• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.324-332
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explain differences of cesarean section rates according to San- Yin-Jiao(SP6) acupressure for women in labor. Method: A noneqivalent control group pre test - post test design was used to explain differences of cesarean section rates according to SP6 acupressure. The participants were 209 women who were assigned to one of three groups SP6 acupressure(n=86), SP6 touch(n=47), and control group(n=76). For 30 minutes, the SP6 acupressure group received SP6 acupressure, and the SP6 touch group received SP6 touch for the duration of each uterine contraction. The Control group was encouraged to deep breath and relax for the duration of each uterine contraction for 30 minutes. Result: The rates of cesarean section were 12.8%, 29.8%, and 22.4% for the SP6 acupressure group, SP6 touch group, and control group respectively. There was a significant difference among groups (p=0.049). Cesarean section rateswere significantly different between the SP6 acupressure and non-SP6 acupressure group(p=0.035). Conclusion: This finding shows that 30 minutes of SP6 acupressure was effective in decreasing the cesarean section rate. Therefore, SP6 acupressure during labor could be applied as an effective nursing intervention.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.517-526
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• 1990

The crystal structures of two alditol acetates, D-glucitol hexaacetate and xylitol pentaacetate, have been determined by diffraction methods with Mo-K$\alpha$radiation, using direct methods for phase determinations. The crystal data are: for D-glucitol hexaacetate, P2$_1$, with a = 10.275 (2), b = 8.363 (1), c = 12.560 (5) $\AA;\beta$ = 95.97 $(2)^{\circ}$, Z = 2; for xylitol pentaacetate, P2$_1$/C with a = 18.126 (1), b = 11.422 (2), c = 8.649 (1) $\AA$, $\beta = 95.03 (1)^{\circ}$, Z = 4. Both molecules have extended zigzag carbon chain conformations which differ from previous studies of the structures of D-glucitol and xylitol and also differ from NMR studies on alditol acetates. The bond lengths and angles are normal, with mean values over both structures of C($sp^3)-C(sp^3): 1.514 (10),\; C(sp^3)-O: 1.444 (6),\; C(sp^2)-O: 1.347 (9),\; C(sp^2)=O: 1.197 (6),\; C(sp^2)-C(sp^3): 1.479(9){\AA},\; C(sp^3)-C(sp^3)-C(sp^3): 114.6 (17),\; O-C(sp^3)-C(sp^3): 109.4 (23),\; C(sp^2)-O-C(sp^3): 117.4 (6),\; O=C(sp^2)-O: 122.6 (6),\; C(sp^3)-C(sp^2)-O: 111.8 (7),\; C(sp^3)-C(sp^2)=O: 125.5 (4)^{\circ}$. The atoms of acetate groups are in coplanar. There are no particularly short intermolecular contacts and the molecules are held together by van der Waals force only.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.753-761
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• 2003

Purpose: The study was done to examine the effects of San- Yin-Jiao(SP6) acupressure treatment on subjective labor pain, length of delivery time in women during labor. Method: The study design was a randomized controlled clinical trial study using a double-blinded method. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, a subjective labor pain scale and measurement of delivery time. The experimental group(n=29) was received SP6 acupressure and control group(n=29), SP6 touch for the duration of each uterine contraction, during 30 minutes after 3cm dilatation of cervical os. Result: The subjective labor pain scores was significantly different between the two groups(p=0.042). The total length of delivery time in the group which had the SP6 acupressure was shorter than SP6 touch group (p=0.036). Conclusion: These findings showed that SP6 acupressure was effective related to labor pain, length of time for delivery. SP6 acupressure during labor could be applied as an effective nursing treatment.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.283-289
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• 2002

The effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at SP-6 with different durations on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) and on the cardiovascular system were evaluated in dogs under isoflurane anesthesia. Eight healthy male beagles were randomly assigned to four study groups (n = 5/group) with washout period of 7 days for recovery and anesthetic withdrawal between experiments. Four study groups were control, nonacupoint electrical stimulation (NA), EA for 30 minutes (SP-6) and continuous EA for 70 or 90 minutes (SP-6C). For the nonacupoint electrical stimulation group, needles were inserted into the nonacupoint at the muscle bellies of left triceps brachii and right quadriceps femoris. MAC and cardiovascular parameters were determined after EA at SP-6 acupoint and at nonacupoint. Thirty minutes of EA and continuous EA until re-determination of MAC at SP-6 acupoint lowered the MAC of isoflurane by 21.3$\pm$8.0% and 16.1$\pm$4.6%, respectively (p<0.05). The decrements in MAC values were not significantly different between two EA groups. However, electrical stimulation of nonacupoint did not induce a significant change in MAC. In SP-6 and SP-6C groups, significant changes in cardiovascular parameters were not observed. These results indicate that EA at SP-6 have an advantage in isoflurane anesthesia in terms of reducing the requirement for anesthetics and minimizing cardiovascular side effects. EA for 30 minutes at maximum might be the sufficient time to produce acupuncture analgesia.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.61-67
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• 2002

The effect of the Penicillium sp. PS-113 with high phosphate solubilizing activity and Lactobacillus sp. was studied on cucumber growing test in green house. Inoculation of Pemicillium sp. Ps113 $5.0{\times}10^6$cfu/ml and Lactobacillus sp. $6{\times}10^6$cfu/ml were longer than control about 3cm length of cucumber. The average weight was also increased 89.2g more than control. Total product of cucumber was 10,681.7g and it was increased 4517.3g as compared to control. Thus, Inoculations of high phosphate solubilizing microorganism increased in productivity on cucumber.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.557-562
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• 1985

Moderately halophilic bacteria were collected from solar salt with Larsen medium containing $10\%$ NaCl. A total of 56 strains were isolated and tested for the presence of plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis. Twelve isolates ($21\%$) carried at least one kind of plasmid. Six different isolates among them were selected to study the molecular weight of plasmids and the morphological and physiological characters. Vibrio sp. 14, Alcaligenes sp. 63, Pseudomonas sp. 11, Flavobacterium sp. 38, Bacillus sp. 16, and Alcaligenes sp. 52 carried at least one plasmid of about 7.2 kbp, 6.4 kbp, 6.85 kbp, 8.5 kbp, 8.75 kbp, and 6.8 kbp respectively.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2020

Objectives : The objective of this study was to examine the acupoint location of Sameumgyo (SP6) from classic literatures. Methods : A review of SP6 acupoint location on 13 classics of acupuncture and moxibustion was performed. Results : Differences of SP6 acupoint location were found by classics of acupuncture and moxibustion. 9 classics of acupuncture and moxibustion said the acupoint of SP6 was located on 3 cun above the tip of the medial malleoulus, however acupoint location of SP6 was described on 8 cun above the tip of the medial malleoulus by 4 classics of acupuncture and moxibustion. Conclusions : Through a classic literature review, it was possible for the explanation that the location of SP6 was 8 cun above the tip of the medial malleoulus, but it was not intended to overturn the theory of 3 cun above the tip of the medial malleoulus regarding location of SP6. This study may be the starting point for future experimental or clinical studies for exploring new acupoint, and is expected to follow up.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.138-151
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• 2003

Purpose: In the study effects of San-Yin-Jiao (SP6) acupressure on anxiety and pulse during labor, and on neonatal status were examined. Method: The design was a randomized controlled clinical trial with a double-blind method. Data were collected before (pre) and after (post) treatment using structured questionnaire, anxiety scale, pulse rate, umbilical vein pH and Apgar scores. The experimental group received SP6 acupressure for the duration of each uterine contraction over a period of 30 minutes, but the control group received SP6 touch. Results: The anxiety scores between the two groups increased, but the increase was less in the SP6 acupressure group and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.019). Maternal pulse rate was not significantly different immediately after treatment (p=0.711), at 30 and at 60 minutes (p=0.140 ; p=0.108), but while the SP6 acupressure group had a stable pulse, the SP6 touch group showed an increased rate. There was no significant difference between the two groups for umbilical vein pH (p=0.124), and neonatal Apgar score at one and five minutes (p=0.387 ; p=0.979). Conclusion: These findings strengthen the belief that SP-6 acupressure can be used to relieve anxiety during labor with no side effects to either mother or baby.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.195-199
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• 2002

Four new species of the genus Amynthas are described from Korea： Amynthas mujuensis sp. nov., Amynthas assimilis sp. nov., Amynthas moakensis sp. nov., and Amynthas sangumburi sp. nov. The intestinal caeca are of simple type and genital markings lacking in all four species. Amynthas mujuensis sp. nov. has male field with large oval papillae, each papilla with longitudinal seminal groove； paired spermathecal pores present in 6/7, 7/8 dorsally. Amynthas assimilis sp. nov. has mare field composed of paired symmetrical pear-shaped pads with broad ends laterally, axes of symmetry diagonally oriented towards posterior； spermathecal pores in 5/6, 6/7. Amynthas moakensis sp. nov. has male pores on small porophores surrounded by swollen concentric furrows, with the spermathecal pores in 6/7, 7/8, 8/9, ventrally. Amynthas sangumburi sp. nov. has male pores centered on 0.8 mm circular flat porophores, with the spermathecal pores in 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 8/9, laterally.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.244-256
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on labor pain and duration of delivery time for primipara women treated by San-Yin-Jiao(SP-6) and Hob-Gog(LI-4) acupressure. The design of this study was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronizedpost test only design. It was done to identify the effects of SP-6 acupressure or LI-4 acupressure on labor pain in primipara women. The benefits of using SP-6 acupressure or LI-4 acupressure were evaluated by comparing three groups, a SP-6 acupressure group, a LI-4 acupressure group and a control group, not treated with acupressure. The participants included 192 primiparas who underwent vaginal delivery, 72 primiparas in the control group, 71 in the SP-6 acupressure group and 49 in the LI-4 acupressure group. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of general characteristics, a subjective labor pain scale (Johnson, 1974), and measurement of duration of delivery time. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Differences in the acupressure effect for SP-6 and LI-4 were analyzed using Scheffe's test which showed that differences in the control group vs the SP-6 group and the control group vs the LI-4 group were statistically significant (t=21.767, p<0.05; t=23.923, p<0.05), but the SP-6 group vs the LI-4 group showed no significant differences. 2. The duration of delivery time in the group which had SP-6 acupressure or LI-4 acupressure was shorter (400.77${\pm}$153.34; 379.10${\pm}$127.60) than in the control group (528.68${\pm}$239.08). Differences in the effects of acupressure with SP-6 and LI-4 were also analyzed by Scheffe's test. Control group vs SP-6 group and Control group vs LI-4 group were significantly different(t=127.91, p<0.05; t=149.58, p<0.05), but the SP-6 group vs the LI-4 group did not show any statistically significant difference (t=21.67). This study has shown that SP-6 and LI-4 acupressure were both effective in relation to labor pain and duration of delivery time for primiparas. But it is necessary to replicate the study with a larger number of participants to generalize of the results.