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Studies on Antioxidant and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effects in Induced Hypercholesterolemic Rats of Steamed Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix (우슬(牛膝)의 증숙(蒸熟)에 따른 항산화 효능 및 고지혈증 유발 흰쥐에 대한 고지혈증 개선 효능에 대한 연구)

  • Kim, Jeong-Soo;Park, MyungJae;Kim, SuJi;Shin, Mi-Rae;Lee, AhReum;Park, Hae-Jin;Roh, Seong-Soo;Seo, Young Bae
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.33 no.6
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    • pp.43-60
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    • 2018
  • Objectives : This study was conducted to compare the effect of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix on antioxidant changes and antihyperlipidemics in hypercholesterolemic rats according to changes in the number of steams. Methods : The experimental animals were divided into six groups: normal (Nor), high cholesterol diet (Veh), high cholesterol diet with Simvastatin 5 mg/kg (Sim), high cholesterol diet with AR0 extract 200 mg/kg (AR0), high cholesterol diet with AR6 extract 200 mg/kg (AR6) and high cholesterol diet plus AR9 extract 200 mg/kg (AR9). I measured HDL, LDL TC, TG contents and ROS from each serums and compared them. I analyzed antioxidant-related protein expressions and cholesterol-related protein expressions in each liver tissues. I also performed optical microscopic analysis through liver tissue staining. Results : The Antioxidant activity of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix was increased by steaming processes. In vivo, AR0 decreased liver weight in hyperlipidemic rats. LDL TC, TG, AI and CRF were decreased but HDL was increased in AR0. AST, ALT, creatinine, and BUN were decreased in AR0. ROS was decreased in AR0, AR6, and AR9. SOD, catalase and GPx were decreased by steaming processes. p-AMPK was decreased but SREBP-2, p-ACC, and HMGCR were increased by steaming processes. Histologic analysis showed that AR0 decreased liver fat accumulation. Conclusion : In conclusion, AR0 can be developed as a treatment for hyperlipemia. And it is required to research on antioxidant effect changes among different times steamed Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix.

An Approach to Enhance the Unfair Area in the Rural Landscape (농촌 조건불리지역의 경관개선을 위한 접근)

  • Jang, Gab-Sue;Park, In-Hwan
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.60-68
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    • 2008
  • Three land-use limitations including water hazard, soil erosion and fallow potential were evaluated to define an unfair area. Landscape indices in the unfair areas, defined by evaluations before and after landscape enhancement, were computed by Fragstats v3.3 and compared in order to propose a landscape enhancement plan. The results are as follows: First, as a result of the land evaluation, 388.56ha was analyzed for the 1st class(S1), 623.25ha for the 2nd class(S2), 138.08ha(S3s: 82.47ha, S3e: 51.88ha) for the 3rd class(S3), 230.44ha(N1w: 194.91ha, N1e: 23.09ha, N1es: 13.94ha) for the 4th class(N1), and 67.91ha(N2w: 60. 89ha, N2es: 7.02ha) for the 5th class(N2). The classes under the 3rd class(including the 3rd class) were determined as an unfair area, and proposed landscape enhancement for them. Second, it was proposed that unfair areas with potential water hazards(N1 w, N2w) be restored as a wetland and buffer zone. At this point, the farmers owning these fields could be compensated using the direct payment for landscape conservation(DPLC). Areas witha relatively lower slope(S3e) or a steep slope(N1e) containing soil erodibility potential were proposed to be restored as a sod-culture-applied field and substitute vegetation or potentially natural vegetation, respectively. The unfair areas having fallow potential(S3s, N1es, N2es) were proposed to apply special use crops for the S3s fields, native plants for the N1es fields, and intended fallow for the N2es fields. Third, after landscape enhancement, theforest had higher values in the indices of NP, PLAND, LSI, IJI, and TCA, while paddy and upland had lower values in most indices except NP and LSI. The forest patches increased and were more plentiful with their restoration and had much greater possibility to join with nearby patches. With continued restoration, forest patches will have a large core area and small number of patches due to the conglomeration of patches, which positively influences the species of diversity in the forest patches.

Biological Activities and Physiochemical Properties of Gangwon-do Endemic Makjang Products (강원도 시판 막장제품의 이화학적 품질특성 및 생리활성 조사)

  • Kim, Byoung-Mok;Jung, Jee-Hee;Lim, Ji-Hoon;Jung, Min-Jeong;Jeong, Jae-Whung;Choi, Yong-Suck;Sim, Jea-Man;Jeong, In-Hak;Kim, Young-Myoung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.44 no.6
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    • pp.862-873
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    • 2015
  • In this study, we investigated the physiochemical properties and biological activities of Gangwon-do endemic Makjang (MJ) products (12 types). The pH levels of all samples were in the range of 4.43 to 5.69, and MJ5 showed the highest pH (5.69). The salinities of all samples ranged from 11.1% to 16.9%. Hunter color values for L (lightness), a (redness), and b (yellowness) ranged from 26.2 to 36.9, 3.9 to 11.5, and 6.5 to 16.6, respectively. The amino nitrogen content of MJ2 was highest, whereas the total content of free amino acids of MJ11 (4,657.7 mg%) was highest. Total fatty acid contents of all samples ranged from 1,598.6 mg% to 2,874.4 mg%, with MJ10 showing the highest fatty acid content. The content of total polyphenolic compounds ranged from 401.48 to $746.67{\mu}g$ tannic acid equivalent/mL, with MJ11 showing the highest content. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging effects of MJ11, MJ8, and MJ4 were 51.30% and 82.5%, 41.29% and 67.0%, and 49.88% and 87.7%, respectively. MJ12 showed the strongest growth inhibitory effect on lung cancer A549 cells, whereas MJ5 showed the strongest growth inhibitory effect on AGS gastric cancer cell and MCF-7 breast cancer cell. MJ7 showed greater lipid accumulation inhibitory activity in HepG2 cells than the others. ACE inhibitory activity of MJ11 was the highest among the samples.

Protective Effects of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Leaves Fermented with Hericium erinaceum Mycelium against Oxidative Modification of Biological Macromolecules and Cell Death (노루궁뎅이 버섯균사체를 이용한 비타민나무 발효물이 생체고분자의 산화적 변형과 세포사멸에 미치는 보호 영향)

  • Kim, Seung-Sub;Kyeong, Inn-Goo;Lee, Mi-La;Kim, Dong-Goo;Shin, Ji-Young;Yang, Jin-Yi;Lee, Gwang-Ho;Eum, Won-Sik;Kang, Jung-Hoon
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.35-43
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    • 2015
  • In this study, hot water extract from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves fermented with Hericium erinaceum mycelium (SBT-HE) was assessed for protection against oxidative modification of biological macromolecules and cell death. Antioxidant activity of SBT-HE was evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical, and peroxyl radical scavenging assays. SBT-HE showed 65.06% DPPH radical scavenging activity at $500{\mu}g/mL$, 98.83% ABTS radical scavenging activity at $50{\mu}g/mL$, and 44.03% peroxyl radical scavenging activity at $100{\mu}g/mL$. SBT-HE significantly inhibited DNA strand breakage induced by peroxyl radical. SBT-HE also prevented peroxyl radical-mediated human serum albumin modification. SBT-HE effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced cell death and significantly increased cell survival by 21.59% at $100{\mu}g/mL$. SBT-HE also reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in $H_2O_2$-treated cells. The results suggest that SBT-HE can contribute to antioxidant activity and protect cells from oxidative stress-induced cell injury.

Production of Concentrated Blueberry Vinegar Using Blueberry Juice and Its Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities (블루베리 농축식초 제조 및 이들의 항산화 및 항균 활성)

  • Oh, Hyeonhwa;Jang, Sowon;Jun, Hyun-Il;Jeong, Do-Youn;Kim, Young-Soo;Song, Geun-Seoup
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.46 no.6
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    • pp.695-702
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    • 2017
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effects of seed vinegar on antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activities of concentrated blueberry vinegar (CBV). Of the nine strains of yeast and six strains of acetic acid bacteria provided by the Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, each strain of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae SRCM 100610, showing the highest ethanol content) and acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter pasteurianus SRCM 101342, showing the highest total acidity) was selected for production of CBVs. Sugar content, pH, total acidity, total phenolic content (TPC), and browning intensity (280 nm and 420 nm) in CBVs using concentrated blueberry juice were $11.05{\sim}12.70^{\circ}Brix$, 2.63~2.98, 1.65~5.72%, 3.03~4.24 mg/mL, 0.95~1.50, and 0.11~0.20, respectively. Sugar content and total acidity of CBVs increased upon addition of seed vinegar, whereas pH, TPC, and browning intensity decreased. Of all CBVs with various additions of seed vinegar, the control showed the lowest $EC_{50}$ values in DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, and reducing power (23.80, 19.48, and 79.21 dilution factor, respectively), whereas the 40% seed vinegar group showed the highest clear zone diameter values for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus (4.31, 4.59, 5.81, and 3.97, respectively). Antioxidant activities of CBVs were closely correlated with their TPC, browning intensity at 280 nm, pH, and total acidity values, showing correlation determination coefficient ($R^2$) values higher 0.82. However, antimicrobial activities of CBVs were closely correlated with their pH and total acidity values, showing higher $R^2$ values more than 0.92. These results suggest that CBVs using concentrated blueberry juice, S. cerevisiae SRCM 100610, and A. pasteurianus SRCM 101342 may be useful as potentially functional foods for enhancing health.

Relationship of Fitness and Substance of Porphyrin Biosynthesis Pathway in Resistant Transgenic Rice to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (Protox) Inhibitor (Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) 저해제 저항성 형질전환 벼의 적응성과 Porphyrin 생합성 경로물질과 관련성)

  • Yun, Young-Beom;Kwon, Oh-Do;Back, Kyoung-Whan;Lee, Do-Jin;Jung, Ha-Il;Kuk, Yong-In
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.134-145
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    • 2011
  • The objectives of this study were to investigate fitness difference in growth and rice yield in herbicide-transgenic rice overexpressing Myxococcus xanthus and Arabidopsis thaliana protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) genes and non-transgenic rice. We also aimed to determine whether these fitness differences are related to ALA synthesizing capacity, accumulation of terapyrroles, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidative enzymes at different growth stages of rice. Plant height of the transgenic rice overexpressing M. xanthus (MX) and A. thaliana (AP37) Protox genes at 43, 50, and 65 days after transplanting (DAT) was significantly lower than that of WT. Number of tiller of PX as well as MX and AP37 at 50 and 65 DAT was significantly lower than that of WT. At harvest time, culm length and yield of MX, PX and AP37 and rice straw weight of MX and AP37 were significantly low compared with WT. The reduction of yield in MX, PX, and AP37 was caused by spikelets per panicle and 1000 grain weight, ripened grain, spikelets per panicle, 1000 grain weight, and ripened grain, respectively. On the other hand, 135 the reduction of yield in MX, PX, and AP37 was also observed in another yearly variation experiment. The reduction of rice growth in MX, PX, and AP37 was observed in seedling stage as well as growth duration in field. There were no differences in tetrapyrrole intermediate Proto IX, Mg-Proto IX and Mg-Proto IX monomethyl ester, reactive oxygen species ($H_2O_2$ and ${O_2}^-$), MDA, antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, POX, APX, and GR) and chlorophyll between transgenic lines and wild type, indicating that accumulated tetrapyrrole intermediate and other parameters were not related to growth reduction in transgenic rice. However, ALA synthesizing capacity in MX, PX, and AP37 at one day after exposure to light and 52 DAT was significantly lower than that of WT. Further study is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the growth and yield difference between transgenic and WT lines.

Effects of Radish Leaves Powder on Hepatic Antioxidative System in Rats Fed High-Cholesterol Diet (무청이 고콜레스테롤 식이 흰쥐 간조직의 항산화계에 미치는 영향)

  • Rhee, Soon-Jae;Ahn, Jung-Mo;Ku, Kyung-Hyung;Choi, Jeong-Hwa
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.34 no.8
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    • pp.1157-1163
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    • 2005
  • The current study examined the effects of radish loaves powder on hepatic antioxidative system in rats fed high-cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly assigned to normal group (N group), normal diet with 5$\%$ radish leaves powder supplemented group (NR group) and high-cholesterol groups, which were sub-divided into radish leaves powder free diet group (HC group) and 2.5$\%$ (HRL group), 5$\%$ (HRM group), 10$\%$ (HRH group) radish leaves powder supplemented groups. Hepatic super oxide dimutase activity was no significant differences. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity was sig-nificantly increased in 5$\%$, 10$\%$ radish leaves powder supplemented groups. Hepatic hydrogen peroxide contents in cytosol were no significantly differences Hepatic hydrogen peroxide contents in mitochondria were sig-nificantly reduced in radish leaves powder supplemented groups. Hepatic superoxide radical contents in mi-crosome were significantly reduced in radish leaves powder supplemented groups. Hepatic superoxide radical contents in mitochondria were significantly reduced in 5$\%$, 10$\%$ radish leaves powder supplemented groups. Hepatic TBARS values were significantly reduced in 5$\%$, 10$\%$ radish leaves powder supplemented groups. Hepatic lipofuscin contents were no significant difference in high-cholesterol groups. Hepatic carbonyl values were significantly reduced in 5$\%$, 10$\%$ radish leaves powder supplemented groups among high-cholesterol groups. The results indicate that radish leaves may reduce oxidative damage by activating antioxidative de-fense system of liver in rats fed high-cholesterol diets.

Effect of a Combined Treatment with Uniconazole, Silver Thiosulfate on Reduction of Ozone Injury in Tomato Plant (Uniconazole 과 Silver Thiosulfate 의 복합처리가 토마토의 오존피해경감에 미치는 효과)

  • Ku, Ja-Hyeong;Won, Dong-Chan;Kim, Tae-Il;Krizek, Donld T.;Mirecki, Roman M.
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.50-58
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    • 1992
  • Studies were conducted to determine the combined effect of uniconazole [(E) -1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-demethyl 2-(1,2,4 triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol] and silver thiosulfate $[Ag {(S_2O_3)}^3\;_2-]$ (STS) on reduction of ozone injury in tomato plants(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Pink Glory'). Plants were given a 50ml soil drench of uniconazole at concentrations of 0, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/pot at the stage of emerging 4th leaf. Two days prior to ozone fumigation, STS solution contained 0.05% Tween-20 was also sprayed at concentrations of 0, 0.3 and 0.6 mM. Uniconazole at 0.01 mg/pot and STS at 0.6 mM were effective in providing protection against ozone exposure(20h at 0.2ppm) without severe retardation of plant height and chemical phytotoxicity, respectively. Combined treatment with uniconazole, STS significantly reduced ozone injury at the lower concentration than a single treatment with uniconazole or STS. Uniconazole treatment reduced plant height, stem elongation and transpiration rate on a whole plant level and increased chlorophyll concentration. STS did not give any effect on plant growth and chlorophyll content but increased transpiration rate in non-ozone-fumigated plants. Ethylene production in the leaves of ozone-fumigated plants was decreased by uniconazole and STS pretreatment, but there was no protective effect on epinasty of leaves in uniconazole-treated plants. STS increased ethylene production in non-ozone-fumigated plants, but it significantly reduced the degree of epinasty and defoliation of cotyledons when plants were exposed to ozone. Uniconazole slightly increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities. But STS showed little or no effects on such free radical scavengers. Day of flowering after seeding was shortened and percentages of fruit set were increased by uniconazole treatment. STS was highly effective on protecting reduction of fruit set resulting from ozone fumigation. These results suggest that combined use of uniconazole and STS should provide miximum protection against ozone injury without growth retardation resulting in yield loss.

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Effect of Taeeumjoweetang on the Body Composition, Serum Lipid Level and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Obese Female College Students (태음조위탕의 적용이 태음인 비만여대생의 신체조성, 혈청지질농도 및 혈중 항산화 효소에 미치는 효과)

  • Kim, Hye-Ju;Ahn, Hong-Seok;Oh, Eun-Ha;Kim, Young-Locke
    • Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.391-401
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    • 2011
  • 1. Objectives: Though the eating habits have improved and the living method has become convenient according to the economic growth thanks to the modern industrialization, because of the lack of exercise, obesity, wrong eating habits and stress etc, various symptoms of disease of adults are on the rise. This is the phenomenon that happens as the eating life has become life in the West along with the inundation of the western culture in our society. In this perspective, there has been many various clinical research that's been proceeded so far about the physical constitution and obesity, but there has been little research on the objective analysis of the clinical research about the alimentotherapy using taeeumjoweetang. 2. Methods: In this research we have checked the weights, fat rates, fat weight, abdominal fat rate, blood pressure, and BMI over the objects of the women that were diagnosed as lunisolar system as their physical constitution, and assessed the paramecium lipid, in-blood antioxidation enzyme and the damage of oxidization in the urine by physical constitution-specific of the body shapes that were determined by BMI. The statistical analysis of the current research was processed by using of SPSS 17.0 program. We have figure out statistical amounts such as the arithmetic average, average deviation rate and percentage number. Fro the verification of he significancy of each elements, we have used the paired t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square test at the level of p<0.05. 3. Results and Conclusions: Their characteristics are age $21.20{\pm}1.35$, height $160.30{\pm}6.11cm$, weight $64.66{\pm}8.72kg$, fat rates are $35.97{\pm}4.87%$, fat amount $23.40{\pm}5.48$, abdominal fat rate $0.823{\pm}0.03$, BMI $25.12{\pm}2.79kg/m^2$, and systolic blood pressure $111.60{\pm}10.28mmHg$ and diastolic blood pressure $68.60{\pm}7.43mmHg$ and we have let them take the medicine twice a day for 8 weeks. The clinical result for the Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, of the object people was that for the function of the liver, the result of the SGOT and SGPT test was $17.16{\pm}3.05$, $15.00{\pm}2.99IU/L$, which was a decrease, and had statistical meaning, but for the SGOT, though the figure reduced to $11.92{\pm}4.61$, $10.80{\pm}3.07$, it had no statistical meaning. For the whole cholesterol level, the figure reduced to $169.00{\pm}19.95$, $160.08{\pm}22.52$ mg/dL and had statistical significance(p<0.05). Neuter fat number, Triglyceride has slightly increased to $67.52{\pm}36.32$, $68.08{\pm}47.33$ mg/dL but did not have any statistical meaning. The antioxdant enzyme marker standard marker, SOD has increased to $2.52{\pm}0.73$, $2.86{\pm}0.60U/ml$, and had statistical significance(p<0.01). Catalase also increased by $0.63{\pm}0.18$, $1.07{\pm}0.25mmol/ml$ and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). GPx also increased to $204.76{\pm}32.64$ nmol/ml and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). But, for the Total antioxidant, though it has raised to $1.51{\pm}0.26$, $1.57{\pm}0.17nmol/{\mu}l$, it did not have any statistical meaning. MDA of oxidative stress marker has decreased to $1.70{\pm}0.68{\mu}g/ml$, $1.21{\pm}0.50{\mu}g/m$ and had statistical significance(p<0.01). 8-OHdG also decreased $3.35{\pm}0.95ng/ml$, $2.21{\pm}0.50ng/ml$ and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). In this research, we have analyzed the various markers relating to BFM and changes in oxidative enzyme in blood by takingtaeeumjoweetang. Taeeumjoweetang has the positive effect on inbody antioxidant system and reducing the content of cholesterol, which is proven to help losing weight and improving hyperlipidemia statistically. With this research, we hope to improve the lifestyle of those who are either obese or need to manage their dietary habits, and also to become the touchstone of integrating Oriental Medicine with the science of food & nutrition.

Effects of Mulberry Leaf Tea Fermented by Monascus pilosus on Body Weight and Hepatic Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Mouse Fed High-Fat Diet (Monascus pilosus 발효 뽕잎차가 고지방 식이 마우스의 체중과 간 조직 항산화계 효소 활성에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Sang-Il;Lee, Ye-Kyung;Lee, In-Ae;Choi, Jongkeun;Kim, Soon-Dong;Suh, Joo-Won
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.66-77
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    • 2013
  • In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of the mulberry leaf tea fermented by Monascus pilosus on high fat-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver in mice. Non-fermented mulberry leaf tea powder (UM) and fermented mulberry leaf tea powder (FM) were supplemented with high-fat diet at 2% (wt/wt) dosage for 8 weeks. Both UM and FM lowered body weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, epididymal fat, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol increased markedly with high fat diet (HC) in mice. FM showed more significant effects when it was compared with UM. In addition, Hepatic lipid peroxides and xanthin oxidase activities of the UM and FM were significantly lower than those of HC, despite the lack of a big difference in the amount of hepatic GSH. Activities of ROS scavenging enzymes and serum alanine aminotransferase activity were also examined as a parameter of hepatic damage. The UM and FM groups showed a recovery to NC group from significant changes induced by HC. Finally, histopathological analyses of liver samples revealed a decrease of lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in the UM and FM groups. These results suggest that UM and especially FM can reduce the development of obesity, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver.