior, within the school education system. To attain the objectives of this study, the researcher analyzed the contents of the milk-related nutrition education described in elementary and secondary school textbooks(1st-10th grades). Based on the results of this analysis, measures were developed to organize the contents of the milk-related nutrition education that should be taught within the school education system. At the elementary school level, milk-related nutrition education was included in the textbooks for the integrated curriculum for the lower grades, as well as in the science, practical arts, and physical education textbooks for every grade, except the End and the 6th. The practical arts textbook, which contained basic knowledge related to the nutritional attributes of milk and the proper method in which to intake milk, was found to be the one which dealt with milk-related nutrition education in the most detail. At the secondary school level. milk-related nutrition education was included in the 7th-10th grade textbooks for the science, technology and home economics, and physical education courses. In this instance. the technology and home economics textbooks were the ones which were found to contain the most milk-related nutrition education covering such aspects as the nutritional attributes of milk, the special characteristics of milk as a food. how to select and store milk. as well as how to use milk as part of a balanced diet in everyday life. However, as was the case at the elementary school levet the repetitious nature of the milk-related contents found in the textbooks for various school subjects and at different school levels, as well as the inefficient hierarchical structure in which the knowledge is presented, were identified as key problems. There is a need to establish the appropriate milk-related nutrition education for each school level. The need to develop education programs, which could be linked to the school subjects and special milk programs, was also emphasized.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2008

Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of modified FOLFOX-6 chemotherapy for treating recurrent or inoperable gastric cancer patients. Materials and Methods: From April 2006 to August 2007, 35 patients with recurrent gastric cancer after curative resection and 43 patients with inoperable gastric cancer underwent chemotherapy, and the results were retrospectively investigated. Results: 78 patients were assessable for response and toxicity, and they underwent an average of 7.1 cycles of chemotherapy. The response was evaluated according to the RECIST criteria. 11 partial responses (14.1%), 35 cases of stable disease (44.9%), and 32 cases of progressive disease (41%) were observed. The median time to progression was 6 months, and the average overall survival was 13 months. CTCAE grade 1 or 2 anemia (52.6%) was the most prevalent toxicity. Other common toxicities included thrombocytopenia (17.9%) and peripheral neuropathy (30.8%). There were 13 changes in the chemotherapy regimen to S1-cisplatin due to disease progression, but only an average of 1.76 cycles of S1-cisplatin were delivered due to severe toxicities and poor compliance. Conclusion: Acceptable efficacy and toxicity were seen as 59% of the patients showed non-progression, and no grade 3 or 4 toxicities were observed. In conclusion, the modified FOLFOX-6 chemotherapy is considered to be the proper 1st-line choice as a palliative treatment for recurrent or inoperable gastric cancer patients.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.206-220
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• 2003

Purpose: this study was intended to search the relationship between perception of the infant temperament in mother of infant at the age of 1～12 months and maternal confidence and satisfaction in performing maternal role, and to submit a basic data to establish a nursing intervention program which is helpful for determination of infant development and performing maternal role promotion by identify variables associated with infant temperament. Method: The subjects of this study were 300 mothers of infant at the age of 1～12 months who visited well baby clinic in 4 hospitals in Busan city and Kyoung-Nam province. Final analysis was performed in 293 cases. Seven cases was excluded in this study because of its inappropriate data collection. The data was collected from 1st July to 15th August 2002. The questionaries which were fill-up by mother were collected. Infant temperament was measured by using the tool of 'what my baby is like'(WBL) which was developed by Priham et. al.(1994) and translated by Bang(1999). The scale of postpartum self evaluation which was developed by Lederman et al(1981) and translated by Lee(1992) was used for the confidence and satisfaction of maternal role. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-PC for window, version 10.0: frequency, percentage, minimum, maximum, mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA, Post-hoc test(Scheffe's test), Pearson Correlation Coefficients. Result: The mean score of maternal perception of the infant temperament was 6.17±1.04, and mother recognized her infant as positive. The mean score of confidence of maternal role was 2.89± .41 and this revealed in an average level. The mean score of satisfaction of maternal role was 3.29± .51 and this revealed in a higher level. There was a weak significant positive correlation between the score of maternal perception of infant temperament and confidence of maternal role(r=0.176, P= .003), but there was no significant correlation between satisfaction of maternal role(P> .05). It revealed the more maternal perception of the infant temperament as positive, the higher confidence of maternal role. There was a moderate significant positive correlation between confidence of maternal role and satisfaction of maternal role(r=0.410, P= .000). It revealed the more confidence of maternal role, the higher satisfaction of maternal role. The variables related with the score of maternal perception of infant temperament were the type of delivery (t=-2.600, P= .010), experience of learning baby care(t=2.382, P= .018), maternal perception on baby's health status(F=3.467, P= .033), maternal perception on her health status(F=3.467, P= .027), baby's age(F=3.080, P= .028). Conclusion: Our result showed the confidence of maternal role was increased as the maternal perception of infant temperament was positive, and conformed that the confidence of maternal role was also related with satisfaction of maternal role. Prenatal education, type of delivery, baby's age were also related with the maternal perception of infant temperament. So, nursing intervention program of developmental stage maybe necessary in order to help maternal perception of infant temperament as positive, and it will be increased the confidence of maternal role and satisfaction of performing maternal role which was considered as real indicate of achievement of maternal role.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.259-266
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to improve satisfaction of university dormitory foodservice customers by analyzing the correlation between foodservice satisfaction and customer loyalty. The questionnaire was distributed to 510 students residing in a dormitory of a University located in Gyengsangbuk-do from 1st to 8th December, 2015. The average customer satisfaction score was 3.19/5.00. The category with the highest score was sanitation, followed by environment, food, reactivity, and menu. Male students showed significantly higher foodservice satisfaction score than females in terms of reactivity (P<0.01) category. Students living in the dormitory for over 2 years were significantly less satisfied with the dormitory foodservice in terms of menu (P<0.05) and reactivity (P<0.001) categories. The average customer loyalty score was 2.73/5.00. Scores for revisit intention, words-of-mouth intention, and intent not to switch were 2.80, 2.73, and 2.65, respectively. Revisit intention and words-of-mouth intention showed a significant (P<0.001) positive correlation with food, environment, menu, sanitation, and reactivity. Non-switching intention showed a significant (P<0.001) positive correlation with food, menu, and reactivity. After classifying customers into four groups according to customer satisfaction and loyalty, a comparison was carried out to determine satisfaction and loyalty by each customer stratum. In the "loyalist" group, satisfaction with sanitation and the advertise intention by revisit and words-of-mouth were significantly higher than in the other groups (P<0.001). In "defector" group, satisfaction with menu (P<0.001) and advertise intention by words-of-mouth (P<0.01) were significantly lower than in the other groups.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.296-305
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• 2006

The heterogeneity of crop transpiration is important to clearly understand the microclimate mechanisms and to efficiently handle the water resource in greenhouses. A computational fluid dynamic program (Fluent CFD version 6.2) was developed to study the internal climate and crop transpiration distributions of greenhouses. Additionally, the global solar radiation model and a crop heat exchange model were programmed together. Those models programmed using $C^{++}$ software were connected to the CFD main module using the user define function (UDF) technology. For the developed CFD validity, a field experiment was conducted at a $17{\times}6 m^2$ plastic-covered mechanically ventilated single-span greenhouse located at Pusan in Korea. The CFD internal distributions of air temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity at 1m height were validated against the experimental results. The CFD computed results were in close agreement with the measured distributions of the air temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity along the greenhouse. The averaged errors of their CFD computed results were 2.2%,2.1%, and 7.7%, respectively.